11 Different types of self-harming treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder I would change title to something like: Review of Interventions for Self-Harm in the context of a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder A human being’s personality is affected by surroundings and life situations experiences (eEnvironment) and , biologically inherited traits and daily life experiences. Individual personalities may develop into long term maladaptive patterns of behavior and experiences that differ significantly from what is ‘normal’ and expected by human beings toincrease the risk of give rise to vulnerability to developing different personality disorders Wetterborg (2015). The personality disorders may be develop gradually from adolescence to adulthood and may cause distress to the individual or problems in functioning. Without proper evidence based care and treatment personality disorders may affect the way of thinking about oneself and others and emotional response that will affect how an individual will relate to other people and how one controls his or her behavior. Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Could you break this into two sentences? Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Subtitle- Borderline personality disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a type of personality disorder characterized by ongoing pattern of varying mood, self-image and changing behavior. (Wetterborg, 2015) These individuals may have mood swings, and be uncertain of their place in the world and how they see themselves, hence they may have an intense and unstable pattern relationships with other people. BPD is mostly a mental disorder and is recognized by the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS) and is thought to affect at least one percent of the population diagnosed and three quarters are women (Daubney, 2015). This may be because of how sexes deal with criticism in different ways with males tending to cast out issues while females internalize or due to different brain functions of the sexes. Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: I am not sure what you mean by mostly a mental disorder? Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: I think this needs to be a separate sentence These people view things in extreme cognitive biases? and may quickly change individual opinionhow they feel about people and be a result of tense relationssomeone?. There are many other symptoms relating to borderline personality disorderBPD such as unstable and distorted self-image or sense of self, having dangerous and impulsive behaviors during periods of elevated moods, self-harming behaviors and procuring thoughts of suicidal behaviors among many others. Borderline personality disorderBPD is not usually diagnosed before adolescence and symptoms may improve or even disappear with time. Full range of most symptoms appear during teenage life and early child hood because diagnosis is difficult in children and some people may not have prevalent signs and symptoms until their mid to late life. AfterIf symptoms begi.

1. 11
Different types of self-harming treatment for Borderline
Personality Disorder I would change title to something like:
Review of Interventions for Self-Harm in the context of a
diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder
A human being’s personality is affected by surroundings and
life situations experiences (eEnvironment) and , biologically
inherited traits and daily life experiences. Individual
personalities may develop into long term maladaptive patterns
of behavior and experiences that differ significantly from what
is ‘normal’ and expected by human beings toincrease the risk of
give rise to vulnerability to developing different personality
disorders Wetterborg (2015). The personality disorders may be
develop gradually from adolescence to adulthood and may cause
distress to the individual or problems in functioning. Without
proper evidence based care and treatment personality disorders
may affect the way of thinking about oneself and others and
emotional response that will affect how an individual will relate
to other people and how one controls his or her behavior.
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Could you break this into two
sentences? Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Subtitle-
Borderline personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a type of personality
disorder characterized by ongoing pattern of varying mood,
self-image and changing behavior. (Wetterborg, 2015)
These individuals may have mood swings, and be uncertain of
their place in the world and how they see themselves, hence
they may have an intense and unstable pattern relationships with
other people. BPD is mostly a mental disorder and is recognized
by the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS) and is
thought to affect at least one percent of the population
diagnosed and three quarters are women (Daubney, 2015). This

