It deals about Integration ladder: Geospatial information system operations, tools and covid-19 disease track and vaccine track worldwide, mapping system
2. Dr.R.Suthakaran M.Pharm., PhD., DPMM., DPQCQAM., DCA.,
PGDIPR
Professor and Principal
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Regulatory affairs
Vijaya College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad,
2
3. 3
CHAPTER I INDEGRATED STUDIES
CHAPTER II PHARMACY AND GIS
CHAPTER III GIS AND COVID-19
INDEX
4. 4
INTEGRATED CURRICULUM DESIGN
•The concept of curriculum integration, where individual disciplines are
strategically combined to create a cohesive whole, is not unique to
pharmacy education. Some may legitimately ask why curricula should be
integrated, particularly in view of the relative lack of empirical evidence
that an integrated curriculum produces
•Better graduates and ultimately practitioners. Despite this, the idea has
support, and reformers within medical education have attempted to address the
following within curriculum design: teaching and learning should promote
integration; habits of inquiry and improvement should be encouraged and
developed; learning should be individualized, while assessment should be
standardized; the development of professional identity should be supported.
CHAPTER I: INTEGRATION LADDER
7. 1.1)Horizontal Integration
It is organization of subject matter across disciplines over a finite period of
time. It is integrating two or more disciplines taught during same phase of
the curriculum. In other words, Horizontal integration means that two or
more departments teaching concurrently merge their educational identities.
1.2) Vertical Integration
Organization of subject matter across disciplines over an indefinite period of
time. Integrating two or more disciplines taught during different phases of
the curriculum. In other words, vertical integration is an integration
between disciplines traditionally taught in the different phases of
curriculum.
7
11. Also known as additive integration i.e. integrating different subject areas
by bringing together topics, themes from different subject area however
keeping the subject specific outcomes distinct. It draws on knowledge
from different disciplines but stays within their boundaries.
This can be achieved by:
Interdisciplinary-
Fusion-
11
12. Also known as interactive integration i.e. integrating amongst subject areas,
wherein common learning outcomes from different subjects are identified
and integrated teaching-learning and assessment is planned and
implemented. It analyses, synthesizes and harmonizes links between
disciplines into a coordinated and coherent whole
12
2.3. TRANS-DISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION
Also known as holistic i.e. integrating beyond subject areas, integrates the
natural, social and health sciences in a humanities context, and transcends
their traditional boundaries.
a) Within a single discipline: Integration done within single discipline is
acquired in three forms fragmented, connected and nested.
13. i) Fragmented: The fragmented methodology is a traditional curriculum
design which separates topics and courses into distinct disciplines. In this
model courses are separated into traditional areas of study. Each area is
defined as an independent course of study. Its advantage is that students
have clear and discrete view of a discipline. Disadvantage is that the
connections are not made clear for students; less transfer of learning.
ii)Connected: It is the focus on making connections (one topic to another,
one skill to another or one concept to another) which makes this
methodology a simple form of integration.
iii) Nested: Nested integration takes advantage of natural combinations.
Integration is performed by overtly making connections or creating
combinations. Advantages are - gives attention to several areas at once,
leading to enriched and enhanced learning. Disadvantages include
students may be confused and lose sight of the main concepts of the
activity or lesson. 13
14. b) Across the disciplines
Integration across the disciplines is done as sequenced, shared, webbed, threaded,
integrated.
i) Sequenced: Topics and units are taught independently, but they are arranged and
sequenced to provide a framework for related concepts. Teachers arrange topics
so that similar units articulate. Advantages: Facilitates transfer of learning across
content areas.
Disadvantages: Requires ongoing collaboration and flexibility, as teachers have less
autonomy in sequencing curricula.
ii)Shared: The shared model brings two distinct disciplines together into a single
focus. The shared methodology overlaps concepts as the organizer. Advantages:
Shared instructional experiences; with two teachers on a team it is less difficult to
collaborate. Disadvantages: requires time, flexibility, commitment and compromise.
14
15. iii)Webbed: Thematic teaching, using a theme as a base for instructions in
many disciplines is used. Advantages: Motivating for students; helps them
see connections between ideas. Disadvantages: Theme must be carefully and
thoughtfully selected to be meaningful, with relevant and rigorous content.
c)Within and across learners
It is achieved by immersed and networked methodology.
i)Immersed: The immersed methodology focuses all curricular content on
interest and expertise. With this methodology, integration takes place within
the learners, with little or no outside intervention. This immersed study is
often undertaken in a field of intense interest or passion.
ii)Networked: A networked methodology creates multiple dimensions and
directions of focus. Like brainstorming, it provides various ideas and ways of
discovering. The networked methodology is totally student centred. It
professes that only the learner can direct the integration process
15
19. Integrated teaching Traditional teaching
Teaching by different departments Teaching by one department
No repetition Unnecessary Repetition of topic
Better utilization of time More wastage of time
Better correlation Correlation of the topics is difficult.
