This document discusses diabetes in pregnancy, including the different types of diabetes (Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes) and their causes. It also covers the potential consequences of gestational diabetes for both mother and baby, including risks of complications during childbirth. The document provides information on diagnosing and managing gestational diabetes, including lifestyle changes like nutrition management, exercise recommendations, and possible medical treatment.

1. Diabetes in PregnancyDiabetes: a leading complication in
pregnancyForms of diabetes include:Type 1 diabetes—Results
from destruction of insulin-producing cells of pancreasType 2
diabetes—Due to body’s inability to use insulin normally, or
produce enough insulinGestational—CHO intolerance with 1st
onset during pregnancy
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Gestational DiabetesIn about 2-12% of pregnant women
(increases with obesity)Women developing gestational diabetes
appear to be predisposed to insulin resistance, and have
impaired insulin productionRelated to metabolic changes
favoring oxidative stress and elevated blood glucose
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Potential Consequences of Gestational DiabetesElevated
glucose from mother – risk of adverse outcomes.Spontaneous
abortion, stillbirth, neona

2. and/or Type 2 diabetesHigh blood pressureObesity
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Adverse Outcomes Associated
with Gestational Diabetes
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Risk Factors for Gestational DiabetesLinked to multiple
inherited predisposition
Environmental triggers such as:Excess body fatUnhealthful
dietsLow physical activity levels
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Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes
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3. Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes
All pregnant women should be screened at first prenatal visit
for regular diabetes by the standard criteria used for those who
are not pregnant. One confirmed positive result for any of
following would be the basis for diagnosis of
diabetes:Hemoglobin A1c (A1c) >6.5%Fasting plasma glucose
>126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)2-hour glucose >200 mg/dL after 75 g
oral loadClassic symptoms of hyperglycemia presentRandom
plasma glucose >200 mg/dL
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Diagnosis of Gestational DiabetesAll pregnant women without
diabetes should be tested for GDM by a 75-gm oral glucose
tolerance test at 24-28 weeks. Diagnosis cutpoints: Women with
one* of these elevated plasma glucose levels are diagnosed with
GDM: Fasting plasma glucose >92 mg/dL1-hr plasma glucose
>180 mg/dL2-hr plasma glucose >153 mg/dL
*Note this difference from 4th edition of the textbook.
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Management of Gestational DiabetesFirst approach is medical
nutrition therapy to normalize blood glucose levels with diet &
exerciseBlood glucose levels can be brought down with low
calorie intake – avoid elevated ketones Oral medication
metformin (glyburide) used to decrease insulin resistance

4. *
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Exercise Benefits & RecommendationsRegular aerobic exercise
decreases insulin resistance & blood glucose in gestational
diabetesRecumbent bicycle at moderate intensity 45 min 3 x
weekWeight lifting with arms 20 min 3 x weekBrisk walking
30 minutes every dayExercise to make women slightly sweaty
but not overheated, dehydrated or exhausted
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Nutritional Management of Women with Gestational
DiabetesAssess dietary & exercise habitsDevelop individualized
diet & exercise planMonitor weight gainInterpret blood glucose
& urinary ketone resultsEnsure follow-up during & after
pregnancy
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5. THE DIET PLANWhole-grain breads & cereals, vegetables,
fruits, & high-fiber foodsLimited intake of simple sugars Low-
GI foods, or carbohydrate foods that do not greatly raise
glucose levelsUnsaturated fatsThree regular meals &
snacksBased around calculated level of calories
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Estimating Levels of Caloric Need in Women with Gestational
Diabetes
Distribute calories among 3 meals & several snacks Caloric
levels & meal/snack plans are starting points and my need
modifications.See Table 5.11 for menu examples
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Consumption of Foods with Low
Glycemic IndexLow GI carbohydrate foods help sustain modest
improvement in blood glucose levelsBlood glucose response
with diabetes from meals of white bread or spaghetti is shown
in graph
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6. Gestational DiabetesPostpartum Follow-Up15% will remain
glucose intolerant postpartum10-15% will develop Type 2
diabetes in 2-5 yrsPrevention of Gestational DiabetesReduce
excessive weight and obesityIncrease physical activity Decrease
insulin resistance prior to pregnancy
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Running head: SHARKEY’S IDEA
1
SHARKEY’S IDEA
7
Sharkey’s Idea
Name
Institution
Course Title
Course Code
Date

7. Sharkey’s Idea
The idea brings about two cases of ethical issues that need to be
addressed as far as the use of the robots is concerned. Firstly
the use of the robot has a direct impact on the children and the
elderly that need to be resolved in order to meet the acceptable
ethical problems. Secondly, the issue brings about the insecurity
as far as the development of robot operate military weapons.
Furthermore, such weapons can be subsequently used for mass
destructions. Also, it is important to acknowledge that Noel
Sharkey is the author of the book that advocates for the use of
robots in an ethical manner. Based on the ethical approach to
robotics, it is important to explore the outstanding ideas on
ethical frontier as far as robots technology is concerned.
Idea One: Computer manipulated robots cannot discriminate
between combatant and innocent encounters.
a. Sharkey’s Idea
According to Sharkey, the robot have no ability to detect the
friendly victim and the harmful suspects or individuals
(Sharkey, 357 - 361). Such a scenario can subject humans to
dangers that include murder based on the interactions with the
robotic system.
b. Sharkey’s Position Of The Idea
Sharkey’s believe that the need to address the nature in which
the robots operate is a major problems being faced by the
founders and users of the robots. Furthermore, the robots might
have to undergo certain technological advancement to avail non-
combat scenarios in safe environments.
c. Response
In agreements with Sharkey, robot might become tools of
destructions when it fails to address the specific design issues.
Therefore, such a scene can lead to abandonment of the useful
but delicate gadget.
d. My Position Of The Idea
In my opinion, the technology is quite significant in the current
era that demand more production rather than slow human
dependent activities. Similarly, the robots can be given sensors