2. may be because of how sexes deal with criticism in different
ways with males tending to cast out issues while females
internalize or due to different brain functions of the sexes.
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: I am not sure what you mean
by mostly a mental disorder? Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: I
think this needs to be a separate sentence
These people view things in extreme cognitive biases? and may
quickly change individual opinionhow they feel about people
and be a result of tense relationssomeone?. There are many
other symptoms relating to borderline personality disorderBPD
such as unstable and distorted self-image or sense of self,
having dangerous and impulsive behaviors during periods of
elevated moods, self-harming behaviors and procuring thoughts
of suicidal behaviors among many others. Borderline
personality disorderBPD is not usually diagnosed before
adolescence and symptoms may improve or even disappear with
time. Full range of most symptoms appear during teenage life
and early child hood because diagnosis is difficult in children
and some people may not have prevalent signs and symptoms
until their mid to late life. AfterIf symptoms begin and are not
acted upon with treatment or therapy, the symptoms may
increase in intensity and frequency and may be triggered by
stressful situations to come sporadically during stretches of
normal behavior. Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Did you mean
don’t appear? Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Subtitle- Pathways
in the development of BPD
No one cause has been identified as the general cause of
borderline personality disorder although some theories and
explanations have been generated to determine what causes and
influences borderline disorder. (Schulze, 2016) Comment by
Ibrahim, Jeyda: If you have abbreviated this earlier as BPD, you
can use BPD throughout.
Developmental explanation shows how people with this type of
disorder are often related to a childhood of sexual abuse,
emotional abuse, physical abuse, regular domestic violence and
cases of neglect ion hence the trauma and suffering may be a

3. key factor of self-harming behaviors or genetic factors from the
biological theory increase the likelihood of self-harming
behaviors in the presence of a triggering environment. It has
also been theorized that brain damage maybe a cause or a
chemical dysfunction in the brains of people with borderline
personality disorder and self-harm disorder for the patients to
harm themselves or begin having suicidal behaviors. Self-
mutilation or self-harming can be scary, confusing, and
frustrating and treatment for the disorder may be helpful to
people with self-mutilation characteristics during treatment
which is vital with other personality disorders to create a
structure and therapeutic eminent because treatment may be
difficult and may take months or even years to improve the
clients ability to live more independently without engaging in
self-harming activities. (Daubney, 2015)
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Separate out environmental
and biological factors Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: You
need references for the theories you have mentioned
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: You have gone into
describing symptoms again, best to separate this out and subtitle
self-harm or actually interventions for self harm,
Patients who engage in deliberate self-harm partake
psychotherapeutic interventions that will give therapist insight
to create treatment plans to the requirements of the patient and
detect important ingredients for treatmenPsychological
treatment can help individuals to formulate their self-harm and
inform care planning areas which are triggering self-harm
episodest. Cognitive Behavior therapy will works by helping the
individual to change the way the patients perceives events
thinks and what he or she does in everyday situationshow he or
she responds. Cognitive Behavior Therapy analyzes different
ways of boosting the state of mind and how to solve problems
considering the physical feelings, thoughts, emotions, and
action that may trigger self-harm and make it easier to do see
the effect on the patient and how it can be changed with time.
Cognitive behavior therapy can be done individuallydelivered

4. by awith the therapists ranging from daily toor weekly sessions
depending on the severityely of the problem or within a group a
group of people that is a self-help group guided by a therapist to
help reduce self-harming behavior or thoughts. Comment by
Ibrahim, Jeyda: I think you need to explain how or why it does
this? Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Reference?
A cognitive behavior therapy is a short term intervention and
very goal oriented by focusing on what causes self-harm and
analyzing them to replace them with positive healthier ways of
dealing with situation in their lives. The main goals focused on
are usually; developing a positive problem orientation,
tTraining in rational problem solving to define and formulate
the basis of problem and creating alternative solutions other
than self-mutilation and reducing avoidance of problem solving,
and impulsive and careless decisions making. (Wetterborg,
2015)
Dialect behavior therapy is another form of treatment and
regarded as effective treatment of clients with borderline
personality behavior which was specifically created to treat
those with the disorder. Dialect behavior therapy assumptions
are based on people who self-harminjure behavior are
unbearable and the individual with the disorder are doing the
best they can and want to improve. The primary goal is to
change problem behavior and can be achieved by focusing on
changing the emotions and thoughts that precede problem
behaviors as well as solving the problem of individuals that
contribute to problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It
addresses the problem of keeping patients in therapy based on a
clear and potentially testable theory of borderline personality
disorder and encourages a positive and validating attitude in
light of the theory. The therapy is in structured stages with each
stage the patient is helped to understand his/her problem and
taught necessary skills to enable him/her to deal with the
problem and situations more effectively (Dobson, 2019).
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Reference for efficacy studies
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: I am not sure this makes

