This document summarizes key topics in endocrinology, including the major endocrine glands and some common disorders. It discusses the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, and gonads. For each gland, it outlines the major hormones produced and how they regulate other glands and body processes. It also summarizes common endocrine disorders like Graves' disease, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus, and diabetic ketoacidosis.

1. Chapter 4
Endocrinology

2. Terms
•Hormones
•Endocrine glands
•Exocrine glands
•Homeostasis
•Metabolism
•Automatic nervous
system

3. Glands

4. 8 Major Glands
•Hypothalmus
•Pituitary gland
•Thyroid gland
•Parathyroid glands
•Thymus
•Pancreas
•Adrenal Glands
•Gonads

5. Hypothalamus

6. Hypothalmus
•Deep within cerebrum
•Acts as a gland and as neurons
•Divided into sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems
•Affects posterior and anterior pituitary
gland

7. Pituitary Gland

8. Pituitary
•The size of a pea
•Posterior responds to nerves impulses
from hypothalmus
•Anterior responds to hormones
•Posterior Produces 2 hormones
–Antidiuretic hormone
–Oxytocin

9. Anterior Pituitary
•Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
•Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
•Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
•Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
–Gonads
•Prolactin Hormone (PRL)
•Growth Hormone (GH)

10. Thyroid Gland
•Thyroxine
•Triiodothyronine
•Calcitonin

11. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
•Hyperthyroidism
•Thyrotoxicosis
•-long term exposure
•Hypothyroidism
•Myxedema
•-long term exposure

14. Graves Disease
•Autoimmune disease
•Too much thyroid hormones
•Agitation, weight loss, poor heat
tolerance
•Protrusion of the eyeballs
(exophtalmos)

15. A Grave Disease

16. Thyrotoxic Crisis
•“Thyroid Storm”
•High fever
•Hypermetabolic state
•Tachycardia

17. Hypothyroidism
•Low metabolic state
•Hypothermic coma
•Myxedema Coma

18. Adrenal Glands
•Located on kidneys
•Adrenal Medulla
•Adrenal Cortex

19. Adrenal Medulla
•Both nerve and gland cells
•Sympathetic Nervous System
•Release of epinephrine and
norepinephrine

20. Adrenal Cortex
•Secretes three steroids:
•Glucocorticoids (including cortisol)
•Mineralocorticoids (including
aldosterone)
•Adrogenic Hormones

21. Disorders of the Adrenal Glands
•Cushing’s syndrome- too much
•Addison’s disease- not enough

22. Cushing’s Syndrome
•Too much activity
•Too much prednisone
•Moon Faced
•Buffalo Hump

23. Addison’s Disease
•Too little
•Cortical destruction
•Autoimmune disease
•May be due to steroid use
•Weakness, fatigue, decreased appetite
•Low blood glucose
•Hyperkalemia

24. Pineal Gland
•Melatonin
•Located in the thalmus of the brain

25. Pancreas
•Three types of
cells:
–Alpha (α)
–Beta (β)
–Delta (δ)

26. •Alpha Cells – Glucagon
•Beta Cells – Insulin
•Delta Cells – Somatostatin

27. Disorders of the Pancreas
•Diabetes Mellitus
–Glucose Metabolism

28. Glucagon
•Antithesis of Insulin
•Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to
Glucose
•GLYCOGENOLYSIS
•Glycogen is stored throughout the
body, but most prevalent in the LIVER

29. •Fasting blood glucose 80-90 mg/dL

30. Fueling the Body
•Fuel of Choice – Glucose
•Secondary Fuel – Stored Fat

32. Scuba Divers and Marshmellows
•Glucose = Marshmellows
•Insulin=Scuba Divers

33. Normal Metabolism
•Glucose is needed for cellular metabolism
•Glucose freely crosses the blood / brain
barrier
•In other parts of the body, insulin is needed
for passage of glucose into cells

34. Diabetes
•Type 1
•Type 2
–Insulin Dependant
–Noninsulin Dependant

35. Type I Diabetes
•Juvenile
•Closely related to heredity
•IDDM
•Low production of insulin

36. Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes
•Weakness
•Polyuria
•Weight loss
•Ketosis
•Diabetic Ketoacidosis

37. Diabetic Emergencies

38. Diabetic Emergencies
•Diabetic Ketoacidosis
–Pathophysiology
•Results from the body’s change to fat metabolism
•Continuous buildup of ketones produces significant
acidosis
–Signs and Symptoms
•Extended period of onset (12–24 hours)
•Sweet, fruity breath odor
•Potassium-related cardiac dysrhythmias
•Kussmaul’s respiration
•Decline in mental status and coma

39. Increased Respiratory Effort
•Body’s mechanism to compensate for
decreased pH

40. •Breakdown of fatty stores results in
production of ketones

41. Diabetic Emergencies
•Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic
Coma (HHNC)
–Pathophysiology
•Found in Type II diabetics
•Results in blood glucose levels up to 1000mg/dL
•Insulin activity prevents buildup of ketones
•Sustained hyperglycemia results in marked dehydration
–Often related to dialysis, infection, and medications
•Very high mortality rate

42. Diabetic Emergencies
•Hypoglycemia (Insulin Shock)
•Treatment
–Oral Glucose
–Dextrose
–Glucagon