Hip Fractures And The Falls That Cause Them
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Hip Fractures And The Falls That Cause Them
- 1. AND THE FALLS THAT CAUSE THEM Debra JonesMarch 11, 2010Anatomy and Physiology IHIP FRACTURES
- 2. REASONS FOR INCREASED RISKOF FALLS IN ELDERLY AGING CHANGES •Bone density diminishes •Bones lose calcium and other minerals •Bones become thinner due to loss of mineral content •Spinal discs lose fluid and become thinner, causing the trunk to become shorter •The scapulae and other bones may become porous •The bones in the legs and arms become brittle due to mineral loss •The arches in the feet become less pronounced, adding to loss in height ("Aging changes in the bones -muscles -joints: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia," 2008)
- 3. Pic: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/17285.htm HEALTHY ADULT VS. ADULTWITH BONE DISEASE Spine weakens with age, becoming more curved and fragile. Osteoporosis is a condition caused by gradual loss of bone density, increased risk of fractures, and thinning of bone tissue. ("Osteoporosis: MedlinePlus," 2010)
- 4. AGING CHANGES, Cont’d •The joints get stiffer and less flexible •The ankle, like some other joints, change minimally if at all due to aging •Minerals may deposit in the shoulder or other joints (calcification). •Lean body mass decreases •Knee and hip joints may begin to degenerate •Finger bones get thicker while the joints lose cartilage •Muscle tissue changes cause reduced tone •Fat and lipofuscin (an age-related pigment) are deposited in muscle tissue, and the fibers shrink and get replaced with tough fibrous tissue. ("Aging changes in the bones -muscles -joints: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia," 2008)
- 5. •Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease of the bone and joint cartilage •Due to joint “wear and tear”, congenital defects, metabolic disorders , and trauma •Joints are painful and stiff, look longer, and get worse throughout the day HEALTHY KNEE JOINT VS. ADULTWITH BONE DISEASE ("Osteoporosis: MedlinePlus," 2010)
- 6. REASONS FOR INCREASED RISKOF FALLS IN ELDERLY EFFECT OF CHANGES •Bones become more brittle and break easier •Posture may become more bent, and the hips and knees more flexed •Shoulders get narrower, the pelvis may become wider, and the neck may become tilted •Inflammation, pain, stiffness, and deformity may happen due to the joint structures breaking down •Movement slows, and the walking pattern (gait) gets shorter, more unsteady, and the arms swing less. Fatigue sets in quicker, and there is less energy •Loss of muscle mass reduces strength, although endurance may improve due to changes in the muscle fibers ("Aging changes in the bones -muscles -joints: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia," 2008)
- 7. Anterior view ANATOMY OF THE HIP Sacroiliac joint Ilium Sacral promontory Sacrum Pubic tubercle Ischium Pubic arch Acetabulum Pubis Symphysis pubis (Schneider, Hankin, Morse, Bennett-Clarke, n.d.) (Shier, Butler, Lewis, 2010)
- 8. Posterior view ANATOMY OF THE HIP Sacral canal Ilium Sacrum Sacral hiatus Coccyx Ischium Obturator foramen Pubis (Schneider, Hankin, Morse, Bennett-Clarke, n.d.) (Shier, Butler, Lewis, 2010)
- 9. Lateral view ANATOMY OF THE HIP Iliac crest Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Obturator foramen Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Iliac crest Acetabulum Pubic crest Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Ilium Pubis Ischium Ilium Ischium Pubis (Schneider, Hankin, Morse, Bennett-Clarke, n.d.) (Shier, Butler, Lewis, 2010) (Schneider, Hankin, Morse, Bennett-Clarke, n.d.)
- 10. Floor safety •Wear flat shoes with good support and avoid socks and slippers •Keep things off the floor •Make sure floors are level and smooth, especially at doorways and thresholds •Keep all cords and wires out of the way •Rugs should have rug pads and carpet stuck to the floor Stair and bathroom safety •Stairs should have handrails on both sides and be well lit •Install grab bars on walls near showers, toilets, and tubs, and use a plastic chair with a back in the shower •Use a rubber bath mat in the tub or shower HOW TO DECREASE THE RISK OF FALLING ("Fall Prevention and Osteoporosis from eMedicineHealth," n.d.) Indoor safety tips
- 11. Lighting •Keep the home well lit •Flashlight near the bed •Light switch near the door Contacts •24-hour monitoring company •Cell or cordless phone •Daily contact with family member ("Fall Prevention and Osteoporosis from eMedicineHealth," n.d.)
- 12. Outdoor safety tips •Check the height before stepping off the curb and be careful of inclines •Use a cane or walker and rubber soled shoes •Find 24-hour grocery and drug stores that will deliver •Use a backpack or fanny pack when going out to avoid having to hold a purse •Wear warm boots with rubber soles when snowy or cold so feet don’t go numb •Notice the floors in public buildings since they can be slippery ("Fall Prevention and Osteoporosis from eMedicineHealth," n.d.) Outdoor safety tips
- 13. Other Safety Issues •Step stools should be sturdy with wide steps and a handrail •Keep enough prescription medications to last a week •Find out if any medication or combination of medications might contribute to a fall Improving Balance •Look in the mirror to see how balanced you are •Grab onto the counter top or the chair back and stand on the toes for the count of 10. Then rock back on heels to balance for a count of 10, and repeat ("Fall Prevention and Osteoporosis from eMedicineHealth," n.d.)
- 14. COMMON BONE DISORDERS THATCAN BE PREVENTED Osteoporosis •Loss of bone density that makes bones weak and break •More common in older women •Comes from disease, hormonal or dietary deficiency, or old age. •Silent disease which can only be detected with bone mineral density (BMD) test Osteopenia •Similar to Osteoporosis but with decreased bone density Osteoarthritis •Most common disorder of joint and bone •Cartilage wears away between joints and growths form •Muscles and ligaments around joints get weaker as they loosen •Being overweight can be a risk factor •Fractures can cause osteoarthriitis later in life ("Osteoporosis: MedlinePlus," 2010) ("Osteoarthritis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia," 2010)
- 15. Prevention •Build strong bones as a child and teenager to prevent these disorders later in life •Lead a healthy lifestyle with no excessive alcohol consumption and no smoking •Get involved in weight-bearing exercise •Eat a balanced diet and include Vitamin D and calcium •Take medication when necessary to improve bone density ("Fall Prevention and Osteoporosis from eMedicineHealth," n.d.) ("Osteoporosis: MedlinePlus," 2010)
- 16. References Aging changes in the bones -muscles -joints: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (2008, August 10). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004015.htm Fall Prevention and Osteoporosis from eMedicineHealth. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/fall_prevention_and_osteoporosis/page5_em.htm Osteoarthritis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (2010, February 23). Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000423.htm Osteoporosis: MedlinePlus. (2010, March 8). Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoporosis.html Schneider, R., Hankin, M.,Morse, D., & Bennett-Clarke, C. (n.d.). Anatomy & Physiology Revealed (2.0) [Software]. Available from http://anatomy. mcgraw-hill.com/apr.html Shier, D., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2010). Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology(12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill.