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Dear Candidates,
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GS Paper 1
Booklet Series - D
1. With reference to ‘stand up india scheme’, which of the following statement is/are correct?
1. Its purpose is to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs.
2. It provides for refinance through SIDBI.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer . c
2. The FAO accords the status of ‘Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS)’ to
traditional agricultural systems. What is the overall goal of this initiative?
1. To provide modern technology, training in modern farming methods and financial support to local
communities of identified GIAHS so as to greatly enhance their agricultural productivity
2. To identify and safeguard eco-friendly traditional farm practices and their associated landscapers,
agricultural biodiversity and knowledge systems of the local communities
3. To provide Geographical Indication status to all the varieties of agricultural produce in such identified
GIAHS
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(C) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer. b
3. Which of the following is/are tributary tributaries of Brahmaputra?
1. Dibang
2. Kameng
3. Lohit
PREVIOUS YEAR PAPER — 2016

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer. d
4. The term 'Core Banking Solutions' is sometimes seen in the news. Which of the following
statements best describes/describe this term?
1. It is a networking of a bank's branches which enables customers to operate their accounts from any branch
of the bank on its network regardless of where they open their accounts.
2. It is an effort to increase RBI's control over commercial banks through computerization.
3. It is a detailed procedure by which a bank with huge non-performing assets is taken over by another bank.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . a
5. Consider the following pairs :
Terms sometimes Their origin
seen in the news
1. Annex—I Countries : Cartagena Protocol
2. Certified Emissions Reductions : Nagoya Protocol
3. Clean Development Mechanism : Kyoto Protocol
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . c
6. In the context of the developments in Bioinformatics, the term transcriptome', sometimes seen in
the news, refers to
(a) a range of enzymes used in genome editing
(b) the full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism
(c) the description of the mechanism of gene expression
(d) a mechanism of genetic mutations taking place in cells
Answer . b

7. 'Mission Indradhanush' launched by the Government of India pertains to
(a) immunization of children and pregnant women
(b) construction of smart cities across the country
(c) India's own search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
(d) New Educational Policy
Answer . a
8. Which of the following best describes/ describe the aim of 'Green India Mission' of the Government
of India?
1. Incorporating environment al benefits and costs into the Union and State Budgets thereby implementing
the `green accounting'
2. Launching the second green revolution to enhance agricultural output so as to ensure food security to one
and all in the future
3. Restoring and enhancing forest cover and responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation
and mitigation measures
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . c
9. With reference to pre-packaged items in India, it is mandatoy to the manufacturer to put which of
the following information on the main label, as per the Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and
Labelling) Regulations, 2011?
1. List of ingredients including additives
2. Nutrition information
3. Recommendations, if any, made by the medical profession about the possibility of any allergic reactions
4. Vegetarian/non-vegetarian
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1 and 4 only
Answer . c
10. 'Project Loon', sometimes seen in the news, is related to
(a) waste management technology
(b) wireless communication technology

(c) solar power production technology
(d) water conservation technology
Answer . b
11. 'Net metering' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of promoting the
(a) production and use of solar energy by the households/consumers
(b) use of piped natural gas in the kitchens of households
(c) installation of CNG kits in motor-cars
(d) installation of water meters in urban households
Answer . a
12. India's ranking in the 'Ease of Doing Business Index' is sometimes seen in the news. Which of the
following has declared that ranking?
(a) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
(b) World Economic Forum
(c) World Bank
(d) World Trade Organization (WTO)
Answer . c
13. Banjaras during the medieval period of Indian history were generally
(a) agriculturists
(b) warriors
(c) weavers
(d) traders
Answer . d
14. Who of the following had first deciphered the edicts of Emperor Ashoka?
(a) Georg Bilhler
(b) James Prinsep
(c) Max Muller
(d) William Jones
Answer . b
15. With reference to the 'Gram Nyayalaya Act', which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. As per the Act, Gram Nyayalayas can hear only civil cases and not criminal cases.
2. The Act allows local social activists as mediators/reconciliators.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer . b
16. With reference to the 'Trans-Pacific Partnership', consider the following statements :
1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer . a
17. Consider the following statements :
The India-Africa Summit
1. held in 2015 was the third such Summit
2. was actually initiated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer . a
18. What is/are the purpose/purposes of the `Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending Rate (MCLR)'
announced by RBI?
1. These guidelines help improve the transparency in the methodology followed by banks for determining
the interest rates on advances.
2. These guidelines help ensure availability of bank credit at interest rates which are fair to the borrowers as
well as the banks.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer .c

