Photography Copyright Laws

Photography Copyright Laws
Robin Gross once described copyright laws as, "a balance between protection for the artist and
rights for the consumer." However, Carolyn E. Wright, a full–time attorney who actually wrote the
book on photography law and whose goal is to protect the rights of photographers (both
professionals and amateurs alike) provides us with a more official definition of copyright laws in an
interview with photographer Ken Kaminesky. Explaining that, "copyright for photographers means
owning property. With ownership, you get certain exclusive rights to that property. For photographic
copyrights, the ownership rights include the right to reproduce the photograph, prepare derivative
works based upon the photograph, to distribute copies of the photograph to ... Show more content on
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Created and led by professional photographers, PPA works to help photographers grow and succeed
by educating them on business and technical skills, connect photographers through live
classes/consultations/conventions, and to protect the livelihood of photographers everywhere by
providing a variety of benefits. These benefits/tools include copyright advocacy, malpractice
protection, and equipment insurance. In fact, PPA is the only photographic association that provides
a full–time Copyright & Government Affairs Department in the world. This department works to
answer any questions about copyrighting and gather the latest information on laws that affect
photographers. PPA also supplies members (it's free to join) with a copyright kit that includes
information, guidance, samples, instructions, templates, and more. Both Creative Commons and
PPA suggest that every photographer take the time to create some sort of watermark (this shows that
there is restricted use) and to create a licensing
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Pros And Cons Of Copyright Law
Part 1
1. What is copyright?
Answer:
Copyright is a manifestation of protection given to the authors or makers of original works of
authorship. Copyright law gifts authors and craftsmen the selective right to make and offer
duplicates of their works, the privilege to create subsidiary works, and the privilege to perform or
presentation their works freely. The copyright in a work of authorship quickly turns into the property
of the author who created it right now it is put into altered structure. Nobody yet the author can
claim copyright to the work, unless the author awards rights to others in a composed understanding,
for example, to the author's distributer or record organization. Generally, we can tell who the author
of a work is the individual who created it. Anyway some of the time, it is not exactly that simple.
2. Copyright is automatic when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This does not encroach the copyright owner's selective distribution rights. This was accordingly
systematized in Copyright Act of 1976. In the connection of licenses, this law says that a buyer of a
licensed article has the right to use, repair, and exchange the article with no obstruction from the
patentee. The patentee may at present hold control of the article through terms in the permit or sale
contract.
8. What is "attribution" as it pertains to copyright?
Answer:
The act of attributing particularly the act of securing a specific individual; as the inventor of a works
is lies under the cases of copyright. As sometimes people think that they can use the copyrighted
work by just putting a reference of the author/owner of the work. But it is not sufficient; individuals
who want to use any type of copyrighted work; they have to get permission from the author/owner.
9. What is "public domain" as it pertains to copyright?

USA's Copyright Law
Copyright Law
1."Copyright law offers copyright holders the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, and publicly
perform copyrighted work" (Carnes). The copyright holder has the authority to govern how the
copyrighted material is distributed by giving specific permissions in writing. Without a specific
written permission, no one has the rights to distribute or sell the copyrighted work.
By selling collections that contain the whole program of the copyrighted material, Software of the
Month Club (SOMC) is selling the copyrighted material without permission from the copyright
holder, Cybersell Impact, Inc. The claim of endorsing and distributing the shareware as performing a
service for the creators infringes the copyright law because of the distributions of the whole
program. The copyright laws allow a small portion of copyrighted material to be used for socially
beneficial purposes, but not the whole program. And, there was a restriction on the distribution that
allowed the sample portion to be distributed without charge to users. The actual charging of the
software and the fact of the whole program being distributed violated the copyright laws and the
restriction of the copyright holder.
The behavior that is being encouraged by the copyright laws and the judges in this case is to treat
each other fair and with respect. If the copyright holder gives permission, then it is ok to distribute
and sell, depending on what is actually granted in the written permission. By not

Copyright Laws Essay
21 Things for Students –– Thing 7 –– Copyright
Watch the introductory video here.
Introduction
Technology has brought about a potential crisis. It seems that a lot of artwork, literature, and music
by our most creative authors, musicians, and artists have fallen into the hands of pirates. Our artists
can no longer support themselves nor feel safe in creating new work. Their work is being shared all
over the Internet as we speak. We need to put a stop to this. What would happen if your favorite
musicians stopped writing and publishing their music? Do you want to listen to the music of your
grandparents? That's where this assignment comes in.
For this Thing you will find out what we can do to make sure creative work remains under proper ...
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Watch the one or more of the following videos on copyright, plagiarism and fair use, in addition to
the Copyright Kids and Cyberbee resources. Then answer the following seven questions as you are
viewing the videos. What is copyright? the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an
assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to
authorize others to do the same
How long does the copyright on an original work last?
70 years
All works published in the United States before 1923 are in the public domain. Works published
after 1922, but before 1978 are protected for 95 years from the date of publication. If the work was
created, but not published, before 1978, the copyright lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years.
What is the Fair Use Act?
The "Freedom and Innovation Revitalizing United States Entrepreneurship Act of 2007" (FAIR USE
Act) was a proposed United States copyright law that would have amended Title 17 of the U.S.
Code, including portions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) to "promote innovation,
to encourage the introduction of new technology, to enhance library preservation efforts, and to
protect the fair use rights of consumers, and for other purposes.
What is plagiarism? the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as

one's own.
What types of things can be copyrighted? What cannot

Copyright Law
Copyright and Copywrong
This essay will first examine how copyright law has attempted to be strengthened in New Zealand,
and whether that has succeeded in preventing piracy. Next, how New Zealand's current copyright
law stifles creativity will be examined, with comparison to the United States jurisdiction. Lastly, the
benefits of reform regarding 'fair use' will be discussed. Due to word constraints, examples of
creativity will be limited to parody within Pop Art.
Recent copyright reforms in New Zealand suggest a shift towards strengthening copyright
protection, favoured by copyright holders. For example, a 'three strikes' regime acts against internet
account holders who either upload or download copyrighted content. Prosecution has ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, as technologies that foster copying have developed, as have Art movements that rely on
parody. The prime example is Pop Art which recontextualises existing works and items to comment
on society. This plays a key role in the digital age by allowing creative expression through 'original'
work. For example, pop artist Jeff Koons appropriated Silk Sandals, a magazine photograph of
shoes, in his painting Niagara, depicting numerous consumer goods. When sued for copyright
infringement, the Court accepted 'fair use' under its Copyright Act 1976, that Niagara was a criticism
of consumerist desires and the bombardment of advertising. This was considered a 'transformative'
use of the original photograph to create new creative objectives and insights. Interestingly, this
suggests that copyright is protecting the idea of the work, as well as expression.
If the same case occurred in New Zealand, copyright would be infringed as Niagara reproduces Silk
Sandals substantially. Arguably, fair dealing for criticism might apply. Yet, this is untenable as an
incredibly high threshold of criticism would need to be shown. Thus, New Zealand's copyright law
regarding use is restricted for failure to align with technological changes. Society values remixed
innovation in parodies such as Pop Art. The law must be able to recognise this. New Zealand may
favour a fair dealing for parody exception as an expansion of our criticism exception. This is
supported by a