8. to help in discriminating certain stimuli especially during the
rescue missions where weapons are used.
Idea Two: Drastic drop in the cost of the robots
a. Sharkey’s Idea
Sharkey believes that the development in late 80s and early 90s
did not favor the robotic industry. However, as the development
matured most of the users were in need of the robots which led
to the production of the cheaper robot.
b. Sharkey’s Position Of The Idea
Sharkey terms the drops as of 80% the initial amount. In
addition, this implies that the use of the robot was not taking
the ethical shape (Sharkey, 357 - 361). He associates the drop in
price with the demand and the shift in the preferences and
perceptions of the consumer.
c. Response
The text arouses mixed reactions in my mind that stems from
the ethical perspective. Embracing the use of the robots is quite
important and it is a milestone achievement among the humans.
In my view, humans would love having all the activities done by
another party. In essence, one is employed to do the same
activity. Such a pressure on demand might have led to the drop
in the robot prices in the year 2006.
d. My Position Of The Idea
In my live I have a strong connection with the need to have
robots at a cheaper cost. Conversely, the rampant use of the
robots is not a good idea and should be considered unethical
since some of the virtue of humanity are neglected. However,
since the majority are advocating for the cheap commodity then
is weird to go against but rather easier to address the ethics
concerning the consumption.
Idea Three: Robots as caregivers
a. Sharkey’s Idea
Sharkey, strongly advocates for the eye catching ideas that
appears to fascinate more people in South Korea and Japan. He
vividly brings out the idea of video gaming aspect and mobile
or remote operation using computers as the best development in

9. the robots’ technology. “Systematically delude” is the word
chosen to criticize the nature of the act of allowing the robots to
be caregivers (Sharkey, 357 - 361).
b. Sharkey’s Position Of The Idea
The position advocated for by the author is the ethical part of
giving out some of human responsibilities to the robots. He
further asserts that none of the humans know of the long-term
exposure of robots to our children. Such a response null the
advocacy of the technology and brings in the desire to shy from
the eye catching technology.
c. Response
I am in support of the idea and the assertion by Sharkey.
Furthermore, the ethical concern posed by the argument are
quite realistic and we as human should learn to strike a balance
based on the effects and the benefits of certain technology
before falling victims.
d. My Position Of The Idea
Similarly, I would lie to maintain that caregiving is a human
responsibility and going against the will of God is often
offensive. Therefore, it is unethical to replace certain human
responsibilities with those offered by the robots (Sharkey, 357 -
361).
Idea Three: No policy can handle the negligence by the robots
a. Sharkey’s Idea
According to Sharkey, it is saddening that there are no ways
through which the act of negligence by robots can be used in
court of law.
b. Sharkey’s Position Of The Idea
In line with the argument, he asserts that busy parent choose the
destiny of their children by subjecting them to robots.
c. Response
In support to the argument, it is unethical for busy parent to
subject their loved ones to the robots. Robots have failure
capabilities that can be adverse for the children while ate home.
d. My Position Of The Idea
Finally, I believe that morals and ethics cannot be learned from

10. gadget but rather from fellow humans. The text opens up ideas
on the ethic of using the robots. Humans have the ability to
reasons and use logic which are not presents in the robots.
Reference
Sharkey, N. (357 - 361). COMPUTER SCIENCE:The Ethical
Frontiers of Robotics. Science 19 AAAS, DOI:
10.1126/science.1164582.
Purpose:
The purpose of these assignments is to enhance learning by
applying nutrition principles to real-life scenarios.
· Case Study #1- Elizabeth’s Story: Gestational Diabetes
Directions:
In a 2 ½ - 3-page paper, use information discussed in class and
textbook reading material to write each of three case studies.
Each case study will present a scenario followed by questions.
Based on the details given, answer the questions demonstrating

11. mastery of the English language, using information from
lectures and the textbook. You are not expected to do other
research, as the answers will be available in the textbook.
Answers are to be in essay format with topic sentences, proper
grammar, syntax and spelling.Do not include the questions.
Grading Rubric for Written Assignments
Papers will be graded according to the rubric described below.
Assessment will be made not only of the content but also the
quality and clarity of your writing.
score ~grade Content criteria
50% A Outstanding response with superior supporting
examples or evidence; unusual insights, creative and original
analysis, reasoning, and explanation; superior mastery of
content; far beyond the minimum required for the assignment.
score ~grade Writing criteria: in keeping with
Department policy, papers will be returned requiring to be re-
written if more than 5 grammatical or spelling errors are
identified. An automatic -10% of grade will be assigned.
50% A Meets criteria for 43%, plus demonstrates superior
grammatical correctness and sense of personal style.
Effortlessly readable prose.