19. What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India?
1. It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater.
2. It survives by grazing on mangroves.
3. It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . d
20. Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a
height of about 11 metres and has orange-coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been
discovered?
(a) Andaman Islands
(b) Anaimalai Forests
(c) Maikala Hills
(d) Tropical rain forests of northeast
Answer .a
21. Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news
recently?
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
Answer . c
22. What is 'Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)', recently in the news?
(a) Electric plane tested by NASA
(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan
(c) Space observatory launched by China
(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO
Answer . a
23. With reference to 'Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millets Promotion', which
of the following statements is/are correct?
1. This initiative aims to demonstrate the improved production and post-harvest technologies, and to
demonstrate value addition techniques, in an integrated manner, with cluster approach.
2. Poor, small, marginal and tribal farmers have larger stake in this scheme.

3. An important objective of the scheme is to encourage farmers of commercial crops to shift to millet
cultivation by offering them free kits of critical inputs of nutrients and microirrigation equipment.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . a
24. The `Swadeshi' and 'Boycott' were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the
(a) agitation against the Partition of Bengal
(b) Home Rule Movement
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement
(d) visit of the Simon Commission to India
Answer . a
25. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements :
1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
2. Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment.
3. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . b
26. 'Doctors Without Borders (Medecins Sans Frontieres)', often in the news, is
(a) a division of World Health Organization
(b) a non-governmental international organization
(c) an inter-governmental agency sponsored by European Union
(d) a specialized agency of the United Nations
Answer . b
27. With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’,
which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum.
2. It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity.

3. It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of
ecosystems and biodiversity.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . c
28. With reference to ‘Red Sanders’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements:
1. It is a tree species found in a part of South India.
2. It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rain forest areas of South India.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer .c
29. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
Proper design and effective implementation of UN-REDD+ Programme can significantly contribute to
1. protection of biodiversity
2. resilience of forest ecosystems
3. poverty reduction
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . d
30. What is ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’?
(a) It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and
manage greenhouse gas emissions
(b) It is an initiative of the United Nations to offer financial incentives to developing countries to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and to adopt eco-friendly technologies
(c) It is an inter-governmental agreement ratified by all the member countries of the United Nations to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions to specified levels by the year 2022
(d) It is one of the multilateral REDD+ initiatives hosted by the World Bank

Answer . a
31. With reference to 'Financial Stability and Development Council', consider the following
statements :
1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
2. It is headed by the Union Finance Minister.
3. It monitors macroprudential supervision of the economy.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . c
32. With reference to 'Agenda 21', sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements :
1. It is a global action plan for sustainable development
2. It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer . a
33. Satya Shodhak Samaj organized
(a) a movement for upliftment of tribals in Bihar
(b) a temple-entry movement in Gujarat
(c) an anti-caste movement in Maharashtra
(d) a peasant movement in Punjab
Answer .c
Viruses can infect
1. bacteria
2. fungi
3. plants