Copyright Law Limitations
Since the U.S. Copyright Act became law in 1790, the copyright term has been increasing.
"Copyright is an intangible property right granted by federal statue to the author or originator of
certain literacy or outside productions." The first major change was the Copyright Act of 1976, it
gave American authors the right to print, re–print, or publish their work for 14 years and then to
renew for another 14. In 1998, Congress passed the Sonny Bono Copyright Act also known as the
Mickey Mouse Copyright Act, which extended protection from life of the author plus 70 years as
well as taking away the need for a copyright notice and registration. The result was that many whom
did not have copyright protection due to lack of copyright notice and registration were now
protected. Following the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act, they passed the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act which intended to create a new updated version of copyright laws to deal with the
challenges of regulating digital material. It aimed to protect the rights of both copyright owners and
consumers, and without it copyright owners would have a difficult time obtaining legal action
against those who copy copyrighted material. Copyright act laws should be extended for various
reasons, one is that, it gives the creator more time to profit from it and if the creator dies early on it
will be passed on to their family. Knowing that work will be copyrighted for a longer time gives
them a chance to encourage their creativity and

United States Copyright Law
United States copyright law recognizes that certain portions of software are protected by copyright
law. Like other items protected by copyright law, copyright protection attaches to software as soon
as it is "fixed in a tangible medium"––for instance, when written to a disk.Copyright law requires a
work to be presented in a "fixed, tangible medium." When computer software first appeared, courts
saw it as intangible and labeled it a "utilitarian good" that arose from the running of source code on
a machine. In 1980, Congress added computer software to the list of works protected by copyright
under the U.S. Copyright Act. Congress clarified the rules surrounding software copyright in the
1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which prohibits ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A patent is a twenty year exclusive monopoly on the right to make, use and sell a qualifying
invention. This legal monopoly is considered a reward for the time and effort expended in creating
the invention. In return, the invention must be described in detail to the Patent Office, which
publishes the information, thus increasing the amount of technological knowledge available to the
public. To obtain a U.S. patent, an inventor must apply to the Patent Office and demonstrate that the
invention is new (as compared to prior technology), useful, and "nonobvious." An invention is
nonobvious if it is more than a trivial, obvious next step in the advance of the technology. Software
patents can be extremely powerful economic tools. They can protect features of a program that
cannot be protected under copyright or trade secret law. For example, patents can be obtained for
ideas, systems, methods, algorithms, and functions embodied in a software product: editing
functions, user–interface features, compiling techniques, operating system techniques, program
algorithms, menu arrangements, display presentations or arrangements, and program language
translation methods. Since patent rights are exclusive, anyone making, using or selling the

The Definition Of Uk Copyright Law
The enduring fascination for people is that they want law to be flexible in the matter of copyright.
This was clearly expressed by Ed Mayo, Chief Executive of Consumer Focus quoting "UK
copyright law is the oldest, but also the most out of date. Before addressing the question it's
important to look at the history and definition of UK Copyright law. It has grown from this
beginning to form the main legal basis for the international publishing industry, which contributes so
much to literature, learning and culture not only in the UK but it has crossed different nation's
borders.
Copyright law exist to prevent people from taking advantage on another's creative work where
Peterson J quoted
"....worth copying is prima facie worth protecting...".
Copyright protection extends to expressions and not to ideas . Originality is the threshold standard
of requirement of copyright. The case Walter v Lane [1900] AC 539 expounded the three essential
elements (labour, skill and judgment ) of originality. The court adapted to sweat of brow test with no
element of creativity require to make the work original. Copyright can be granted if a work is
created through the effort of an individual despite the work containing statement of facts and no
creative input by an author.
Eventually Ladbroke v. William Hill [1964] 1WLR 273 reiterated the requirement of 'labour, skill
and judgement' and that originality required only that the work originated from the author. It is clear
that to convey

Copyright Law And Its Effects On The World Of Art
Everyday new works of art are being created and are changing the world of art in new and exciting
ways. Art being "something that is created with imagination and skill and that is beautiful or that
expresses important ideas or feelings." (A) Some of these works of art are music, videos, books,
movies, pictures and so much more. Many of these creations are innovative and the owners would
like to somehow keep their work protected as best they can. This is where Copyright Law is
introduced to help protect their property. If another person or entity uses their work the owner would
like to have rules and regulations to make sure that use is legal and not damaging to their work.
Copyright Law is what protects these creations and allows the ... Show more content on
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50 years later the British Parliament enacted the Statute of Anne in 1710, which put a limit on how
long someone's printed work could be exclusively protected. That limit was 14 years and if still
alive the author could renew the term (C) In todays 21st century society an author's copyrighted
work is protected for the author's life plus 70 years. (D) Copyright has been around for a very long
time and has impacted the way owners protect their work and how exclusive an owner's work is.
Fast–forwarding to 1909, U.S Congress enacted the Copyright Act of 1909 and even further to 1976;
U.S Congress amended the act of 1909 and named it the Copyright Act of 1976. Under Title 17 of
the United States code Copyright Law exist and thanks to both the acts of 1909 and 1976 Section 1
provides us with this following paraphrased information:
1. Any person entitled thereto, upon complying with the provisions of this title shall have the
exclusive right:
a) to print, reprint, publish, copy and vend the copyrighted work;
b) to translate the copyrighted work into other languages or make it dramatic if nondramatic, or to
convert into a novel etc.; c,d&e) to deliver, read, or present the copyrighted work in public for a
profit;
f) to reproduce and distribute to public by sale or other transfer of ownership: Provided that the
exclusive right

Copyright Law And Plagiarism
Most people have heard about Copyright laws and plagiarism, but not everyone knows the full
extent of the protection Copyright laws provide, or the penalties of plagiarizing. First I will go over
Copyright law, what can be Copyrighted, what having a Copyright lets you do, the penalties of
Copyright infringement, and fair use. Next I will go over plagiarism, what can be plagiarized, the
punishments of plagiarism, and the techniques that can be used to avoid plagiarism. And finally I
will go into how Copyright law and plagiarism relate to each other, as well as talking about the
public domain.
First let's look at what Copyright laws protect and the penalties of infringing upon Copyrighted
work. Copyright is a form of protection granted by the government which protects original works of
authorship, such as books, song, movies, computer software, and more, from being stolen. However
facts, ideas, systems, or methods of operation, cannot be Copyrighted. Having a Copyright lets you
reproduce your work, make related works, make copies, and perform or display the work publicly.
The penalties of infringing upon a Copyrighted work are, the infringer may be taken to court, be
forced to pay the damages or lost profits the copyright infringing work cost the creator or the profits
the infringer made off of the stolen work. They could also be forced to pay all attorney fees and
court costs, have the illegal work impounded, and may be jailed. However, most of the time the
Copyright

Internet Copyright Laws Essay
Internet Copyright Laws
A student comes home to his dorm at the University of Scranton after a rough day of classes. With
the quick internet connection provided on the school's network, the student makes a few clicks and
logs into Morpheus, a program that enables music fans to download free music. Within a few
minutes he is on his way to owning an unlimited amount of songs at no cost. Everything this student
is doing is legal, right? Wrong. The downloaded music from the internet is copyrighted material.
Today's internet is considered an "information superhighway," a device where anything from music,
books, programs and information can be shared worldwide. Since billions of people have the ability
to access the internet, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The same is true for books, logos, and anything else that can carry a copyright.
An excerpt from Ann Okerson's article, "Who Owns Digital Works" (published in the magazine,
"Scientific American"), clearly explains what types of property are protected under the United States
copyright law:
"The most recent revision of the U.S. copyright law, made in 1978, is far more thorough than its
predecessors. It protects creative works in general, including literature, music, drama, pantomime,
choreography, pictorial, graphical and sculptural works, motion pictures and other audiovisual
creations, sound recordings and architecture. (Patents and trademarks are governed by their own
laws, as are trade secrets.) Copyright explicitly grants the owners of the expression of an idea the
right to prevent anyone from making co copies of it, preparing derivative works, distributing the
work, performing it or displaying it without permission"(Okerson paragraph 14).
The key is what type of works are protected by copyrights and the word
distribution. Many types of works that are protected by copyright can

Pre-1972 Copyright Law
Pre–1972 sound recordings are considered classic and legendary, which should be respected and
protected. However, digital (terrestrial) radio companies continue to exploit it as public domain and
do not feel obligated to pay out royalties to its copyright owner(s). Under the Copyright Act 1909,
all sound recordings are protected by state law, but after the Copyright Act of 1972, sound
recordings created after February of 1972 were federally protected (Brook 126). This lead to the
question: What about the federal protection of sound recordings created prior to the Copyright Act
of 1972? Pre–1972 sound recordings are not federally protected, meaning copyright owners are
exempted from receiving the same rights as post–1972 copyright owners. Since

Canadian Copyright Law
There are various comparable qualities among Canadian and American copyright, for instance, the
general walks in the application strategy. Regardless, every so often Canadian lawyer and clients
make wrong assumptions about US copyright laws that can essentially influence a copyright case.
Besides, some US lawyers and clients erroneously acknowledge more resemblance between
Canadian laws and US than truly exists. The Canadian copyright law is important in today's day in
age because it helps ensure the author gets the credits necessary for their work and protects their
work. This will be shown through the following points in the article below. The Canadian copyright
law has a stronger copyright law because Canadian law has a protection by the federal government;
the rights held by the author, the individual remains the author and fair use and fair dealing.
To begin, copyright is the privilege of an author of a work to keep others from utilizing his or her
work without consent. An author of a work has the selectors right to state yes or no to the different
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Canada and U.S. are both considered similar in many ways, but when looked at closely one can find
out the differences that both countries hold. While they both may have differences they still do have
some similarities as was discussed in the paragraph above. These distinctions are critical as a result
of their effect on the accessible extent of insurance. As we keep on navigating through the digital
age, copyright law turns out to be progressively imperative, universal in degree, and shockingly
quickly out–dated. Organizations in a copyright overwhelming industry, for example, distributing,
programming, plan, promoting, and workmanship ought to keep on staying educated about changes
in copyright law locally and

Copyright Laws Of The United States
A copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of original
works of authorship. "Copyright law in the United States is based on the Copyright Act of 1976, a
federal statute that went into effect on January 1, 1978," according to FindLaw. FindLaw also states
that, "Individual states cannot enact their own laws to protect the same rights provided by the
Copyright Act. Original multimedia works are protected by Copyright." Literary, dramatic, musical,
artistic and certain other creative works are protected by Copyright Law. "Literary works include
novels, nonfiction prose, poetry, newspaper articles and newspapers, magazine articles and
magazines, computer software, software documentation and manuals, training manuals, catalogs,
brochures, ads (text), and compilations such as business directories. Musical works include songs,
advertising jingles, and instrumentals. Plays, operas, and skits are included under dramatic works.
Pantomimes and choreographic works include ballets, modern dance, jazz dance, and mine works.
Pictorial, graphic and sculptural works include maps, posters, photographs, paintings, drawings,
graphic art, display ads, cartoon strips and cartoon characters, stuffed animals, statues, and works of
fine art. Motion pictures and other audiovisual works include movies, documentaries, travelogues,
training films and videos, television shows, television ads and interactive multimedia works.
Included in sound recording are

The Development Ofu.s Copyright Law
The Development of U.S Copyright Law
Simon Cho
The history of U.S copyright law came from England. As a matter of fact, copyright was not
intended to reward creators but to prevent sedition. As the number of presses grew in late fifteenth
century in England, the authorities started to grant control over the publication of books to a group
of printers, called the Stationers' Company in mid–sixteenth century. The Licensing Act of 1662
confirmed that licensed printers have the right to publish the work forever. The Stationer's Company
didn't disappear even though the 1662 act lapsed in 1694. Rather, it shifted its focus from printers to
authors. Therefore, the Parliament enacted the first copyright law in 1710, called the Statue of Anne,
which protects author's work if they registered their work to the government. Under the Statue of
Anne, authors had a right to control their creations and sell their rights to the third person. U.S.
Congress has revised the copyright law to broaden the sphere of copyright and to address new
technologies as time goes by. This paper illustrates what have the Congress amended in the
copyright law and how has the amended law impacted proprietors by looking into major revisions in
U.S. copyright law. U.S Congress reviewed its copyright law based on the Statue of Anne in early–
eighteenth century. The Congress first exercised its copyright protection with the Copyright Act of
1790, which secure the copies of maps, charts and books to the

Copyright Laws And Copyright Law
1422047
Existing Copyright Law
Introduction
Copyright law is a part of not only music but many other products for example the software that you
are reading this document on has more than likely got copyright protection. But for the purpose of
this Document the main topic of copyright is going to be based around music.
Here is a few facts that may give you a better understanding of copyright as you read... Copyright
Law Came into existence as a spur from a concept from the "statute of Anne 1707". – Just like any
other law there are a number of contributing acts and statutes that come into play in order to enforce
the Law(s) involved. – Different parties involved in the copyright of a "product" may hold rights to
the content together as the "first owner(s) of copyright".
Body
When discussing matters in the respect of music, The copyright will only take effect once the
content is in a physical form, For example Tape, CD, HDD, USB And any other tangible device.
The recorded song will belong to the writer of the content. But if they are writing the song for
somebody else, say for example the writer of the "Super Mario" Theme tune they will own the
copyright to the song and are therefore entitled to an agreed negotiable percentage of the songs
revenue.
But as they were paid to Create the track for Nintendo, They will not be entitled to decide where the
track can & can 't be played as the song is now a product that has been sold and no longer belongs to
the

I Advocate For The Alteration Of Copyright Law
Copyright law is broken. I advocate for the alteration of copyright law as it relates to sampled
music. My argument is this: Anybody should be allowed to use any samples they want, but must
give credit and a portion of the profits made from the work to the sampled musicians. In The Future
of Ideas, Lawrence Lessig puts forth a similar proposal to the one I advocate for, in regards to
downloading music files instead of sampling. Lessig states, "Congress should empower file sharing
by recognizing a similar system of compulsory licenses. These fees should not be set by an industry
intent on killing this new mode of distribution. They should be set, as they have always been set by
a policy maker keen on striking a balance." (Lessig 255). For Lessig the altering of copyright is a
matter of principle, one which he corners as uniquely American and even constitutional. "[I]t is
about the fundamental values that define this society and whether we will allow those values to
change. Are we, in a digital age, to be a free society?" (Lessig 11). Another section reveals an even
deeper, almost heartfelt pleading, in which he defines the true reasons for the war between those for
and against changes to copyright law.
"It is about the values of balance and measure that should limit the government's role in choosing
the future of creativity. It is about the opportunity for creators to build on the past. It is about
limiting the control that legal structures such as copyright give to

History Of Copyright Law With Indian Context Essay
HISTORY OF COPYRIGHT LAW WITH INDIAN CONTEXT:
India has one of the oldest academic traditions with formal education finding a place in its ancient
history. The universities of Takshila and Nalandaare great centers of learning in the early world,
teaming with students and teachers from all parts of the world, not to say about the great Gurukul
tradition in the age–old past. However, those are the days when learning was considered as gift of
God, freely received and freely given. Over the centuries, the learning approach gradually changed.
Old traditions paved way for new ones. New economic models and institutional structures emerged.
Concept of copyright in literary works found a place inIndia by the nineteenth century.
India had its first Copyright Law enacted on 18th December 1847 much earlier than many other
countries. The scope of the Act covered books only and no other kinds of creative expressions. It
isinteresting to read the title of that legislation: "An Act for the encouragement of learningin the
territories subject to the Government of the East India Company, bydefining and providing for the
enforcementof the right called copyright therein" .The scope of that Act covered only books and no
other kinds of creativeexpressions. It is, however, remarkablethat the Act provided for compulsory
license to publish a book, which theoriginal publisher had refused to republishso that books in
demand are not withheld from the public. Although suchlegislation existed, the Bombay

Copyright Law in Canada Essay
Canada's copyright law is one of our hardest laws to enforce. The reason the police have so much
trouble enforcing this law, is due to technology. This law is very easy to break, and once broken, it is
very hard to track down violators. So although some form of a copyright law is needed, the one we
have has, too many holes to be effective. There are three main ways in which the copyright law is
broken in everyday life. They is audio/video tape copying, plagiarism, and software piracy.
The first, and most commonly violated aspect of the copyright law, is the copying of audio tapes for
oneself and friends. Thanks to the invention of dual cassette stereos, this has become very easy. You
simply take an original or even another copy of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Very often a student when doing a research paper will "accidently" forget to footnote his
work. By "forgetting" to give the author credit, the student has claimed the work as his
own. Another reason students may copy someone else's work is to sound more sophisticated hoping
that if they use someone elses words it will sound better than their own. Generally, this provides an
easy way for a teacher or the police to catch them.
Teachers also plagiarize rather frequently. Very often a teacher will photocopy several pages from a
book, in order to save the students the expense of having to buy the book for themselves. While this
is a noble act by the teacher, in most cases, this is illegal. Unless the author of the book, gave
consent for his/her work to be freely distributed, teachers can't copy it any more than students or
anyone else can.
The third category of piracy is Software Pirating. There are several forms which this can take. The
most common form is very similar to audio/video cassettes. It is when someone copies a game or
program from his/her computer to someone elses. As long as the two people have the same type of
computer, (they both have apples or IBM's) this is a very simple process, so long as the programmer
didn't put a bug into the program (a precaution they take against people copying their work).
Another form of Computer Piracy is a "cracker". A cracker is someone

