1. Blood groupsBlood groups
 There are antigens in the surface of redThere are antigens in the surface of red
cells these antigens determine type of thecells these antigens determine type of the
blood groupsblood groups
 There are two major groups of red bloodThere are two major groups of red blood
cell antigenscell antigens
1.1. ABO groupsABO groups
2.2. Rh groupsRh groups

2. Type of blood Group antigens present on the
red blood cell surface
Type A Antigen A
Type B Antigen B
Type AB Antigen A and B
Type O neither A nor B antigens
Therefore, there are four main ABO groupsTherefore, there are four main ABO groups
A, B, AB and O (Table)A, B, AB and O (Table)

3. Type of blood Group antibodies
Type A Antibodies for B
Type B Antibodies for A
Type AB Without antibodies
Type O Has antibodies for B and A
People with blood group type O they havePeople with blood group type O they have
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in theirboth anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their
plasmaplasma

4.  2) Rh groups: -2) Rh groups: -
 Rh factor (named for the rhesus monkey, inRh factor (named for the rhesus monkey, in
which these antigens were first discovered).which these antigens were first discovered).
 There are six common types of Rh antigens,There are six common types of Rh antigens,
each of which is called an Rh factor.each of which is called an Rh factor.
 The type D antigen is one of the Rh factors moreThe type D antigen is one of the Rh factors more
commonly between the populationcommonly between the population
 If this Rh antigen (D) is present on a person’sIf this Rh antigen (D) is present on a person’s
red blood cells, the person is Rh positive;red blood cells, the person is Rh positive;
 If this Rh antigen (D) is absent on a person’s redIf this Rh antigen (D) is absent on a person’s red
blood cells, the person is Rh negative;blood cells, the person is Rh negative;
 Four main ABO groups along with Rh groupsFour main ABO groups along with Rh groups
making together the following of blood groupsmaking together the following of blood groups
(A+, B+, AB+, O+, A-, B-, AB- and O-)(A+, B+, AB+, O+, A-, B-, AB- and O-)

5. A+A+ A-A- B+B+ B-B- ABAB
++
ABAB
--
B+B+ B-B- O+O+ O-O-
AA
A-A-
B+B+
B-B-
AB+AB+
AB-AB-
O-O-
O+O+ --
recipientrecipient
donor
√√

6. A+A+ A-A- B+B+ B-B- AB+AB+ AB-AB- O+O+ O-O-
A+A+
A-A-
B+B+
B-B-
AB+AB+
AB-AB-
O+O+
O-O-
donor recipientrecipient
√√ X X X √√ X X X
√√X
X X √√ √√ X X
X X √√ X √√ X X X
X X
√√X
√√ √√ X X
X X X X √√ X X X
X X X X √√ √√ X X
√√ X √√ X √√ X √√ X
√√ √√ √√ √√ √√ √√ √√ √√
universal recipientuniversal recipient
universal Donoruniversal Donor

7. A+A+ A-A- B+B+ B-B- AB+AB+ AB-AB- O+O+ O-O-
A+A+
A-A-
B+B+
B-B-
AB+AB+
AB-AB-
O+O+
O-O-
donor recipientrecipient
√√ X X X √√ X X X
√√X
X X √√ √√ X X
X X √√ X √√ X X X
X X
√√X
√√ √√ X X
X X X X √√ X X X
X X X X √√ √√ X X
√√ X √√ X √√ X √√ X
√√ √√ √√ √√ √√ √√ √√ √√
universal recipientuniversal recipient
universal Donoruniversal Donor