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Adrenals and anaesthesia
1. Presented by – Dr Himanshu Jangid
Adrenals and
Anaesthesia
2. Contents
Anatomy, embryology and physiology of the
adrenal glands.
Pathological disorders of the adrenal glands
and their anaesthetic management:
Glucocorticoid excess
Mineralocorticoid excess
Adrenal insufficiency
Phaeochromocytoma
3. THE ADRENAL GLANDS
The adrenal glands are endocrine organs located
above each kidney
They consist of two embryologically distinct endocrine
organs
1. The adrenal medulla- ectodermal origin
2. The adrenal cortex - mesodermal origin
4. The Adrenal Cortex
Outermost - Zona Granulosa: secretes
aldosterone 0.1 mg per 24 hours
Middle - Zona Fasciculata: secretes
glucocorticoids (cortisol 16-20 mg per 24 hours and
corticosterone 4 mg in 24 hours)
Inner - Zona Reticularis: secretes androgens
12. Androgens
Androstenedione and Dehydroepiandrosterone
Small quantity of androgen produced.
Some is converted to estrogen by liver, adipose tissue
13. Pathological Disorders of the Adrenal
Glands
Adrenal Cortex
Underproduction: primary adrenal failure
(Addison's disease)
Overproduction:
Glucocorticoids: Cushing’s syndrome
(primary - due to adrenal adenoma, secondary -
to pituitary tumour or, more commonly, to
exogenous steroids).
Mineralocorticoids: Conn's syndrome
(primary aldosteronism) - aldosterone secreting
adenoma.
Adrenal medulla - Phaeochromocytoma
17. Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome
Cortisol Levels - Midnight and 9 am: loss of
diurnal variation.
Plasma and urinary cortisol levels
ACTH Assay; very high in ectopic ACTH,
high in pituitary adenoma, very low in adrenal
adenoma.
Dexamethasone Suppression Test:
- pituitary adenomas – feedback present
- adrenal tumors - no feedback
CT of the adrenals
18. Treatment
Transphenoidal excision of pituitary gland
tumor
Adrenalectomy for adrenal cortex tumor
Pituitary irradiation with bilateral adrenalectomy
19. Anesthetic Implications
These patients have a multitude of problems.
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Coronary heart disease
- Hypertension
20. Anesthetic Implications (contd..)
Osteoporosis- caution during positioning
Skin prone to bruising, easy damage =need
for special handling
Will be prone to water overload and
hyponatremia
Moon Facies - difficult intubation
Increased Anaesthetic Risk
21. Pre-op Management
General considerations-
1. Treatment & control of hypertension
2. Treatment & control of diabetes
3. Normalizing intravascular fluid volume and
electrolytes - Spironolactone
4. Preparation for difficult airway
22. Anaesthetic Considerations
Choice of sedatives, induction agents not influenced by
elevated cortisol levels
Etomidate may be preferred as it inhibits steroid
biosynthesis
Careful use of relaxants in face of skeletal muscle
weakness/ hypokalemia → consider NM - monitoring
Regional acceptable - remember possibility of
osteoporosis and effects on vertebral bodies
Plasma cortisol levels decrease promptly after gland
excision needs replacement
Consider steroid infusion - cortisol 100mg/day
Fludrocortisone 0.05-0.1 mg/day
23. Hyperaldosteronism
CONN SYNDROME
Primary
- increased secretion aldosterone due to functional tumor
- independent of physiological stimulus
- more often in female
- associated with pheochromocytoma, primary
hyperparathyroidism or acromegaly
-
Secondary
increased plasma levels of renin
associated with reno-vascular HTN
24. Conn syndrome
Signs & symptoms may be nonspecific
If systemic HTN - headache
Systemic HTN may be due to ↑ ECF (aldosterone
induced Na retention) = resistant to Rx
If hypokalemia - nocturia, polyuria without ability to
concentrate urine, skeletal muscle cramps,
skeletal muscle weakness
Abnormal glucose tolerance
25. Treatment
K+ supplementation
Spirinolactone (competitive aldosterone antagonist)
Antihypertensive drugs
K+ sparing diuretics (triamterene)
Definitive treatment is adrenalectomy, bilateral if multiple
tumors are present
26. Anaesthetic Considerations
Do not hyperventilate = will ↓ K+
May have exaggerated hypotensive response to
anesthetic agents, positioning, PPV, sudden blood loss
PA Catheter to monitor volume
Monitor ABGs
Monitor electrolytes
May require steroids if bilateral adrenalectomy
27. Hypoaldosteronism
Congenital deficiency of aldosterone synthetase
Hyporeninemia due to defect in juxtaglomerular
apparatus or due to treatment with ACE inhibitors
which leads to loss of angiotensin stimulation
Co morbidities= CRD, diabetes
28. Hypoaldosteronism
Presentation
Hyperkalemia without renal insufficiency
Heart block due to inc K+
Postural hypotension
Metabolic acidosis
Treatment
Liberal intake Na
Daily fludrocortisone
29. Hypoadrinocorticism
PRIMARY (ADDISON’S DISEASE)
Primary adrenal insufficiency - absence of cortisol and
aldosterone due to cortex destruction
SECONDARY
Panhypopituitarism including ACTH deficiency - no
cortisol, normal aldosterone secretion
Prolonged exogenous administration steroids →
suppresses pituitary-adrenal axis
Deficiency of ACTH
32. Diagnosis
Levels of corticosteroids - plasma/urine
concentrations of corticosteroids
ACTH stimulation test - plasma cortisol should
double within 1 hour after ACTH is administered (
normal test levels >25 mcg/dl)
Plasma ACTH levels - elevated with primary
adrenal insufficiency, reduced with dysfunction of
ant pituitary/inhibition of pituitary-adrenal axis
37. Perioperative Glucocorticoid
Replacement
1. Perioperative stress is related to the degree of
trauma and the depth of anesthesia
2. Acute adrenal insufficiency occurs only rarely
but can be life-threatening
3. There is little risk in giving these patients
steroid coverage equivalent to 100 mg of
hydrocortisone perioperatively.
38. How can one determine when adrenal
responsiveness has returned to
normal?
1. The morning plasma cortisol level – not reliable
2. Induced hypoglycemia with insulin - risky
3. Plasma cortisol concentration is measured during
acute stress, a value of greater than 25 µg/dL
indicates normal pituitary-adrenal responsiveness
4. The ACTH Stimulation test - baseline plasma
cortisol level determined→ 250 µg of synthetic ACTH
(cosyntropin) given, →plasma cortisol is measured 30
to 60 minutes later. An increase in plasma cortisol of 6
to 20 µg/dL or more is normal.
39.
40. Corticosteroid Supplementation
Topical application of steroids (even without
the use of occlusive dressings) can suppress
normal adrenal responses for as long as 9
months to 1 year .
Provide supplementation for any patient who
has received steroids within a year.
Major sx- hydrocortisone 200 mg/day
Minor sx- hydrocortisone 100 mg/day
Decrease dose by 25% per day till oral intake
41. Intensive Care Managemant
Patients with menningococcemia,
tuberculosis,HIV, sepsis may devlope adrenal
insufficiency
Hypotension, Hyponatremia,
Hypoglycemia,Hyperkalemia
Hypotension refractory to fluids
Check cortisol levels
Mx- hydrocortisone 300-1000 mg/day