Copyright Laws And How They Have Affected Society. Copyright
Copyright Laws and How They Have Affected Society
Copyright laws have been in place for over two hundred years. They are meant to protect from the
unauthorized and unlawful use of ideas and media under law, and protect the artist's integrity. The
types of media protected ranges from books to movies, from TV to picture art. In it's own way,
copyright laws have affected society and how media is distributed across the world.
Copyright Laws
The current copyright laws we use have been in place since 1976, when the Copyright act was put in
place. (Copyright law, 2017) This act was meant to reform the copyright laws into a easier to
understand format, and a easier use by people. The laws protect ideas and media from unauthorized
and unlawful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After it is registered, your copyright claim is valid for seventy years after you die, unless your work
was created by a company or corporation, to which it remains after ninety years. (Ravgiala, 2017)
Copyright of Movies, Films and Television
All audiovisual works are protected under section 101 of the US copyright code. This prevents the
copying, distribution of, or plagiarism of copyrighted visual works. Most of these infringements
occurs when someone sneaks some kind of recording device into a theater and records it there. Then
they either put it up on the internet for free, or sell it for a cheaper price than you would get a ticket
at the movies. Movies are, however, protected under the fair use law. Section 107 allows audiovisual
works to be used in a non–commercial environment, such as a educational institution. For instance,
if a teacher wants to show a movie about volcanos to his class, he can, as long as the movie was
lawfully obtained by the teacher or the school administration. (Cameron, 2017) These rules all
relatively apply to television as well. The thieves record the airing of a show, and then post it
somewhere on the internet. The thieves have also been known to transcribe the script of a show as it
airs, and then post this 'script' on the internet. Most of these are intentional infringement and can
cost you a lot of money in the future for stealing any monetary gain from

Copyright Laws And Its Impact On Intellectual Property...
Introduction Copyright laws were established to provide authors with rights over their creations and
to prevent unauthorized use and distribution of these creations by others. Although the law grants
ownership to one party, usually the author of the work, there is a doctrine for granting ownership of
"work–made–for–hire" to educational institutions (Crews, 2006). This doctrine supports that if the
employee developed the work under the parameters of their scope of employment or through the use
of resources provided by the employer, then the employer owns the rights to the work (Crews,
2006). In an effort to clarify the mandates of copyright law and improve understanding of
intellectual property ownership, educational institutions have developed their own policies
addressing intellectual property ownership. The policies vary by institution, but share the same
purpose of providing guidelines and conditions for ownership of creations by the educational
institution's faculty. The University of Maryland in College Park (UMCP) promotes the
development of educational materials by faculty to provide and deliver the best education to its
students. In an effort to address the law of copyright and clarify intellectual property ownership, as
well as patents and trademarks, UMCP has developed an extensive intellectual property policy. This
paper will review the policy in reference to the law as it applies to the development of works by
faculty for use in distance education programs.

Contract Law and Music Copyright Essay
COURSEWORK FOR CONTRACT LAW (MUSIC*) *On what basis does the inclusion of samples
of a recording made by *Pink Floyd constitute an infringement of copyright? In civil law regarding
copyright, there are two types of infringement; primary and secondary. Primary is concerned with
the unauthorised use of copyrighted works and secondary would involve the dealing or making
commercial use of such infringing copies. In the music industry, an infringement of copyright often
consists of an existing piece of music being used by an artist without permission from the person or
company who own the rights to the original music or recorded sound. This is exactly what has
happened with Alexei Duff. He has used two samples from two Pink Floyd tracks ... Show more
Alexie Duff could argue that the sample does not play a substantial part in the piece however he still
sampled a sound recording without acquiring permission from the copyright owners. If legal action
was to be carried out and the judge decided against Alexie Duff, overall it would stand that the
samples used were taken from original sound recordings by Pink Floyd so therefore an infringement
of the sound recording copyright would have occurred. If Alexie Duff was to re–create the drum
beat rather than use the existing recorded sound then this would still be sampling though it would
only be an infringement of the musical copyright. In spite of this, Pink Floyd's record label may
have less of a case in court as the sample was so short. However this is not the case. An example of
where a record company has decided to take legal action against an artist for the use of sampling is
the case of Hyperion Records Limited v. Warner Music (UK) Limited. A band called "The Beloved"
used an eight second sample of a song called "O Euchari". The sound was recorded by a singer
named Emily Van Evera. Hyperion Records owned the rights to the sound recording and decided to
sue. At the preliminary hearing, the judge decided that that the eight seconds of sampled music
constituted as a substantial part. In the end, an out of court agreement was made between the two
parties. Another example would be the case of

The Purpose Of Copyright Law
The public relations content I choose was copyright law. In the day and age we live in today this is a
huge topic discussed. There are a lot of people out there that claim someone might have stole this or
that. Music artist have to deal with this a lot because people try and take their work and put into
their own. Copyright means protection of creative work from unauthorized use.
A recent case that this has been brought up in is the band Led Zeppelin. The front man Robert Plant
and guitarist Jimmy Page were accused of plagiarizing their song Stairway to Heaven song. They
were accused of stealing music from the band Spirit. They were accused of stealing the instrumental
track "Taurus". Michael Skidmore, the trustee for the late Spirit composer

Should Copyright Law Be Changed?
Should Copyright Law Be Changed?
We often experience the effects of copyright law on a day to day basis without even realizing it.
Whether we are uploading a video to Youtube or just listening to our favorite songs over the
internet, copyright law affects us. For example, nearly everyone who has spent time on Youtube has
come across a video that has been taken down due to a copyright claim. Also, listening to Pandora
radio for an extended period of time will leave users with a prompt to verify they are still there.
These are examples of the consequences of copyright law; but what exactly is it?
Despite copyright law 's prevalence in out everyday life, few are wary of the potential risks of its
uncontested expansion. The law has been allowed to continuously expand with little or no
opposition due to a lack of public awareness surrounding the issue. That was until the mufti–
corporation sponsored bills SOPA and PIPA made headline news in 2011. These failed bills were an
explicit attempt to increase the enforcement of copyright law over the internet.
The proposed laws were met with tremendous protests and international outrage bringing copyright
law and its enforcement under the public spotlight.
History and Background
In order to understand the issues surrounding modern copyright we must first delve into the history
of the law. Most parties generally agree that modern copyright law can trace its origins to the Statute
of Anne. Bowker (1912) states that the act, passed by