5. sense, You probably want to talk about more the theory based
on cognitive, behavioural and attachment models
According to Dobson, (2019, the techniques are extensive and
varied addressing especially every aspect of therapy
underpinned by a dialectical philosophy that emphasize on
balance, flexibly and a systematic approach to the work therapy.
This will help theis hoped to help the client deal with any
problem that she may have in applying them in life situations
that lead to self-mutilation and thoughts of self-mutilation. This
method is supported by empirical evidence which suggest that it
is successful in reducing self-harm and time spent in psychiatric
inpatient treatment. General advice and advice concerning self-
mutilation is encouraged and helps to take responsibility for
dealing with life’s problems him/herself. (Daubney, 2015)
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Perhaps at the beginning of
the whole treatment section you could put what is recommended
by the nice guidelines for self-harm to give an overview before
describing each approach individually
The course of dialect behavior therapy over time is organized
into a number of stages and structured in terms of hierarchies of
targets at each stage, this is because patients with borderline
personality disorder or self-harm disorder may present multiple
problems for the therapist in deciding what to focus on and
when. The pretreatment stage focuses on assessment of the
patient’s behavior and triggers that cause self-mutilation and
commitment of the patient to therapy and stop self-injury. It is a
stage for orientation of the patient to therapy to get to know the
structures therapists, what is expected and a general
introduction to dialect behavioral therapy. The first stage of
dialect behavioral therapy focuses on therapy interfering
behaviors and behaviors of the patients that interfere with the
quality of his/her life and how to try and develop the necessary
skills and method to resolve this problem. Focus may be on
suicidal behavior and thoughts that will harm the patient or
become fatal. Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Self-harm is not a
disorder Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: I would re word this

6. Coaching and training for skills to handle self-injurious
behavior or life threatening thoughts help the patients stay
motivated in treatment despite the tremendous difficulties they
may face. The second stage of dialectical behavioral therapy
focusesd on post-traumatic stress related problems that triggers
borderline personality disorder and enhance self-injurious
behavior in the patient. This These are stressful situations to the
patients that may have activated self-injury in the past or drive
self-suicidal actions o or harmful thought. (Wetterborg, 2015)
Stage three of dialectical behavior therapy focuses on the self-
esteem of the patient and individual treatment goals made by
the patient or the patient and the therapist together working on
the motivation of the patient is an important priority to help him
have the drive to keep on with therapy and try hard to achieve
his/her goals. This stage have targets behaviors and must be
brought into control before moving onto the next phase. This
These stages are designed d to increase dialectical thinking
having hierarchy targets instituted to make therapy effective
and achieve goals. Some targets such as dDecreasing suicidal
behavior, decreasing therapy interfering behavior, decreasing
behavior that interfere with quality of life, increasing
behavioral skills, improving self-esteem and decreasing
behavior related to post traumatic stress help increase
dialectical thinking and help the patients less prone self-injury.
If in between the therapy sessions, self-ham or any other
incidences have occurred, the therapist must deal with this first
before moving to anything else (Bateman, 2015) Comment by
Ibrahim, Jeyda: This sentence needs to be broken down
According to Schulze (2016), the dialectical behavior therapy
sessions are also categorized into four, with client experiencing
three categories. The individual therapy which is a live therapy
with dialectical behavioral therapy therapist to help the patient
work on self-damaging behaviors and make sure he or she is
following skills learned to avoid stress and self-injury. Group
work helps the patient work on social skill as sand teach new
skills from the dialectic behavior therapy modules and the most

