1. I
HISTORY OF LIQUEFIED
NATURAL GAS (LNG) INDUSTRY
WHAT IS LNG
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LNG,
LPG & NGLS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LNG,
CNG & PNG
MAIN UNITS OF NATURAL GAS
MEASUREMENTS
LNG CHAIN AND COMPONENT
OF LIQUEFACTION PLANT
EGYPT ENERGY DEMAND AND
NATURAL GAS RESERVE
EGYPTIAN NATURAL GAS
PIPELINE AND LNG EXPORT
LNG MARKET STRUCTURE,
IMPORT AND EXPORT
LNG PEAK SHAVING AND
BASELOAD PLANT
LNG USES, ADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATION
LNG PROPERTIES
REFERENCE
3. III
Pretreatment
INTRODUCTION 72
GAS-SWEETENING PROCESSES 72
SELECTION OF SWEETENING PRO 73
CHEMICAL ABSORPTION PROCESS IN
NATURAL GAS SWEETENI 74
PHYSICAL ABSORPTION PROCESS IN
NATURAL GAS SWEET 86
HYBRID PROCESSES 88
TROUBLESHOOTING OF ABSORPTION
SWEETENING 88
THERMAL EFFECTS IN ABSORPTION 91
ADSORPTION PROCESS OF NATURAL
GAS SWEETENING 93
NEW ACID GAS REMOVAL
TECHNOLOGIES 95
ACID GAS DISPOSA 97
REFERENCE 98
INTRODUCTION 100
WATER CONTENT OF NATURAL GAS STREAMS 101
GAS HYDRATES 103
DEHYDRATION METHODS 105
REFERENCE 127
WHY MERCURY REMOVAL? 128
MERCURY SPECIES 128
MERCURY PROBLEMS OCCURRENCE 131
4. IV
MERCURY-INDUCED CORROSION 131
HOW IS MERCURY MEASURED? 133
MERCURY REMOVAL METHODS IN GAS PLANTS 133
LOCATION OF REMOVAL FACILITIES 139
REFERENCE 141
WHY REMOVING NITROGEN FROM LNG? 142
NITROGEN REJECTION FOR GAS UPGRADING 142
WHY REMOVING NITROGEN FROM LNG? 143
NITROGEN REJECTION FOR GAS UPGRADING 143
REFERENCE 147
CONTAMINANT IN NATURAL GAS 148
LIQUEFACTION PRETREATMENT 148
COST 148
HOW IS MERCURY MEASURED?? 148
DEVELOPMENT IN PRETREATMENT 148
TECHNOLOGY SELECTION 148
INTRODUCTION 149
CONTAMINANTS IN NATURAL GAS 149
LIQUEFACTION PRE-TREATMENT 150
COST 158
DEVELOPMENTS IN PRE-TREATMENT 162
TECHNOLOGY SELECTION 163
CONCLUSION 163
REFERENCE 164
5. V
INTRODUCTION 165
RETROGRADE CONDENSATION 165
PROCESS COMPONENTS 167
EXTERNAL REFRIGERATION 167
TURBOEXPANSION 172
HEAT EXCHANGE 176
NGL FRACTIONATION 181
SELECTION OF NGL RECOVERY PROCESSES 186
IMPROVEMENT OF HIGH HEATING VALUE 187
COMMERCIALISED LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS 187
NATURAL GAS LIQUEFACTION PROCESS 191
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF LNG PROCESSES 192
IDEAL COOLING PROCESS 193
REAL COOLING PROCESSES 193
LIQUEFACTION CYCLES 193
JOULE-THOMSON CYCLES 194
EXPANDER CYCLES 197
CLOSED CYCLES 198
OPEN CYCLES 199
LNG TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 200
6. VI
THREE MAIN PROCESSES 200
LNG PROCESS SYSTEMS 201
COMMON LNG PROCESS SYSTEMS 201
LNG LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY 203