Thought provoking and improved grasping of topic Cramming of topic
Better understanding and assimilation of knowledge Lesser understanding
Unifying the topics of curriculum High degree of compartmentalisation of curriculum
Holistic learning Fragmented learning
Approach improves understanding & develops interest
in topic.
May discourage student from learning
More clarification of concepts Lots of confusion in students mind about subject
Emphasises on understanding of current problem and
concepts.
Emphasizes on examination and results.
Less confusing as information delivered on same
platform
Different information on same topics at different
platforms causes confusion in student’s mind
Learning basic science and clinical application
together improves skills and performance
While learning clinical application need to revise and
recall basic science and difficulty in integration affect
19
21. GIS: A FORMAL DEFINITION
“A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating,
analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth.
This is normally considered to involve a spatially referenced computer
database and appropriate applications software”.
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22. • What is GIS in medical terms?
Quite simply, Medical GIS is the application of Geographic Information
Systems into the healthcare arena and fall under the broad “Health IT”
umbrella.
• How can GIS be used in the medical field?
GIS has continued to be used in public health for epidemiological studies.
By tracking the sources of diseases and the movements of contagions,
agencies can respond more effectively to outbreaks of disease by
identifying at-risk populations and targeting intervention.
22
23. • How will GIS affect healthcare?
GIS can analyze and portray accurately the distribution of
mental health services and they could explain the reasons why the
accessibility in healthcare services is affected. ... Additionally, it helps
networks that provide mental health services to be designed.
• How does GIS help in preventing epidemic?
For example, officials using GIS paired with public health data can
quickly identify areas of greatest population density, and they can see
when the disease is likely to hit those areas. This allows them to give
priority resources for those vulnerable areas to prevent and
control outbreaks as much as possible
23
24. What are the benefits of using GIS?
• But that’s just the start, here are my Top 10 benefits of GIS:
• Improved decision by government officials
• Instantaneous collaboration through the cloud
• Layer complex data to drive improve decision making
• Improved transparency for citizen engagement
• Identify at-risk or under-served populations within a community
• Improved allocation of resources and planning
• Management of natural resources
• Improved communications during a crisis
• Cost savings by improved decision making
• Planning for demographic changes to community
https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/showcase
Tackling the Opioid Epidemic ,Mapping Ocean Ecology ,Snow Avalanches
Mountains of Fire ,A River Reborn ,Watering Crops the Scientific Way
End of the Line ,A Collaborative Approach to Working with Homelessness
24
25. Geomarketing provides a number of versatile solutions for pharmaceutical
sales (WIGEOGIS- https://www.wigeogis.com/en/health_care_geomarketing)
• Strategic analysis for the pharmaceutical, OTC and healthcare markets
using geomarketing
• Identification of physicians and pharmacies with the highest sales
potential
• Sales territory and sales force planning with geomarketing
• Targeted sales pitches based on specific customer and patient potential
• Performance monitoring of sales force appointments with geomarketing
• Monitoring and management of sales activities with geomarketing
• Spatial distribution and public accessibility of pharmacies
• Competitor mapping and market observation
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26. The main aim of the proposed work is to create an Information System
using Geospatial technology for diseases, With the following objectives:
•Disease surveillance- disease mapping and modelling.
•Tracking and mapping of mortality and morbidity pattern.
•Identification of environment and socio-economic determinants Of
Encephalitis.
•Asses analyze and visualize (maps) risk and vulnerability.
•Availability of health services and existing local capacity for
emergency and Preparedness.
•Preventive measures and planning strategies.
Researchers have focused on developing and applying analytical
approaches using GIS to support two important aspects of healthcare
planning: first, epidemic surveillance and modeling, despite a lack of
health information and its management, and, second, evaluating the spatial
inequality of access to healthcare in order to determine the optimum
distribution of health resources
26
27. GIS – DATA LAYERS STACKING
NDVI FROM
AERIAL IMAGE
N2 AVAILAVALABILITY
FROM AERIAL IMAGE
PH LAYER
27
37. •GIS used in multiple disciplines:
Agriculture
Archaeology
Architecture/Landscape
Arch. Business
Computer Science
Environmental Science
Engineering Journalism
Military Science
Natural Resource Management
Geography
Geology
Meteorology
Oceanography
Law Enforcement
Public Health
History Sociology
Urban/Regional Planning
Application of GIS
37
40. Data processed with GIS and spatial statistics are important to
study COVID-19.