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . d
35. The term 'Base Erosion and Profit Shifting' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of
(a) mining operation by multinational companies in resource-rich but backward areas
(b) curbing of the tax evasion by multinational companies
(c) exploitation of genetic resources of a country by multinational companies
(d) lack of consideration of environmental costs in the planning and implementation of developmental
projects
Answer . b
36. Recently, India's first 'National Investment and Manufacturing Zone' was proposed to be set up in
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Gujarat
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer . a
37. What is/are the purpose/purposes of `District Mineral Foundations' in India?
1. Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts
2. Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations
3. Authorizing State Governments to issue licences for mineral exploration
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer .b
38. `SWAYAM', an initiative of the Government of India, aims at
(a) promoting the Self Help Groups in rural areas
(b) providing financial and technical assistance to young start-up entrepreneurs
(c) promoting the education and health of adolescent girls
(d) providing affordable and quality education to the citizens for free
Answer . d
39. The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals were related to

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(a) social reforms
(b) educational reforms
(c) reforms in police administration
(d) constitutional reforms
Answer . d
40. What is/are common to the two historical places known as Ajanta and Mahabalipuram?
1. Both were built in the same period.
2. Both belong to the same religious denomination.
3. Both have rock-cut monuments.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) None of the statements given above is correct
Answer . c
41. With reference to ‘Bitcoins’, sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are
correct?
1. Bitcoins are tracked by the Central Banks of the countries.
2. Anyone with a Bitcoin address can send and receive Bitcoins from anyone else with a Bitcoin address.
3. Online payments can be sent without either side knowing the identity of the other.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . b
1. New Development Bank has been set up by APEC.
2. The headquarters of New Development Bank is in Shanghai.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer . b

43. ‘Gadgil Committee Report’ and ‘Kasturirangan Committee Report’, sometimes seen in the news,
are related to
(a) constitutional reforms
(b) Ganga Action Plan
(c) linking of rivers
(d) protection of Western Ghats
Answer . d
44. Consider the following :
1. Calcutta Unitarian Committee
2. Tabernacle of New Dispensation
3. Indian Reform Association
Keshab Chandra Sen is associated with the establishment of which of the above?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . b
45. Which of the following is not a member of `Gulf Cooperation Council'?
(a) Iran
(b) Saudi Arabia
(c) Oman
(d) Kuwait
Answer . a
46. What is/are the purpose/purposes of Government's 'Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme' and 'Gold
Monetization Scheme'?
1. To bring the idle gold lying with Indian households into the economy
2. To promote FDI in the gold and jewellery sector
3. To reduce India's dependence on gold imports
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . c
47. ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of

(a) African Union
(b) Brazil
(c) European Union
(d) China
Answer . d
48. Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at
(a) bringing the small entrepreneurs into formal financial system
(b) providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops
(c) providing pensions to old and destitute persons
(d) funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development and employment
generation
Answer . a
49. In which of the following regions of India are shale gas resources found?
1. Cambay Basin
2. Cauvery Basin
3. Krishna-Godavari Basin
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . d
50. 'Global Financial Stability Report' is prepared by the
(a) European Central Bank
(b) International Monetary Fund
(c) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(d) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Answer . b
51. Regarding ‘Atal Pension Yojana’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is a minimum guaranteed pension scheme mainly targeted at unorganized sector workers.
2. Only one member of a family can join the scheme.
3. Same amount of pension is guaranteed for the spouse for life after subscriber's death.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . c
52. The term ‘Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership’ often appears in the news in the
context of the affairs of a group of countries known as
(a) G20
(b) ASEAN
(c) SCO
(d) SAARC
Answer . b
53. On which of the following can you find the Bureau of Energy Efficiency Star Label?
1. Ceiling fans
2. Electric geysers
3. Tubular fluorescent lamps
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . d
54. India is an important member of the 'International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor'. If this
experiment succeeds, what is the immediate advantage for India?
(a) It can use thorium in place of uranium for power generation
(b) It can attain a global role in satellite navigation
(c) It can drastically improve the efficiency of its fission reactors in power generation
(d) It can build fusion reactors for power generation
Answer . d
55. In the context of the history of India, consider the following pairs:
Term Description
(1) Eripatti : Land, revenue from which was set apart for the main¬tenance of the village tank
(2) Taniyurs : Villages donated to a single Brahmin or a group of Brahmins
(3) Ghatikas : Colleges generally attached to the temples

