3. • FUNGAL INFECTIONS ARE USUALLY MORE DIFFICULT TO TREAT
1. FUNGAL ORGANISMS GROW SLOWLY
2. FUNGAL INFECTIONS OFTEN OCCUR IN TISSUES THAT ARE POORLY PENETRATED BY
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS(E.G., DEVITALIZED OR AVASCULAR TISSUES).
• THERAPY OF FUNGALINFECTIONS USUALLY REQUIRES PROLONGED TREATMENT
5. SYSTEMIC (DEEP FUNGAL )
a. SYSTEMIC CANDIDIASIS: RTI WITH PROGRESSIVE DIMUNITION
b. CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS, ENDOCARDITIS
c. RHINOCEREBRAL MUCORMYCOSIS
d. PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS
e. BLASTOMYCOSIS (PNEUMONITIS, WITH DISSEMINATION)
f. HISTOPLASMOSIS(COUGH , FEVER, MULTIPLE PNEUMONIC INFILTRATES)
g. COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS
h. PNEMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA
14. PHARMACO KINETICS &DYNAMICS
• HIGHEST CONCENTRATION N LIVER ,SPLEEN BONE MARROW WITH LESS IN
KIDNEY AN LUNG
• CSF =2-3%BLOOD
• ITS FUNGICIDAL AT HIGHER CONC ATATIC AT LOWER CONC
15.
16. ADMINISTRATION &DOSE
• SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS: IV
AVAILABLE AS 50MG VIAL
SUSPENDED IN 10 ML WATER AND THEN DILUTED WITH 500 ML GLUCOSE
0.5MG/KG TO 1 MG/KG
TOTAL DOSE- 3-4 GM OVER 2-3 MONTHS
• • INTESTINAL MONOLIASIS: 50-100 MG QID ORALLY
• • VAGINITIS: TOPICAL
• • OTOMYCOSIS: 3 % DROPS
• • INTRATHECAL: 0.5 MG BD IN FUNGAL MENINGITIS
17. SPECTRUM OF ACIVITY
• ASPERGILLUS
• BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS
• CANDIDA ALBICANS
• CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS
• COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS
• HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM
• MUCOR SPP.
• ALSO ACTIVE AGAINST LESHMANIA
24. AZOLES
1. SYNTHETIC ANTIFUNGALS
2. BROAD SPECTRUM
3. FUNGISTATIC OR FUNGICIDAL DEPENDING ON CONC OF DRUG
4. MOST COMMONLY USED
5. CLASSIFIED AS IMIDAZOLES & TRIAZOLES • IMIDAZOLES: TWO NITROGEN IN
STRUCTURE
6. TOPICAL: ECONAZOLE, MICONAZOLE, CLOTRIMAZOLE
7. SYSTEMIC : KETOCONAZOLE
8. NEWER : BUTACONAZOLE, OXICONAZOLE, SULCONAZOLE
25.
26. • TRIAZOLES : THREE NITROGEN IN STRUCTURE
• FLUCONAZOLE, ITRACONAZOLE, VORICONAZOLE
• TERCONAZOLE: TOPICAL FOR SUPERFICIAL INFECTIONS
• BOTH THESE GROUPS ARE
STRUCTURALLY RELATED COMPOUNDS –
HAVE SAME MECHANISM OF ACTION –
HAVE SIMILAR ANTIFUNGAL SPECTRUM
29. • ADVERSE EFFECTS
• NAUSEA , VOMITING , ANOREXIA • HEADACHE , PARESTHESIA, ALOPECIA •
• ↓ STEROID, TESTOSTERONE & ESTROGEN SYNTHESIS – GYNAECOMASTIA,
OLIGOSPERMIA , LOSS OF LIBIDO & IMPOTENCE IN MALES – MENSTRUAL
IRREGULARITIES & AMENORRHOEA IN FEMALES • ELEVATION OF LIVER ENZYMES
• HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION - SKIN RASHES, ITCHING
First orally effective broad spectrum antifungal
Effective against • Dermatophytosis, Deep mycosis ,
Candidiasis
30. USES
• DERMATOPHYTOSIS: CONC IN STRATUM CORNEUM
• MONILIAL VAGINITIS : 5-7 DAYS
• SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS: BLASTOMYCOSIS,
• HISTOPLASMOSIS, COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS
• LESS EFFICACY THAN AMB & SLOWER RESPONSE
• ↓EFFICACY IN IMMUNOCOMPROMIZED AND MENINGITIS
• LOWER TOXICITY THAN AMB HIGHER THAN TRIAZOLES
• HIGH DOSE USED IN CUSHINGS SYNDROME
• TOPICAL: T.PEDIS, CRURIS, CORPORIS, VERSICOLOR
31. FLUCONAZOLE
• NEWER WATER SOLUBLE TRIAZOLE
• ORAL, IV AS WELL AS TOPICAL
• BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
• CANDIDA, CRYPTOCOCCOSIS, COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS
• DERMATOPHYTOSIS
• BLASTOMYCOSIS
• HISTOPLASMOSIS
• SPOROTRICHOSIS
• NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST ASPERGILLOSIS & MUCORMYCOSIS
34. • DOC FOR PARACOCCIDOMYCOSIS & CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS
• DOC FOR HISTOPLASMOSIS & BLASTOMYCOSIS
• ESOPHAGEAL, OROPHARYNGEAL VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS NOT SUPERIOR TO FLUCONAZOLE :
200 MG OD X 3 DAYS
• DERMATOPHYTOSIS: LESS EFFECTIVE THAN FLUCONAZOLE 100- 200 MG OD X 15 DAYS
• ONYCHOMYCOSIS : 200 MG / DAY FOR 3 MONTHS
INTERMITTENT PULSE REGIME 200 BD ONCE A WEEK / MONTH FOR 3MONTHS EQUALLY
EFFECTIVE
• ASPERGILLOSIS: 200 MG OD/ BD WITH MEALS FOR 3 MONTHS