7. effective ways of implementing them. A telephone support may
come in desperate moments when the patients is having self-
injury thoughts or urges , the patient may call the therapist or a
member of the group team to discuss the urge or thoughts and
how to avoid a situation of self-injury or risking ones quality of
life. (Daubney, 2015)
The last part is for the therapist and hasto be a part of a
consultation group to help him/her keep in track and help
remain non judge mental and validating of the person’s thoughts
and feelings. This would be a therapist groupgroup of therapists
who have trained in dialectical behavior therapy. Dialectical
behavior therapy requires the patient to become mindful of the
skills and advice being advised to them to be able to optimally
gain from the therapy and be able to reduce or even stop self-
harming behaviors which may be achieved by engaging in open
discussions group therapies or discussions with the therapist
during the different stages to enable understanding of the
activities being undertaken and their importance in reducing
self-harming disorder and borderline personality disorder.
(Schulze, 2016)
Another important skill to develop is stress perseverance and
enables the patient to be able to accepting and finding meaning
to be able to stand durations in the patient’s daily life with
distress. By learning to deal with stressful situations and having
the tolerance to bear emotional pain will help the patient
become consciously aware of his or her situations and accept
them the way they are to help reduce instance of self-mutilation
due to circumstances that are distressful and events in the life
of individuals. A vital focus in stress perseverance is radical
acceptance by Lienhan which describes radical acceptance as a
tool to enable an individual to free ones feelings and mental
capacity from tormenting incidences and suffering and needs an
individual to make a choice to stop fighting with reality.
(Daubney, 2015)
This skill of letting go enhances the ability of a person to easily
favor acceptance without any judgment or self-evaluation, or

8. the circumstances in general. Emphasis on the acceptance of
reality rather than reality approval which will create an
understanding of the controllable versus factors that are
uncontrollable and help facilitate manageability of emotional
pain. Interpersonal efficiency skills that are used in dialectical
behavior therapy sessions focus on making the assertiveness of
the patient to grow and being able to say no , making requests
and coping with problems. (Schulze, 2016)
This will improve the social connections of the patient to
create better relations and allow the individual to increase their
chances of achieving their goals, while maintaining self-respect
and maintaining good relationships. This will help avoid
distressful situations to the patient by keeping good relations
and in turn reduce incidence of self-mutilation or thoughts of
self-mutilation. Emotional regulation of feelings is also an
important skill in dialectical behavior therapy and assists
individuals to reduce their vulnerability to an emotional state of
mind. To help make clear and unclouded decisions that lead an
individual to self-harm behaviors and can be achieved by having
techniques to recognize and label emotions ,finding emotional
and mental barriers to help increase emotional perseverance and
apply distress tolerance skills. (Wetterborg, 2015).
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: What will? Think this needs
to be with previous paragraph Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda:
Needs to be restructed
This skill set is quite important to enable acceptance and find
ways to increase positive emotional events through healthy
living and participation in activities that increase self-
confidence. Dialectical behavior therapy is an effective
treatment for borderline patients however the program is quite
intense and difficult and requires high perseverance and
commitment to the program for patients to start seeing results .
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Which skill set?
Psychodynamic or cognitive analytical therapy is another type
of treatment to borderline disorder and self-harming disorder
and particularly effective inwhen reducing feelings of anxiety

9. or depression that are mostly related to self-mutilation and
other types of mental disorders and focusses on repeating
patterns of what? that develops fromwere gain from past
childhood experiences to help cope with emotional difficulties
and deprivations. Discussing how ones past experiences might
be affecting how the individual feels in the present days and the
therapist might be able to make connections between significant
events or periods in the patient’s life one can be able to begin
making positive changes to affect how one is feeling in the
present day and help reduce stressful situations brought about
by past experiences, occupations, acquaintances or traumatic
events. (Wetterborg, 2015). Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda:
These are two different types Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda:
This sentence is very long
The chances of positive outcome increase for self-harm
recovery happens by establishing a trusting relationship
between the patient and clinicians at therapy, providing
treatment for any existing mental issues that may be
contributing to the desire of self-mutilation or suicidal thoughts
as well as support and help from friends. A licensed mental
health professional i.e. psychiatrist, psychologist or clinical
social worker experienced in diagnosis and treatment of
borderline personality disorder can assess test symptoms offor
the disorder by conducting a thorough interview including a
discussion about symptoms or perform a careful and thorough
medical exam to self-harming patient which will help determine
the extent of self-harm behavior in the individual or ask about
family medical histories if any including history of mental
illness ,to find out the prevalence of borderline personality
disorder before finding a way to administer psychodynamic
therapy to help reduce self-harm disorder. (Schulze, 2016)
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: This should be a separate
sentence Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Why just
psychodynamic
Medication treatment for self-mutilation on self-harm is not
frequent but patients who have self-harm disorder require

