1. 11. Crisis Intervention - It is a “time-limited treatment directed at reactions to a specific
event in order to help the client return to a pre-crisis level of functioning.
Developmental: occur during the normal flow of human growth and maturation.
Situational: occurs when an unexpected, extraordinary event occurs that the person had
no way of anticipating or controlling.
Existential: is equated with intense, inner conflict and anxiety associated with issues of
purpose, meaning, responsibility, freedom, and commitment.
Ecosystemic Crises: refer to a natural or human-caused disaster that overtake a person or
group of people who find themselves, through no fault of their own, in the after math of
an event that may affect every member of the environment.
12. Primary Prevention: (before the fact)
Reduce new occurrences
Goal: keep healthy people healthy
Example: immunization
Example: Bullying Prevention for entire elementary school.
Secondary Prevention: Targets at-risk of development mental health problems or
exhibiting early signs of disorders
Goal: forestall or alleviate before it become severe
Example: rape prevention/risk reduction programming for first-year college students
in residence halls
Tertiary Prevention:
Reduce debilitating effects of existing disorders (AKA-treatment, remediation, reactive
intervention)
Example: therapy for major depressive disorder.
13. Stress Management:
“A particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by
the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-
being.”
1. Education about the causes & consequences of stress
2. Training in methods to reduce physiological and physical arousal
3. General problem-solving and decision-making skills
4. General cognitive skills
5. Physical ways of coping with stress
6. Time management
7. Skills for increasing self-control and self-esteem
8. Social skills

2. 14. Advocacy: An action taken by counseling professionals to help remove environmental
barriers that hamper clients’ well-being.
Outreach
Initiating behaviors toward people in need for the purpose of making a helpful
difference.
Empowerment
A process through which clients gain the resources & skills needed to have more
control over their environments and their lives.
15. Groups: a collection of two or more individuals who meet in face-to-face interaction.
The Different Types of Groups:
Psychoeducational: originally developed for use in educational settings,
specifically schools.
Counseling Groups: focus on prevention, growth, and remediation.
Psychotherapy Groups: set up to help individual group members resolve their
in-depth psychological problem.
Task/Work Groups: used to improve work practice and reach specific work
goals.
Mixed Groups: self-help group; combination of all four groups.
16. (AAMFT) American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy
Confidentiality: Counselors have the ethical obligation to protect minor clients’ privacy.
Parents and guardians have the legal right to determine the need for treatment and the
right to access pertinent information about their child’s treatment..
Psychoanalytic: objects relations (addresses how relationships develop across
generations)
Social-learning theory: learning occurs through modeling and imitation
Bowen family systems theory: dysfunction occurs as couples attempt to adapt to
issues.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: dysfunction occurs due t irrational
thoughts
17. KOHLBERGIS SIX LEVELOS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
STAGE 1: Deferring to authority
STAGE 2: Learning to satisfy one’s own needs.
STAGE 3: Conforming to stereotypical roles
STAGE 4: Sense that individual roles contribute to social order
STAGE 5: Morality thought of in terms of rights and standards endorsed by
society as a whole.

3. STAGE 6: Morality thought of as self-chosen, universal principles of justice.
GILLIGAN’S SIX STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
STAGE 1: Caring for the self.
STAGE 2: Stage 1 concern judged to be selfish.
STAGE 3: Goodness is caring for others, frequently equated with self-sacrifice.
STAGE 4: Illogic of the inequality between self and others becomes evident.
Search for equilibrium.
STAGE 5: Focus on the dynamics of relationships, to eliminate the tension
between self and others.
STAGE 6: Care is extended beyond personal relationships to a general
recognition of the interdependence of self and other, accompanied by
a universal condemnation of exploitation and hurt.
18. Informed Consent: the formal permission given by a client that signals the beginning of
the legal contractual agreement that allows treatment to be initiated.
Rights of parents/guardians: minor clients cannot enter into contracts. Parents or
Guardians should be included in the counseling process. If client is a minor, counselors
should obtain a signed informed consent from the parent(s) and assent from the minor
client.
19. The Community Mental Health Centers Act (1963) led to the formation of
community Mental Health Centers.
The community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963, resulting in the
deinstitutionalization of people with chronic and severe mental illness.
The purpose of deinstitutionalization was to remove people with severe mental
health issues from state institutions and public hospitals and to provide them with
quality care in their communities.
20. Different services offered through Community Mental Health Centers
Outpatient
Inpatient
Day programs
Substance abuse services
Case management and outreach
Consultation and education
Partial hospitalization
Emergency/crisis intervention

4. 21. Hospice and Palliative Care:
Hospice care: specifically refers to the care needed by an individual during the last
months or weeks of his or her life.
Palliative care: includes hospice care and refers to a compassionate, comprehensive team
approach to care that focuses on quality of life for anyone coping with a serious illness,
including the patient and the family members.