Nomenclature refer to a set of terms used in communication by individuals in the same profession that enables them to understand one another better.

2. Nomenclature & hand
Instruments
PRESENTED BY:
DR. ANUBHUTI

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4. Introduction
Tooth Numbering
Terminology Related to various Tooth surface
Terminology Related to Dental caries
Terminology Related to other Defect of Tooth
Nomenclature Related to cavity preparation / Tooth preparation
Classification of cavity preparations
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Contents

5. Introduction
Nomenclature refer to a set of
terms used in communication by
individuals in the same profession
that enables them to understand
one another better.
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6. Tooth Numbering System
The combined primary and deciduous
dentition result in a total 52 teeth ,a clear
and convenient means of identification of
specific teeth is necessary .
There are several systems which are
proposed for tooth numbering
system. These are :-
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7. The 3 popular system which are currently popular. They are :-
1 Zsigmondy / Palmer
system
2 American Dental
Association (ADA) system or
Universal Numbering
system
3 Federation Dentaire
International (FDI) System
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8. Zsigmondy/Palmer System
It is oldest system also called as Grid or
Angular system
In this system Primary Dentition are denoted
by English Upper case Latter and Permanent
Dentition are denoted by Number
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9. ADA System or Universal System
The Primary Dentition are denoted by
consecutive English upper case latter
starting from maxillary 2nd Molar
The Permanent Teeth are indicated by
number 1 to 32 .
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10. FDI System
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12. Terminology related to various tooth surfaces
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13. Terminology Related to Dental caries
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Dental caries is an infectious
microbiological disease of teeth
that results in localized dissolution
and destruction of the calcified
tissues.

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15. Caries can be described according to Location, Extent
and Rate
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16. According to Location
Primary caries :
primary caries is the
original carious
lesion of the tooth.
Morphologically 3 types
of primary caries are
evident
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17. 1. Pits and fissure
caries:
caries involving pit and
fissure area of teeth
because of imperfect
coalescence of the
developmental enamel
lobe
2. Smooth surface
caries :
caries originating on
smooth surface area of
teeth that are usually
covered by plaque .
3. Root surface caries /
Senile caries :
caries may occur on the
tooth root that has
been exposed to the
oral environment and
habitually covered with
plaque
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18. 2.secondary caries / Recurrent caries:
It occurs at junction of a
tooth restoration and the
tooth and may progress
under the restoration
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19. According to Extent
Incipient / Reversible caries :
This represents early carious
lesion which is in its initial
stage. it can be remineralised
if immediate corrective
measures alter the stage.
Cavitated / Irreversible caries:
in this condition enamel
surface is broken and usually
lesion has advanced into
dentin. Restoration is usually
indicated.
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20. According to Rate
Acute / Rampant caries :
it refers to disease that is
rapidly damaging the
tooth .
Chronic / Arrested caries:
it is slow or it may be
arrested after several
active phase.
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Terminology Related to other Defect of Tooth

22. Attrition Abrasion Erosion Abfraction
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23. Fracture Non Hereditary
Enamel
hypoplasia
Amelogenesis
Imperfecta
Dentinogenesis
Imperfecta:
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Tooth preparation Terminology

25. Cavity: This refers to a defect
in the tooth enamel or both
in enamel and dentin due to
carious progress.
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Tooth (Cavity) Preparations: It is mechanical
alteration of a defective injured or diseased
tooth to receive a restorative material that
reestablishes a healthy state for the tooth
including aesthetic correction where indicated
and normal form and function.

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Simple tooth preparation:
A cavity preparation
involving only one tooth
surface.

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Compound tooth preparation:
If two surface are involved den
termed as compound tooth
preparation.

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Complex tooth preparation:
When preparation involves 3 or
more surfaces then it is called
as complex tooth preparations.