10. medication for co-occurring disorder such as depression that
follow suite. Self-injure treatment centers and programs are also
available in case of need for intensive treatment and care of the
patient. The treatment center may exist to specifically deal with
self-harm disorder or may treat other mental issues but are a
good place to have a peaceful environment and keep patient
from committing suicide or hurting themselves .The treatment
centers provide inpatient treatment programme where the
patient stays for the whole week to help him with disorder,
intensive outpatient programs to help patients come in for
sessions and in desperate times to stop their urge of self-injure
or suicide thoughts and group psycho therapy in different times
of the week . This is to have self-injury evaluations for proper
program placement education and support, medication and case
management and aftercare planning of help the patients after
finishing his/her program and session at the treatment center
(Schulze, 2016) Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: Are these
centres in America? Needs referencing
The treatment center has a qualified team of care givers who
will be able to give therapy, monitor and administer medication
when needed. This may include psychiatrist, clinical therapists,
and registered nurses among others.
Mentalization base therapy is another form of treatment for
patients with borderline personality disorder and may also treat
self-harm behavior. This is a psychodynamic approach and
helps with analyzing thoughts and try to figure out how the
thoughts are different from others and harmful to the individual.
This will help the individual understand the motive behind the
actions of others by understanding their mental states. This
process is to enable an individual with self-harm disorder be
more attuned to his/her emotions, thoughts and means by trying
to understand the person mental state and the person mental
actions. (Wetterborg, 2015).
The therapist using Mentalization based therapy will focus more
on the past and present relationship of the patient to try and
help the patient decrease self-harm behavior or thoughts and can

11. be used both during group therapy and individual treatment.
This therapy may be used in conjunction with medication
management to increase effectiveness. The Mentalization based
therapy helps patients become emotionally better to have
decreased levels of deliberate self-harm, suicide, anxiety and
depression to function better socially (Bateman, 2015)
In summarytion of the document this review borderline
personality behavior is one of the ten personality disorders
recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
disorders (DMS) which may highly involve self-harming
behavioral not well tended or treated .Borderline personality
behavior develops from early teenage life to late midlife of
adulthood and symptoms may increase in frequency severity and
range as years are going by when left untreated. Causes can be
attributed to Developmental theory that focusses on past life
experiences and any abuse that might have taken place either
physical like sexual abuse or mental abuse such as neglect that
also has lingering emotional effects or Biological theory that
explains causes are attributed to genetic traits and inherited
genes that enhance self harm disorder or borderline personality
disorder. Treatment options include Psychotherapy with
relevant therapies to treat the disorder such as cognitive
behavior therapy that focuses on here and now problems things
the person with the disorder finds difficult, Cognitive
Analytical Therapy that which focusses on repeating patterns
from childhood experience. (Schulze, 2016) Comment by
Ibrahim, Jeyda: Usually a combination of both
Dialectical Behavior therapy focuses on how to meet the needs
of Borderline Personality Behavior patients with three stages
and structured sessions to help reduce self-mutilation behavior.
Other treatments include treatment in treatment centers,
medication treatment, and Mentalization Based Therapy.
Comment by Ibrahim, Jeyda: You may want to also write
which has been shown to be more effective or which is in the
NICE guidelines. A recent reference for this would be good.
References