Essay On Copyright Laws
Copyright laws in regards to music should be repealed. The RIAA has misconstrued the perceived
effects staring had on artist development and revenue, when in fact the perceived financial short–
comings of downloading and peer–to–peer sharing are actually made up through concert–revenue
and merchandise–revenue. It is important to take a look into the perceived effects done by the
RIAA. The RIAA claim that file sharing reduces sales, with estimated displacement rates ranging
from 3.5% for movies (Rob and Waldfogel 2007) to rates as high as 30% for music (Zentner 2006).
But on the contrary, Rob and Waldfogel (2006) find an average displacement effect of 20% but
report that file sharing had no impact on hit albums. Also for more niche ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 [1984]). The decision was that companies
are not at fault for their customers committing copyright infringement if their technology is capable
of doing so. This ruling has incentivized second–generation file–sharing sites to create decentralized
forms of music–sharing, such as eliminating centralized indexes, and thus give the site owner's
immunity because they cannot claim to know that users are sharing copyrighted material. This type
of sharing can be more easily defined as files located on individuals' computer and shared with other
members of the network, rather than on a centralized server. This more specifically is torrent – a
network locations of trackers, which are computers that help participants in the system find each
other and form efficient distribution groups called swarms Lessig points out that any extreme of
regulation on an industry obviously makes it difficult, sometimes impossible, for a wide range of
creativity, especially in a free society. So he is claiming that more of these lawsuits done by the
RIAA stifle creativity. Lessig points our that the number of titles or albums sold through online
platforms went from 2 million to 4 million. Zettner has been able to make a diagnostic test to
determine if the RIAA's claims are valid. Zettner lays out three conditions that need to hold true for
less certain rights to undermine the incentives for artistic

Importance Of Copyright Laws On The Globalized And Digital...
Copyright
Name of the Student
Name of the Institution
Copyright
The importance of copyright laws in the globalized and digital era cannot be gainsaid. The
protection given to any form of creation is critical in ensuring that it is not abused by third parties
(Atkinson, 2007). For example, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (the movie) is a Copyright
Warner Brothers. In the event that Warner Brothers wants to release a new movie or produce a book
on Harry Porter, they use copies of images, animations and texts of Harry porter. In organizations, a
number of elements can attract copyright. In the case of Good Design Pty Ltd, three examples that
attract copyright include official company logo, design of promotional brands and accompanying
music used in the company advertisements.
The analysis of the case reveals that Good Design Pty Ltd faces a number of issues in the use,
management and protection of original works. The first issue is the use of images found on the web.
The company cannot modify images found on the web without the permission of original creators.
Second, the company cannot use an image or video found on the web even if it does not have the
copyright symbol. This is because it is not a must to register work for it to be protected by copyright
law. On protection, the company can publish its creations on the Tree of Life or have the word
"Copyright" or the copyright symbol, © next to it or near it to be copyrighted.
A host of issues

Copyright Laws Should Be Legal
Over two centuries ago Congress enacted the first copyright law with the intent that it would allow
authors and creators of works to be the sole profiters and exclusive rights holders over their work for
a specified time. After the specified period of time ended, the works would pass into ownership of
the general public. Since the Copyright Act of 1790, copyright laws have continued to evolve and
still struggle to keep up with an ever changing, fast paced society. With the use of the World Wide
Web and the ease of downloading, copying, and file sharing increasing, copyright holders in the
United States and those with vested interested in copyright laws are calling for changes to be made
to copyright laws. In more recent years, additional concerns with online copyright laws have arisen,
leading some to call for stricter laws, while others are calling for more lenient laws, and questions
on the legality of the laws continue to surface.
Overtime copyrights have come to hold a significant economic bearing on companies and the
Chamber of Commerce estimated copyright infringement and counterfeiting costs copyright holders
$135 billion each year, making the issue of copyright law on the forefront of a lot of corporation's
agendas (Callander, S. & Hoyt D. 2013). One of the more controversial copyright laws that deals
with both foreign and domestic online activity is the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) that was
proposed to the House of Representatives in 2011 (Carrier, M. 2013).

Copyright Law: A Narrative Analysis
(Starts on a dock with Fisherman fishing in the water)
Script
Fisherman: The fish sure aren't biting today kind of like people shouldn't bite with copyright laws.
(Redneck walks into the stage casually)
Redneck: True that, that's a heavy law right there, pretty dangerous to break it. Could go to jail
Fisherman: Do you even know what copyright is? (he says to the Redneck)
Redneck: duhhhhhhhhhhh maybe???
Fisherman: Well,Ill tell you what it is, Copyright is a form of of protection given to the author's
original work.
Redneck: You didn't have to tell me that because i already knew what it is.
Fisherman: SURE..(he says sarcastically)
Redneck: Fine be like that (he says angrily.)
Fisherman: ok then, how long does copyright last? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fisherman: It lasts 70 years after the writer's death
Fisherman: Ok what is public domain?
Redneck: Ok!.. I know this one. Is it something that has become free for the public to use.
Fisherman: Finally you got one.
Redneck: Told ya I'm smert!
Fisherman: Okay then, What is plagiarism?
Redneck: Uhh, I'm gonna guess and go with plagiarism is when you copy and produce an original

work without permission?
Fisherman:DING DING DING! YOU'RE CORRECT! YOU WON A BRAND NEW TRUCK!!! :3
Fisherman: Fine this one will stump you though.
Fisherman: What cannot be copyrighted?
Redneck: Uh I think ideas???
Fisherman: Yes, good job you are really getting these now.
Redneck:Yes! I told you.
Fisherman:Ok, now for the final question
Fisherman: What is the Fair Use Act??
Redneck: I have no idea
Fisherman: Thats fine I didn't expect you to.
Redneck: Really? I thought you would expect me to know everything.
Fisherman: Nope because this one is super hard.
Fisherman: You can use somebody else's work but you must have special permission and it can only
be use for teaching and research. Redneck: Well I guess I know all about copyright

How The Current Copyright Laws Are Not Be Reformed For...
Due to how abusable current copyright laws are, they must be reformed to prevent copyright
trolling. According to Matthew Sag, "The essence of trolling is that the plaintiff is more focused on
the business of litigation than on selling a product or service or licensing their IP to third parties to
sell a product or a service" ("Copyright Trolling, An Empirical Study" page 4). Copyright trolls seek
to acquire their income from suing others on copyright violations, rather than continually creating
new works and using copyright to protect them. Copyright, whether one agrees with the concept or
not, was not designed for this purpose. People should not be allowed to make a business off of suing
others. This is not only unjust, but wastes the court's time with actual crimes. The United States
must reform its current laws to prevent this type of behavior from happening. According to Parker
Higgins, "Like email spammers, copyright trolls depend on the ability to cheaply cast a very wide
net, sending out hundreds or thousands of accusations at once and getting settlement payments back
from some percentage" ("Copyright trolls suffer big loss" par. 3). Many trolls do not target specific
groups or people; rather, they spread it in such a way that any company or organization can
accidentally "misuse" it. This creates an environment in which it is impossible for many groups to
tell if they can use another party's content without invoking a ludicrous copyright lawsuit. This is
not a