(a) 1 and 2
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 3
Answer . d
56. Consider the following statements:
(1) The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in
2015.
(2) The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer . a
57. 'European Stability Mechanism', sometimes seen in the news, is an
(a) agency created by EU to deal with the impact of millions of refugees arriving from Middle East
(b) agency of EU that provides financial assistance to eurozone countries
(c) agency of EU to deal with all the bilateral and multilateral agreements on trade
(d) agency of EU to deal with the conflicts arising among the member countries
Answer . b
58. Which of the following is/are the advantage /advantages of practising drip irrigation?
1. Reduction in weed
2. Reduction in soil salinity
3. Reduction in soil erosion
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) None of the above is an advantage of practising drip irrigation
Answer . c
59. Regarding DigiLocker', sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are
correct?
1 It is a digital locker system offered by the Government under Digital India Programme.
2. It allows you to access your e-documents irrespective of your physical location.

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer . c
60. Recently, linking of which of the following rivers was undertaken?
(a) Cauvery and Tungabhadra
(b) Godavari and Krishna
(c) Mahanadi and Sone
(d) Narmada and Tapti
Answer . b
61. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered
in calculating the value of Air Quality Index?
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Carbon monoxide
3. Nitrogen dioxide
4. Sulfur dioxide
5. Methane
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Answer . b
62. With reference to `Astrosat', the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the
following statements is/are correct?
1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.
2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer . a

63. With reference to the economic history of medieval India, the term Araghatta' refers to
(a) bonded labour
(b) land grants made to military officers
(c) waterwheel used in the irrigation of land
(d) wastel and converted to cultivated land
Answer . c
64. With reference to the cultural history of India, the memorizing of chronicles, dynastic histories
and Epictales was the profession of who of the following?
(a) Shramana
(b) Parivraaj a k a
(c) Agrahaarika
(d) Maagadha
Answer .d
65. Recently, for the first time in our country, which of the following States has declared a particular
butterfly as 'State Butterfly'?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Himachal Pradesh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Maharashtra
Answer . d
The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO
1. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
2. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
3. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first
attempt
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer .c
67. What was the main reason for the split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907?
(a) Introduction of communalism into Indian politics by Lord Minto
(b) Extremists' lack of faith in the capacity of the moderates to negotiate with the British Government

(c) Foundation of Muslim League
(d) Aurobindo Ghosh's inability to be elected as the President of the Indian National Congress
Answer b
68. The plan of Sir Stafford Cripps envisaged that after the Second World War
(a) India should be granted complete independence(b) India should be partitioned into two before granting
independence
(c) India should be made a republic with the condition that she will join the Commonwealth
(d) India should be given Dominion status
Answer .d
69. Consider the following pairs:
Famous place Region
1. Bodhgaya Baghelkhand
2. Khajuraho Bundelkhand
3. Shirdi Vidarbha
4. Nasik (Nashik) Malwa
5. Tirupati Rayalaseema
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2 and 4
(b) 2, 3, 4 and 5
(c) 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 3, 4 and 5
Answer .c
70. The Parliament of India acquires the power to legislate on any item in the State List in the national
interest if a resolution to thateffect is passed by the
(a) Lok Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
(b) Lok Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its total membership
(c) Rajya Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
(d) Rajya Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its members present and voting
Answer .d
71. Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial
inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Rajasthan

Answer .d
72. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following
statements is/are correct?
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.
2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature
by the end of this century does not exceed 2 °C or even 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to
donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer . b
1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of
Rome'.
2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer. b
74. A recent movie titled The Man Who Knew Infinity is based on the biography of
(a) S. Ramanujan
(b) S. Chandrasekhar
(c) S. N. Bose
(d) C. V. Raman
Answer. a
1. The minimum age prescribed for any person to be a member of Panchayat is 25 years.
2. A Panchayat reconstituted after premature dissolution continues only for the remainder period.