12. Bateman, A. W. (2015). Treatment of personality disorder.The
Lancet, 385(9969), 735-743.
Dobson, K. S. (2019). Handbook of cognitive-behavioral
Therapies. Guilford Publications.
Daubney, M. (2015). Mentalization-based therapy (MBT): An
overview. Australasian Psychiatry, 23(2), 132-135
Schulze, L. (2016). Neural correlates of disturbed emotion
Processing in borderline personality disorder: a multimodal
meta-analysis. Biological psychiatry, 79(2), 97-106.
Wetterborg, D., (2015). Borderline Personality disorder:
prevalence and psychiatric Comorbidity among male offenders
on probation in Sweden. Comprehensive psychiatry, 62, 63-70.
Running head: HR Strategies
1
HR Strategies
4
Goal choice
One of the goals chosen from the first assignment was the
global expansion of Target Corp. In essence, Target is an
international organization working with over three hundred
thousand team members worldwide. As such, the company
should expand its branches globally and not only in the United
States and India where its headquarters are located. The
corporation tends to operate in Bangalore entire organizations
as a support function. However, it has not yet expanded its
stores outside the United States. In regards to the expansion,
Target Corp is planning to launch more than 125 stores across
the provinces in Canada and Brazil among other parts of the
developing countries.
Attract
Most managers in the current global business environment
tend to face a significant challenge in deciding on the best
employees to recruit in regards to different positions within an

13. organization. One of the most notable traits that employees
should portrait is cultural competence. Based on diversity
resources, cultural competence employees are regarded as
important aspects for the twenty-first-century business world
with globalization goals (Noe et al., 2017). Typically,
employees with this trait tend to have an easy time working
with their managers as well as growing the organization
business to the next level. Also, based on diversity, employees
will be able to communicate with different customers regardless
of their different cultures effectively. Another trait is agile
which reflects flexibility, nimble and speed an employee has
when performing various activities within the organization. The
corporation should concentrate on finding employees with
capabilities of changing with the environment and acting fast in
regards to such changes. Finally, employees who will help the
corporation in achieving its goal should be friendly and open.
The organization management should focus on individuals with
compassionate, approachable and kind qualities when dealing
with customers and clients.
The two strategies that the corporation will initiate to
attract high potential employees who best suit various positions
within the organization include the building of cultural diversity
and tackling of long-distance communication challenges. Since
Target Corp is aiming at expanding its stores to other parts of
the world, there are high chances that the corporation will
encounter different cultural practices within communities. As
such, it will have to consider its culture by imitating the
cultural practices it finds in the country they operate their
business (Yamao, 2015). Further, the corporation may decide to
send some of its competent employees to foreign countries
where they will be performing some of their business.
Therefore, it is essential for the Target management
organization to figure out how such employees will be
communicating with their loved ones back at home. Diversity
within the workforce of the organization will help to have
effective communication among the staff members and the

14. management team which in turn will contribute to efficient and
productive operations.
Develop and retain
In dealing with global customers and client, it is
significant that employees are equipped with skills relating to
online services since most customers will be located outside
borders which make it impossible to meet them on face to face
term. One of the areas that the employees will be taught
includes social simulation training to help them in responding to
culturally sensitive ways. Another significant area is filed
simulation training where employees will show techniques of
collecting information from the people living around the region
of its operations. Based on the existing employees, the
corporation should educate its workforce on general terms used
in the country they operate from. When employees are capable
of communicating the language spoken in the region, it will
enhance more customers to visit the stores hence high revenue
generation. Another area that is essential is time. In other
words, existing employees may get confused with the business
timing in the host country and that one of the home corporation.
As such, they should be taught on when is the best time to
operate in gaining more customers.
For practical training, the organization should consider setting
up classroom within the corporation where work staff will be
assembling and taught together with similar perspectives to
encourage teamwork within employees since they will tend to
have related knowledge on how to do things. Permanently,
educating employees together within the same room and
awarding those who exploit their effort than others will bond
them together and also enabling them to work in achieving
similar objectives. The main advantage of this is that when
working together as a team, the corporation will experience a
mass production from its operations which will earn it a good
income. However, the disadvantage is that when some of the
employees are promoted as a result of their effort, the others

15. may tend to fill jealousy and this may inflict conflict among
employees. The teaching of employees in the same room will
bond them together and also enabling them to work in achieving
similar objectives.
References
Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M.
(2017). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive
advantage. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Yamao, S., & Sekiguchi, T. (2015). Employee commitment to
corporate globalization: The role of English language
proficiency and human resource practices. Journal of World
Business, 50(1), 168-179.