The US Copyright Law
The US Copyright law
The US copyright law basically developed from statutory and English Common Law. Hence, types
of work and copyright protection are slightly similar to the UK copyright law. The copyright law of
the United States also provides copyright protection in "literary work", "dramatic work" and
"musical work". In section 102 (a)(2) stated that protection of the US copyright law cover "musical
work, including any accompanying words," as same as section 102(a)(7) which protect the copyright
of sound recording.
Another relevant topic with music copyright is performance or distributing to the public. In
accordance with the US copyright law, section101 explain that "to "perform" a work means to recite,
render, play, dance, or act it, either directly or by means of any device or process or, in the case of a
motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show its images in any sequence or to make the sounds
accompanying it audible."
US Limitation on exclusive rights: Fair use
In Section 107 of the US copyright law provide 4 factors that need to be considered ... Show more
D. Salinger. Hamilton has to write this work by his own after Salinger declined to join his project.
Hamilton proceed a biography with some use of Salinger's unpublished letter which write to his
neighbor. However, Hamilton has to sign a form before gaining an ability to read that letter which
has a condition that he could not publish the content of letter without consent. Hamilton also
interview several people who in associated with Salinger including Dorothy Olding, his agent.
Random House sent out the proofs of the biography to Salinger trough Olding. Even Hamilton
paraphrases the quotation from the letter, Salinger argue that these changes was not sufficient.
Salinger sued Hamilton and Random House and claimed for copyright violation, breach of contract
and unfair

Criminal Copyright And Intellectual Property Laws
Criminal copyright infringement can come in many forms. Anything that has been created by one's
mind can technically be considered intellectual property. While the initial idea itself is not
something that can be protected by copyright law, patents and actual plans from ideas can be. Many
copyright cases are of a civil nature. This occurs when a person or organization feels their
intellectual property has been used without their consent and want either compensation or for the
accused party to cease use of the material.
While civil cases aim to make the offended party whole criminal cases are intended to penalize
those who break the law. Throughout time criminal copyright legislation and penalties have
changed. This is partially due to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There seems to be no solid explanation of why this is. The No Electronic Theft Act, Digital
Millennium Copyright Act, and Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act
of 1999 are all aimed at "decreasing the threshold for what counts as criminal infringement" and
"increasing penalties" for criminal copyright infringement (Masnick, 2012). Mike Masnick wrote his
article in 2012 and the last law listed was enacted in 2008. Since this time there have been even
more shifts in how copyrights are infringed upon.
International Copyright Law When it comes to international copyright law things can get quite
complicated. To put things in the simplest possible terms, there is no one set of laws that govern all
intellectual property disputes around the world. Different countries have different rules on
copyrights and there are also different rules and levels of enforcement. There is however some
common ground among countries in the realm of intellectual property. This common ground comes
in the form of treaties. These treaties between territories help with both the protection of intellectual
property and enforcement against those who infringe upon copyrights. Copyright.gov, the United
States governments official website for information on copyright law list two treaties as being
principal in governing international

The Purpose Of Copyright Laws
The purpose of copyright laws in modern society, as confirmed by Darrell Panethiere (2005) is to
protect the creative rights of "authors, performers, publishers, broadcasters, and many others whose
livelihoods depend upon the recognition of rights" (p. 1, par. 1) for their intellectual properties. In
the contemporary business world, most companies that sell products of some kind depend on other
firms for the design, production, and distribution of the product to make it available for selling. Such
sales are often either wholesale to retailers or retail to consumers. Violations of the copyrights of
intellectual property (IP), destroys the chain of commerce reflected in these different industries;
which also includes the loss of employment to workers in each industry. In short, copyright laws
protect the motivation of creativity, the investment of commerce, plus the employment of a labor–
force.
WHY COPYRIGHT LAWS?
As recognized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO, n.d.), in the "Protection of
Industrial Property" (p. 4, par. 2) during the Paris Convention of 1883 as well as in the "Protection
of Literary and Artistic Works" (p. 4, par. 2) during the Berne Convention of 1886, both
acknowledges the valuation developed and emerging societies attribute to intellectual properties.
Therefore, the protection of these values is justified with laws.
Intellectual property is identified as mental conceptions in fixed form which are perceptible by
human

Copyright Law On The Planet
"Only one thing is impossible for God: To find any sense in any copyright law on the planet" (Mark
Twain). The concept of copyright in the United States has a large history. The first form of copyright
in the United States stems from Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution in the year
1787, where "Congress shall have power . . . to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by
securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings
and discoveries." These "exclusive rights" were originally extremely limited, as the first Copyright
Act of 1790 only applied to maps, charts, and books. As time has advanced, copyright practices in
the United States have undergone several reforms, among the most recent being the infamous
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998. Said act updated United States law to the
requirements of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), such as placing limitations on
the liability of online service providers for copyright violations made by users. The act, however,
has been a subject of controversy in recent times, as some content creators abuse it to control access
to their content. This is accomplished through methods such as copyright trolling, in which the
copyright holder produces works solely for the purpose of litigation rather than distribution.
Oftentimes, these practices are thought to be a violation of fair use, which enables copyrighted work
to be used without

The Legal And Economic Concerns Of Copyright Laws
As computers and the Internet have become widespread illegally downloading files has become
cheaper and easier than ever before. Copyright laws are broken so often the basis of them are put
into question. Each new generation of musicians, writers, and artists face more difficult odds at
making a living from their passion. This paper will discuss the legal and economic concerns of
copyright laws. First, this paper will describe the background and history of copyright laws. Then,
this paper will cover the concepts of ownership and stealing. It will then discus file sharing and how
it has affected the entertainment industry. Finally, it will conclude with a look at how a hypothetical
system without copyright laws would function.
The World Intellectual Property Organization is an international organization whose purpose is
promoting innovation and creativity by ensuring that the rights of owners of intellectual property
and creators are globally protected, and that authors and inventors are thus rewarded and recognized
for their ingenuity.[1] The term intellectual property refers to the creations of the human mind and
includes patents, trademarks, trade secrets and copyright.[1] Copyright allows the creator to have
full control over reproduction, distribution, ownership, broadcasting, communicating to the public,
performing publicly, renting, and the right to distort or modify their work.[1]
The origin of copyright came from the need to protect book authors from printing press