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer.d
1. A Bill pending in the Lok Sabha lapses on its prorogation.
2. A Bill pending in the Rajya Sabha, which has not been passed by the Lok Sabha, shall not lapse on
dissolution of the Lok Sabha.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer.b
77. Which of the following is/are the indicator/indicators used by IFPRI to compute the Global
Hunger Index Report?
1. Undernourishment
2. Child stunting
3. Child mortality
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 , 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 3 only
Answer. c
78. There has been a persistent deficit budget year after year. Which action/actions of the following
can be taken by the Government to reduce the deficit?
1. Reducing revenue expenditure
2. Introducing new welfare schemes
3. Rationalizing subsidies
4. Reducing import duty
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer.c
79. The establishment of 'Payment Banks' is being allowed in India to promote financial inclusion.
Which of the following statements is/are correct in this context?
1. Mobile telephone companies and supermarket chains that are owned and controlled by residents are
eligible to be promoters of Payment Banks.
2. Payment Banks can issue both credit cards and debit cards.
3. Payment Banks cannot undertake lending activities.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer.b
80. With reference to 'Li-Fi', recently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It uses light as the medium for high-speed data transmission.
2. It is a wireless technology and is several times faster than 'WiFi'.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer.c
81. The term 'Intended Nationally Determined Contributions' is sometimes seen in the news in the
context of
(a) pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East
(b) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change
(c) capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of Asian Infrastructure Investment
Bank
(d) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals
Answer.b
82. Which one of the following is a purpose of `UDAY', a scheme of the Government?
(a) Providing technical and financial assistance to start-up entre¬preneurs in the field of renewable sources
of energy

(b) Providing electricity to every gthousehold in the country by 2018
(c) Replacing the coal-based power plants with natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind and tidal power plants over
a period of time
(d) Providing for financial turnaround and revival of power distribution companies
Answer.d
83. With reference to `IFC Masala Bonds', sometimes seen in the news, which of the statements given
below is/are correct?
1. The International Finance Corporation, which offers these bonds, is an arm of the World Bank.
2. They are the rupee-denominated bonds and are a source of debt financing for the public and private
sector.
(a) 1 only
(h) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer.c
84. Regarding the taxation system of Krishna Deva, the ruler of Vijayanagar, consider the following
statements :
1. The tax rate on land was fixed depending on the quality of the land.
2. Private owners of workshops paid an industries tax.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer. c
85. Which one of the following books of ancient India has the love story of the son of the founder of
Sunga dynasty?
(a) Swapnavasavadatta
(b) Malavikagnirnitra
(c) Meghadoota
(d) Ratnavali
Answer.b
86. In the context of which of the following do you sometimes find the terms `amber box, blue box and
green box' in the news?

(a) WTO affairs
(b) SAARC affairs
(c) UNFCCC affairs
(d) India-EU negotiations on FTA
Answer.a
87. Which of the following is/are included in the capital budget of the Government of India?
1. Expenditure on acquisition of assets like roads, buildings, machinery, etc.
2. Loans received from foreign governments
3. Loans and advances granted to the States and Union Territories
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer.d
88. What is/are the importance/importances of the 'United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification'?
1. It aims to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and supportive inter-national
partnerships.
2. It has a special/particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions, and its Secretariat facilitates the
allocation of major portion of financial resources to these regions.
3. It is committed to bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating the
desertification.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer.c
89. Recently, which one of the following currencies has been proposed to be added to the basket of
IMF's SDR?
(a) Rouble
(b) Rand
(c) Indian Rupee
(d) Renminbi
Answer.d