30. Abbreviation
O: occlusal surface
MO: involving
mesial and occlusal
surface
MOD : involving
the mesial occlusal
and distal surface
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The tooth description of tooth preparation is abbreviated by using first
letter capitalised of each tooth surface involved . for example…

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Tooth preparation walls
Fascial walls
Labial wall Buccal wall
Lingual
/palatal wall
Incisal/occlusal
walls
Mesial/Distal
wall

32. Textbook of operative Dentistry -Vimal sikri ,pg no :15 32
Tooth preparation walls
Axial wall
Pulpal
wall
Gingival
wall
Subpulpal
wall

33. Angles in a cavity preparations
Line angle Point angle
Axial line
angle
Cavosurface
angle
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INTERNAL EXTERNAL

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BEVEL
Partial
bevel
Short bevel
Inverted
bevel
Reversed
bevel

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Classification of Tooth Preparation
Class
I
Class
II
Class
III
Class
IV
Class
V
Class
VI

36. In order to properly prepare
a cavity ,the tooth tissue,
enamel and dentin must be
excised with specific
instruments in an efficiently
ordered sequence .
The hardness of enamel
makes it difficult to excise,
shape & refine the tooth.
Textbook of operative Dentistry -Vimal K sikri pg no 108
36

37. Hand cutting instruments are used
to produce intricate details of the
cavity preparations and to insert
and finish the restorative material
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38. Hand instruments accounts
for only a small portion of
the tooth reduction
,probably less than 10% but
hand cutting instruments
are still an integral part of
any dental armamentarium.
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39. Metals used in
manufacturing
Carbon steel
Stainless steel
Stellite
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40. Carbon steel
Harder than
stainless steel
When unprotected
it will corodes
Stainless steel
Its passive and can
withstand repeated
sterilization cycles
Becomes blunt
soon & require
sharpening
Stellite
High resistance to
acid hardness
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41. Design of Hand Instruments
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42. HANDLE OR SHAFT- its mostly straight and may be
serrated to increase friction for hand gripping .
If the shank and blade are separate from the shaft or handle and
intend to be screwed into it, the instrument is known as
conesocket instrument
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43. SHANK -Connects the shaft with the blade or working
point
It is here where any angulation of the instrument can
be placed
Have one or more bends to avoid the instrument from
having tendency to twist in use where force is applied
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44. BLADE/NIB- working end of cutting
instrument is called the blade whereas
working end of the non cutting instrument
such as condenser is called a nib.
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45. CUTTING EDGE – it’s the working part
of the instrument. Its usually in the
form of bevel with different shapes
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46. G.V.Black’sclassification
CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
CONDENSING INSTRUMENTS
PLASTIC INSTRUMENTS
FINISHING & POLISHING
INSTRUMENTS
ISOLATION INSTRUMENTS
MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUMENTS
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47. CUTTING
Hand- chisel,
excavators, hatchets,
hoe
Rotary –
Burs, Stones, discs
CONDENSING Hand and mechanical pluggers
PLASTIC Spatulas , Carriers, Carvers, Burnishers
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48. FINISHING &
POLISHING
Hand
Orangewood sticks,
Polishing points
Finishing strips
Rotary
Finishing burs,
Mounted
brushes, rubber
cups & discs
ISOLATION
Rubber damn kit ,saliva ejector ,high
volume evacuator, cotton roll holder
MISCELLANEOUS Mouth mirrors, Probes ,Scissors ,Pilers
,tweezer,etc
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49. Spoon Excavators
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50. Hatchet
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51. Hoe
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52. Chisel
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53. Gingival margin trimmer
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54. Hand and mechanical pluggers
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55. Plastic & Cement Spatulas
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56. Amalgam Carriers
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57. Hollenback carver
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58. Cleoid-discoid carvers
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59. Frahms carver
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Burnishers

61. Rubber cups & discs
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62. Rubber damn kit
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63. saliva ejector
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64. Mouth mirrors
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65. Probes
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66. Explorer
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67. Tweezer
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Strudevant’s Art & Science of operative Dentistry
Textbook of operative Dentistry -Vimal K sikri
Pre Clinical Conservative Dentistry –KS K arthikeyan & N Velmurgan