Contemporary Law Reform Issue : Copyright Reform
Contemporary Law Reform Issue
Student Number: 29123624
Copyright Reform
Copyright laws must be flexible in addressing and supplementing the needs of Australia's modern
society. However, the failure of the existing, and outdated Copyright Act 1968 (Cwth) in fulfilling
the needs of the Australian public has triggered the need for copyright reform. Copyright reform
aims to reconsider the relationship between copyright, innovation, technology, research, and
economic growth, where it would provide flexible laws fundamental to the broad dissemination of
knowledge. Copyright laws should strike a balance between the interests of the creator and the
Australian public in terms of access to knowledge, culture and education. Copyright reform aims to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Authors and publishers believe that the book industry will disintegrate through the implementation
of a "fair use" system on copyright material. Authors, publishers and booksellers instigate that if
recommendations for "fair use" were enacted, there would be negative ramifications on Australia's
creative content and will discourage local investment. In the Sydney Morning Herald's article
"Writers and publishers voice opposition to new copyright proposals", Steger (2016) states 'removal
of restrictions will cut prices and accelerate supply. The so–called "fair use" system allows use of
some material without payment to copyright holders'. Steger (2016) emphasises that the
implementation of a copyright reform to adopt the US system of "fair use" would promote a
potential fall in jobs in the sector and discourage investment. Steger (2016) also goes on to highlight
the economic instability Australia's creative content may face, instigating that a 'fair use' system
would "destabilise an industry that contributes $7.4 billion to the Australian economy" (Appendix
2).
Conditions that Give Rise to the Need for this Reform
New Technology
Australian copyright law as it stands does not anticipate or take into account existing and new
technologies in society. The internet has profoundly changed the way individuals' access, share and
create content. It enables widespread and extensive access to knowledge instantaneously, fosters

Copyright Laws Over Creative Works
Copyright is a federally protected part of intellectual property that automatically regulates creative
works of authors. Copyright laws began approximately around the 15th century in Europe. The
cause for such regulations stems from infringement of creative works. These works fall into one of
three main categories; music, visual works, and literary works. Copyright infringement highlights
the need for copyright laws over creative works in music, art and writing, resulting in an ever
changing copyright landscape. Title 17 of the United States Code outlines what does not fall into
any of these three categories, and therefore cannot be protected under copyright. It is also important
to note that not every use of a creative work ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Upon creation of a creative work, copyright protection is automatically awarded (Moser, 2012, p.5).
According to Lau et al., copyright lasts for seventy years after the death of the author(s) and for a
corporation, ninety–five years after being published or one hundred twenty years from the creation
date depending on which is sooner. Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution, or
Copyright Clause, and Title 17 of the United States Code also work to protect copyrights at the
federal level. As stated by Congress, the Copyright Clause encourages "the Progress of Science and
useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right" (Lau,
2014). As stated in Title 17 § 1–102, works outside of the "works of authorship" categories are not
copyrightable. Public domain is one of these categories, Lau et al. describes it as "any intellectual
property not protected by law and feely available for any member of the public to use" (2014). After
a copyright of a work has expired it becomes part of the public domain as well. Sound recordings
are another example of an un–copyrightable works "that result from the fixation of a series of
musical, spoken, or other sounds, but not including the sounds accompanying a motion picture or
other audiovisual work, regardless of the nature of the material objects, such as disks, tapes, or other
phonorecords, in which they are embodied" (17, § 1–101 ). Ideas cannot be copyright protected
because

Australian Copyright Law Case Study
6. Issues related to the following: * Copying images, diagrams, films, DVDs for research or study
Films, artworks, diagrams and DVDs also can apply through fair dealing but the amount of how
much the resources we can copy are based on the copyright Act.
* Copying from the internet for research or study
We have to always check the terms of use of the website before we start copying the material
directly from the internet to avoid the unfair dealing with the copyright owner because the material
in the internet is protected by the copyright law.
The best solution of copying the resources from the internet is to share the URL in our research or
study.
* Copying for presentations in seminars & classes
Sometimes we gather information from many resources in the internet for the presentation in the
class or in course work for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means for you as a student, you should always acknowledge the author name in every work
that you quote or copy from the original author in your essays or assignment. This things will
protect you from allegations of plagiarism.
7. As one of Management steering group how you can acknowledge team members of Australian
copyright law and how it affects their work?
To acknowledge my team members about the Australian copyright law and how it effect to their
work, as a management steering group I will explain it through presentation or meeting the basic
Australian copyright law plainly to my team members so they have a knowledge or basic
information about the law and this things will definitely change or affect their work because it
increases their awareness and it will affect their work for example the team members will use their
creativity rather than just copying from the other

Copyright Law Essay
Overview‐Policies
 Copyright protection provides the owner of an original work of authorship the right to prevent
others from using the work without the owner's permission.
 Copyright law protects against the copying of an "expression of an idea" but does not protect the
idea itself.
 this protection is limited compared to patent law because copyright law allows for independent
creation of a copyrighted work as a defense to copyright infringement.
 The theory is that 2 people can create exact or similar works without copying one another;
therefore, each has copyright protection in their respective work.
 The policy is similar to patents. We want to encourage creativity, but also provide the public with
the freest possible access to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
copyright law applied to works created today. [Our focus.]
 Earlier created works are governed by either the "Copyright Act of 1976, originally enacted" or
the "Copyright Act of 1909
Subject Matter of Copyrights
 Copyright Act provides a long list of works that may be copyrighted, but the list is not exclusive.
 the law is left fluid, allowing courts to extend copyright protection to new forms and ways of
expressing ideas, as they may be developed in the future.  Today, the Copyright Act provides that
Copyright protection extends to "original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of
expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or
otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device."
The 2 key requirements are:
 1) Original‐ meaning that the author created the work and did not copy it from someone else.
 there must be some level of creativity involved
 in the Feist case, the court held that arranging the listings of a telephone book alphabetically was
not creative enough
 names, addresses and phone numbers are public facts or data and are not original and therefore
not copyrightable;  but the arrangement and selection of facts or data may be copyrightable if done
in an original way;
 alphabetizing is simply not original.
2) Fixation‐ in order to receive copyright

Photography Copyright Laws

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