CLASSIFICATION OF LNG LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY 203
PROPANE PRECOOLED MIXED REFRIGERANT
(PPMR™)/C3 MR/APCI PROCESS 204
AP-XTM 206
CASCADE CYCLES 210
SINGLE MIXED REFRIGERANT LOOP PROCESS 222
LIQUEFIN™ PROCESS 225
DUAL MIXED REFRIGERANT (DMR) PROCESS 227
ASSUMPTIONS 229
LNG PROCESSES WITH A PHASE SEPARATOR 230
PRECOOLED LNG PROCESS WITH A PHASE SEPARATOR 231
LNG PROCESSES WITH TURBINE 232
COMPARISON OF LNG PROCESSES 234
OPTIMIZATION OF WORK REQUIRE 234
SUMMARY
7. VII
CRYOGENIC ABOVEGROUND STORAGE 242
STEEL 243
CONCRETE 254
HYBRID CONSTRUCTION 256
CRYOGENIC IN GROUND STORAGE 256
CONVENTIONAL TANKAGE 256
FROZEN-EARTH CAVITIES 258
MINED CAVERNS 259
ROLLOVER 260
CAUSE OF ROLLOVER 261
PREVENTION OF ROLLOVER 264
INTRODUCTION 267
NATURAL GAS TRUCKING 267
LNG PIPELINES 269
MARINE TRANSPORT 274
RE –LIQUEFACTION CYCLE OF BOG IN SHIP 281
8. VIII
INTRODUCTION 285
REGASIFICATION 286
INTERMEDIATE FLUID VAPORIZERS, IVS 289
ADVANTAGES OF INTERMEDIATE FLUID VAPORIZER 291
DISADVANTAGES OF INTERMEDIATE FLUID VAPORIZER 291
AMBIENT AIR VAPORIZERS, AAV 292
ADVANTAGES OF AMBIENT AIR VAPORIZER 294
DISADVANTAGES OF AMBIENT AIR VAPORIZER 294
OPEN RACK VAPORIZERS, ORV 295
ADVANTAGES OF OPEN RACK VAPORIZER 296
DISADVANTAGES OF OPEN RACK VAPORIZER 296
SHELL AND TUBE VAPORIZERS, STV 297
ADVANTAGES OF SHELL AND TUBE VAPORIZERS 298
DISADVANTAGES OF SHELL AND TUBE VAPORIZERS 298
SUBMERGED COMBUSTION VAPORIZERS, SCV 298
ADVANTAGES OF SUBMERGED COMBUSTION VAPORIZERS 299
DISADVANTAGES OF SUBMERGED COMBUSTION VAPORIZERS9
9. IX
COMPRESSORS 303
GAS TURBINES 307
PUMPS 314
VALVES 321
TURBO EXPANDER 325
HEAT EXCHANGER 328
GLOBAL NATURAL GAS DEMAND 338
LNG COSTS 340
LNG PRICING 343
CURRENT PRICING TRENDS 355
FUTURE TRENDS AND KEY ISSUES 355
REFERENCE 356
10. X
OVERVIEW OF EGYPTIAN LNG PLANTS 368
HYSYS MODELING AND ANALYSIS 371
UNIT 01 – PLANT FEED CONDITIONING 372
UNIT 14 – MERCURY REMOVAL 374
UNIT 12 – ACID GAS REMOVAL 376
UNIT 13-DEHYDRATION 379
ETHANE AND PROPANE STORAGE 392
CONDENSATE STORAGE DESCRIPTION 392
LNG STORAGE 393
LNG STORAGE DESCRIPTION 393
MDEA STORAGE 394
MDEA STORAGE DESCRIPTION 394
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF APCI CYCLE 395
EFFECT OF MR COMPOSITION ON PLANT EFFICIENCY 399
HYSYS DATA VALIDATION 401
SEGAS VS ELNG PLANT 405
PROJECT COMPARISON 405
PLANT OVERVIEW COMPARISON 407
PRETREATMENT COMPARISON 409
FRACTIONATION & NGL REMOVAL 415
LIQUEFACTION AND REFRIGERATION
COMPARISON 417
SELECTION OF COOLING MEDIUM 426
CONCLUSION 427
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND EXECUTION 428
PLANT STARTUP & SHUTDOWN 432
AMINE SYSTEM START UP 432
DEHYDRATION SYSTEM START UP 435