Decision making is the principle objective of COVID-19 studies with
GIS.
Geographical aspects of the study of COVID-19 can be grouped
into five categories.
COVID-19 requires an interdisciplinary approach with a global
perspective.
Health geography has a critical perspective that can help
vulnerable
40
41. 41
THEMATIC GROUPS OF GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS
We have reviewed 63 scientific articles found in the Google Scholar, Scopus,
Science Direct and by following the references in the works we read. PubMed
search engines
The keywords we used to find these articles were ‘COVID-19’, ‘coronavirus’
(limited to 2020) or ‘SARS-CoV-2’, together with different conjugations of the
words ‘GIS’, ‘spatiotemporal’, ‘spatial analysis’, ‘geospatial’, ‘geography’,
‘map’ and ‘mapping’.
Research papers were categorized into five general groups and summarized
as follows:
1) Spatiotemporal analysis and disease mapping
2) Health and social geography,
3) Environmental variables,
4) Data mining,
5) Web-based mapping
42. One of the most important properties of epidemics is their spatial
spread, “a characteristic which mainly depends on the epidemic
mechanism, human mobility and control strategy”
We can use GIS and spatial statistics to respond to this, and also
to help mitigate the epidemic through scientific information, find
spatial correlations with other variables, and identify transmission
dynamics.
They extracted data on 1group of patients with laboratory-
confirmed COVID-19 cases from hospitals until a particular period
of time , and proceeded to characterize the profile of the average
patient: mean age, gender, symptoms and their spatiotemporal
characteristics i.e., identification of the rapid spread of the disease
through out certain area, distribution of patients by
province, characteristics between residents of any particular cities
and non-residents,
42
43. 43
COVID-19 cases and their correlation with the migration of the city population in
the early stages of the epidemic, analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of
COVID-19, the control measures taken, their effects with respect to the
pandemic, and its spatiotemporal distribution.
Combined efforts to understand the transmission dynamics, focusing on the
main areas. They used the reported data of infected people in a time interval,
plus the daily travel intensity index with Baidu Maps data for those dates, in
order to calibrate the level of restrictions and estimate the proportion of the
population in quarantine.
Conti….
44. Specific health geography issues
The works of scientists in South Africa explore the challenges of
establishing health control measures in developing countries where there
are entire neighbourhoods in extreme poverty. They were produced two
maps for the city of Gauteng [SA].
i) One is the risk factor index for maintaining social distance and preventive
hygiene, which is not as feasible for all people in all communities. Thus, they
compile six risk factors that can be considered impediments to achieving
basic hygiene and social distancing: crowded living conditions; sharing of
water and sanitation services; dependence on public health services; limited
access to communication tools; and dependence on public transport.
44
45. 45
ii) The second map is the index of risk factors that increase social and health
vulnerability during an outbreak or wider quarantine. This map responds to the
concern about how the social distancing measures taken by the South African
government and its reaction to an outbreak will impact poorer communities.
In the USA and Austalia, t a time of extraordinary vigilance over older people
The city was spatially analysed to identify the areas that offer the greatest
difficulties in accessing health services, where populations over 65 years of
age are concentrated and which require medical assistance at home and,
finally, the location of hospitals and pharmacies.
Conti…….
46. Analyzed the relationship between the governing political party in each
US country, social behaviour with respect to containment measures,
and confirmed cases of COVID-19. Large partisan gaps in social
distancing behaviour were revealed.
Also in the USA, studied the correlation between Facebook friendships
and COVID-19 cases in two administrative entities heavily hit by
COVID-19: an American county (Westchester County, NY) and an Italian
municipality (Lodi, Lombardy).
46
47. 47
Remote sensing tools are very useful for the spatial study of diseases. In addition
to the atmospheric information obtained by satellites,), vegetation, sea surface
characteristics and changes in land cover can influence the spread of diseases.
Recently, Scientist were measured changes in economic activity since
containment measures were adopted in different parts of the world (Munich,
Phoenix, Moscow, Wuhan, North Korea). They used recent and pre-COVID-19
satellite images to identify the change in vehicle volume at regular points, ship
traffic at ports, and aircraft at gates.
Conti….
48. ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
ENVIRONMENT, GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIOECONOMIC
CORRELATIONS
Characteristics of 55 Italian cities and their relationships with the
dynamics of COVID-19. The study identified, for each city, its distance
from the sea, latitude, population density, air pollution levels (PM10 or
ozone), climatic variables of these months (average temperature, relative
humidity, predominant wind speed, rainy and foggy days), and spatial-
temporal characteristics of COVID-19 and of infected people.