90. With reference to the International Monetary and Financial Cornmittee (IMFC), consider the
following statements :
1. IMFC discusses matters of concern affecting the global economy, and advises the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) on the direction of its work.
2. The World Bank participates as observer in IMFC's meetings.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer.c
91. Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan' is a national campaign to
(a) rehabilitate the homeless and destitute persons and provide them with suitable sources of livelihood
(b) release the sex workers from their practice and provide them with alternative sources of livelihood
(c) eradicate the practice of manual scavenging and rehabilitate the manual scavengers
(d) release the bonded labourers from their bondage and rehabilitate them
Answer.c
92. With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements :
1. Siddhas (Sittars) of Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.
2. Lingayats of Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer.a
93. Which of the following best describes the term 'import cover', sometimes seen in the news?
(a) It is the ratio of value of imports to the Gross Domestic Product of a country
(b) It is the total value of imports of a country in a year
(c) It is the ratio between the value of exports and that of imports between two countries
(d) It is the number of months of imports that could be paid for by a country's international reserves
Answer.d
94. Consider the following pairs :
Community sometimes In the affairs of mentioned in the news

1. Kurd : Bangladesh
2. Madhesi : Nepal
3. Rohingya : Myanmar
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only
Answer.c
95. With reference to 'Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)', consider the
following statements :
1. It is an organization of European Union in working relation with NATO and WHO.
2. It monitors chemical industry to prevent new weapons from emerging.
3. It provides assistance and protection to States (Parties) against chemical weapons threats.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer.b
96. With reference to ‘Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana', consider the following statements:
1. Under this scheme, farmers will have to pay a uniform premium of two percent for any crop they cultivate
in any season of the year.
2. This scheme covers post-harvest losses arising out of cyclones and unseasonal rains.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer.b
97. In which of the following regions of India are you most likely to come across the `Great Indian
Hornbill' in its natural habitat?
(a) Sand deserts of northwest India
(b) Higher Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Salt marshes of western Gujarat
(d) Western Ghats

Answer.d
98. Which of the following are the key features of 'National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)?
1. River basin is the unit of planning and management.
2. It spearheads the river conservation efforts at the national level.
3. One of the Chief Ministers of the States through which the Ganga flows becomes the Chairman of
NGRBA on rotation basis.
Select the correct answer using the code given Below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer.a
99. Why does the Government of India promote the use of Neem-coated Urea' in agriculture?
(a) Release of Neem oil in the soil increases nitrogen fixation by the soil microorganisms
(b) Neem coating slows down the rate of dissolution of urea in the soil
(c) Nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas, is not at all released into atmosphere by crop fields
(d) It is a combination of a weedicide and a fertilizer for particular crops
Answer.a
1. The Chief Secretary in a State is appointed by the Governor of that State.
2. The Chief Secretary in a State has a fixed tenure.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer.d

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HISTORY
PART-I ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY
1. THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD
2. HARAPPAN CIVILISATION
3. THE VEDIC CIVILISATION
4. RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS (6TH CENTURY B.C.)
5. THE RISE OF THE MAGADHA KINGDOM (600 TO 300 BC)
6. THE MAURYAN EMPIRE (325 BC -183 BC)
7. POST-MAURYAN (200 BC – 300 AD)
8. THE SANGAM AGE
9. GUPTA EMPIRE (320-550 AD)
10. POST-GUPTA PERIOD (550-750 AD)
11. INDIA DURING 300 – 700 A. D.
PART-II MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA
1. DELHI SULTANATE
2. VIJAYANAGAR & BAHAMANI EMPIRE
3. ADMINISTRATION & ECONOMY (1200 – 1526)
4. SOCIETY, CULTURE & RELIGION (1200 – 1526)
5. REGIONAL CENTRES OF POWER
6. MUGHAL EMPIRE
7. MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION & ECONOMY
8. MUGHAL SOCIETY, CULTURE & RELIGION
9. THE MARATHA AGE
PART-III MODERN INDIAN HISTORY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY’S INDIA
1. ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS & ASCENDANCE OF THE BRITISH
2. ADMINISTRATION & ECONOMY UNDER THE COMPANY RULE (1757-1857)
3. EARLY UPRISING , REVOLT OF 1857 & BRITISH POLICIES AFTER 1857
4. THE INDIAN RENAISSANCE
5. INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
6. RISE OF INDIAN NATIONALISM
7. PEASANT & TRADE UNION MOVEMENTS
8. DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION & THE INDIAN PRESS
9. GANDHIAN ERA (1917-1947)
10. TOWARDS FREEDOM
11. GOVERNOR GENERALS AND VICEROYS
12. SOME IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS
13. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
CONTENT OF STUDY KIT

