The document discusses broad patterns of evolution as seen in the fossil record. It describes how the fossil record shows macroevolutionary changes over time, including the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates and the impact of mass extinctions. The fossil record reveals that past organisms were very different than present-day life, and provides evidence for major evolutionary transitions in organisms over hundreds of millions of years, such as the evolution of mammals from synapsid ancestors. Mass extinctions, including the Permian and Cretaceous extinctions, caused widespread species loss.