The work found a probable association between the accelerated diffusion
of COVID-19 and high air pollution, specific meteorological conditions
(e.g. low wind speed) and the cities farthest from the sea. The author
appeals to environmental and sustainability sciences to prevent future
epidemics. 48
49. 49
In USA, used 35 explanatory factors, of socio-economic (average income,
inequality, unemployment insurance, etc.), behavioral (smoking), environmental
(road density, pollutants, air quality, temperature, precipitation), topographical
(altitude, altitudinal range, slope) and demographic (over 65 years, race, sex,
number of doctors and nurses, hospitals) attributes.
These variables were processed using a family of spatial regression and
autoregressive models. The authors conclude that environmental factors are not
shown to have a substantial influence on the incidence of COVID-19.
50. STUDIES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLIMATE AND
COVID-19 TO PROJECT
The virus's spread The first projection of the global dispersion of COVID-19 was
proposed by in January 2020 from air passenger transport, who identified
Thailand, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea as the main sources of dispersion.
Additionally, taking into account previous studies conducted to predict the spread
of influenza and SARS-CoV from climate variables, two publications attempting to
predict the potential spread of COVID-19 appeared in early March 2020.
50
51. 51
One of them, with a global scope, considered the temperature at two meters above
the surface, relative humidity, specific humidity and absolute humidity and the
other, with a national scope, using data from the 100 Chinese cities with more than
40 cases recorded in January, used air temperature and humidity.
It also identified that between March and April the main areas at risk of virus
dispersion were Manchuria, Central Asia, the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, Central
Europe, the British Isles, the northeast and middle east of the USA, and British
Columbia, a result that agrees somewhat with the main areas of expansion of the
virus at an international level.
Cont…
52. Geospatial big data refers to spatial data sets exceeding the capacity
of current computing systems, Having information on human mobility
patterns from mobile phones, or the registration of global flight
networks, is fundamental to epidemiological modeling.
GIS has played a key role by rapidly aggregating big data from multiple
sources, quickly visualizing epidemic information, spatially tracking
confirmed cases, predicting regional transmission, spatially
segregating epidemic risk and level of prevention, balancing and
managing supply and demand for material resources and socio-
emotional guidance and elimination of panic, which provided strong
spatial information support for decision making, formulating measures
and evaluating the effectiveness of prevention and control of COVID-19
cases.
Social network data is also being used to measure and understand the
geographic structure of social networks . 52
53. Web map viewers are playing a very important role in the dissemination and
provision of (official) information on COVID-19. They are very effective for the
spatial representation of the pandemic and its evolution, both for specialized
and non-specialized Internet users.
Scientists reviewed the different web mapping applications on COVID-19
available in January and February. Since then, more viewers have been
created; each country has its own viewer, often with detailed information at
the provincial or local level.
Powerful media outlets mapping their information include The New York
Times, South China Morning Post, El Pais, Yomiuri shimbun, Le Monde, and
the BBC, all of which have their sections highlighted with eloquent
interactive maps and graphics, and receive large numbers of daily visits.
53
54. The World Health Organization formally announced the global COVID-
19 pandemic on March 11, 2020 due to widespread infections. In this
study, COVID-19 cases in India were critically analyzed during the pre-
lockdown (PLD), lockdown (LD), and unlock (UL) phases.
Method: Analyses were conducted using geospatial technology at
district, state, and country levels, and comparisons were also made with
other countries throughout the world that had the highest infection rates.
India had the third highest infection rate in the world after the USA and
Brazil during UL2.0–UL3.0 phases, the second highest after the USA
during UL4.0–UL5.0 phases, and the highest among South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries in PLD–UL5.0
period.
54
55. RUSULTS
•The trend in the number of COVID-19 cases was associated with the population
density where higher numbers tended to be record in the eastern, southern, and west–
central parts of India.
•The death rate in India throughout the pandemic period under study was lower than
the global average. Kerala reported the maximum number of infections during PLD
whereas Maharashtra had the highest numbers during all LD and UL phases.
• Eighty percent of the cases in India were concentrated mainly in highly populous
districts.
•Utilization of geographic information system (GIS) data for understanding the
spread of COVID-19 infections
55
58. India is a part of the Asian continent and it is situated between 8◦ 4' N to
37◦ 6' N latitude and 68◦ 7' E to 97◦ 25' E longitude, with a total
population of 1,210,854,977 according to Indian census data from 2011
and a total land area of 3,287,590 km2. India is the seventh largest
country by area throughout the world and the second most populous
country. India has a federal structure with 28 states and nine union
territories. The major cities in India are Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai,
Kolkata, Bengaluru and Hyderabad. Currently, 34 international airports
operate in India.
COVID-19 data were collected for diagnosed infected cases and
recovered cases, and the total deaths in India during the period
from January 30 to October 31, 2020. Daily data for cumulative
confirmed, recovered, and death (CRD) cases were obtained from
the “covid19india” website
58
59. 59
(https://www.covid19i
ndia.org). Census data
were obtained from the
Office of the Registrar
General and Census
Commis- sioner of
India,
(https://censusindia.go
v.in/2011census/popu-
lation_enumeration.htm
l). Data regarding
confirmed and death
cases for other countries
were downloaded from
the WHO coronavirus
disease dashboard
(https://covid19.who.i
nt/). Other data were
collected from peer
reviewed research
studies on COVID-19 in
India and other parts of
62. 62
How GIS Can Help Leaders Achieve Equitable, Speedy
Vaccine Distribution
Reliance on GIS during the COVID-19 response included real-time data sharing, analysis,
visualization, and planning—capabilities key to equitable and speedy vaccine distribution.
Key Takeaways
Location intelligence is central to vaccination distribution efforts.
Modern GIS supports engagement with stakeholders and the public.
Dashboards provide real-time awareness and transparency.
63. 63
1. Identify Facilities Capable of Storing and Distributing the Vaccine
Both of the leading vaccine candidates require cold storage, with one requiring ultra-cold storage at -70
degrees Celsius. Other factors such as parking, accessibility to vulnerable populations, distance from
vaccine production facilities, traffic, and overall venue size will also impact which facilities can properly
store and distribute a vaccine.
“I would expect that kind of cold storage to be available at large hospitals, scientific research facilities,
and some large pharmacies.”
Second will be those who work in essential jobs that keep society running (e.g. emergency and law
enforcement personnel, food packaging and distribution workers, teachers and school staff, and childcare
providers).
A larger vaccine supply is expected to be available to support Phase 2 of the distribution process. In that
phase, additional facilities will be needed such as private provider offices, worksites, clinics, hospitals,
health departments, retail settings, and senior centers. Mapping the breadth of potential facilities in the
vaccination process is the first step to ensuring adequate population coverage.
64. 64
2. Identify and Prioritize Critical Populations
There won’t be enough doses of the vaccine immediately, so it’s important to be
both strategic and ethical with the available resources. The proposed
prioritization, as described above, ensures critical infrastructure workers—
those most likely to be exposed to COVID-19—are first to be vaccinated.
The next group prioritized are those at increased risk for severe disease or
death from COVID-19. This includes people in congregate living situations such
as nursing homes and assisted living facilities, those who have underlying
medical conditions or risk factors for severe disease like obesity, cancer and
diabetes, and adults age 65 years and older.
65. 65
3. Identify Gaps in Access and Formulate Alternative
Distribution Options
After communities have identified potential vaccine distribution facilities along
with critical populations to prioritize, they will be able to see potential gaps and
evaluate solution scenarios for mitigation.
It is possible and perhaps likely that in Phase 2 of the vaccine distribution plan,
the general population’s desire to be vaccinated will overrun capacity in
vaccination venues. Government leaders will have options to increase capacity
by engaging new partners in the process and/or by siting Points of Dispensing
(PODs) in strategic locations to meet demand. GIS technology has long been
used for various types of site selection and is especially useful when considering
complex criteria, such as accessibility, population makeup, ingress and egress,
budget, and more.
66. 66
4. Implement a Vaccine Management and Inventory System
Both of the current vaccine candidates require two doses for immunity against
COVID-19. However, the time between doses is different for each vaccine
candidate and the vaccines are not interchangeable. Therefore, it will be
essential to understand who has received the first dose of a vaccination, which
vaccine they received, and when they are due for the second dose.
For this, healthcare providers and/or governments will need a quick and accurate
data capture system that records individual vaccination information along with the
barcode identifying the vaccine carton and/or vial. The data capture system will
need to keep pace with the fast-moving vaccination process and support tracking of
vaccine supply, expiration dates, and any potential adverse events.
67. 67
5. Provide Transparency and Accurate Communication
As vaccines are distributed, states and communities will need to know how
well each facility is doing in executing the plan, monitoring whether their
populations are experiencing adverse events, and tracking the proportion of the
community that has been vaccinated.
https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/blog/gis-to-achieve-equitable-speedy-
vaccine-distribution/
68. 68
U -SAFE AND SAVE OUR COUNTRY AS WELL AS WORLD
THANK U TO ALL
JAI HIND