ECONOMY
1. ECONOMICS : AN INTRODUCTION
2. ECONOMIC PLANNING IN INDIA
3. FISCAL SYSTEM
4. MONETARY AND CREDIT POLICY
5. MONEY MARKET AND CAPITAL MARKET IN INDIA
6. STOCK MARKETS IN INDIA
7. TAXATION SYSTEM IN INDIA: CONCEPTS AND POLICIES
8. INFLATION : CONCEPTS, FACTS AND POLICY
9. PUBLIC SECTOR
10. BANKING SYSTEM IN INDIA
11. POVERTY AND INEQUALITY CONCEPTS, DATA POLICY AND ANALYSIS
12. UMEMPLOYMENT
13. AGRICULTURE
14. IMPORTANT INDICES
15. BRETTON WOODS INSTITUTIONS AND OTHERS
16. GATT AND WTO
17. FOREIGN TRADE
18. EXTERNAL SECTOR
19. ECONOMY UPDATES
20. SOME IMPORTANT FACTS
21. CURRENT INDIAN ECONOMY
ENVIRONMENT
1. STUDYING ENVIRONMENT ¬THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY
2. NATURAL RESOURCES
3. ECOSYSTEMS
4. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION
5. POLLUTION
6. ENVIRONMENT & HUMAN HEALTH
7. DISASTERS & THEIR MANAGEMENT
8. POPULATION & ENVIRONMENT
9. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM
10. DEVELOPMENT & ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
11. SOME IMPORTANT FACTS TO DIGEST
12. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS FOR P.T.
13. CLIMATES OF INDIA
14. CURRENT ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY
GEOGRAPHY
PART I: INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
1. PHYSIOGRAPHY
2. POPULATION 2011
3. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA
4. RIVER SYSTEMS OF INDIA

5. CLIMATE OF INDIA
6. SOILS
7. NATURAL VEGETATION
8. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
9. IRRIGATION IN INDIA
10. MINERALS IN INDIA
11. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA
12. SOURCES OF ENERGY IN INDIA
13. TRANSPORT SYSTEM
14. QUESTIONS
PART II: WORLD GEOGRAPHY
1. SPACE
2. LITHOSPHERE
3. ATMOSPHERE
4. HYDROSPHERE
5. BIOSPHERE
6. THE BIOMES
7. FOREST
8. WORLD AGRICULTURE
9. FISHERIES
10. ENERGY
11. MINERALS
12. WORLD TRIBAL GROUPS
13. SOME IMPORTANT FACTS
POLITY
1. NATIONAL SYMBOLS
2. INDIAN CONSTITUTION: AT A GLANCE
3. SOURCES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION
4. FRAMING OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
5. FEATURES OF CONSTITUTION
6. PREAMBLE
7. THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
8. CITIZENSHIP
9. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
10. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
11. UNION EXECUTIVE
12. PARLIAMENT
13. JUDICIARY
14. STATE EXECUTIVE
15. LOCAL GOVERNMENT
16. PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
17. ELECTORAL SYSTEM
18. CENTER STATE RELATION
19. EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
20. AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION
21. SEVENTH SCHEDULE (ARTICLE 246)

22. POLITICAL SYSTEM
23. ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS
24. ANTI DEFECTION LAW
25. ANTI CORRUPTION INSTITUTIONS
26. POLITICAL DEBATE
27. INTERNAL SECURITY
28. PLANNING
29. HUMAN RIGHTS
30. NATIONAL COMMISSIONS
31. DICTIONARY OF POLITY
32. CURRENT INDIAN POLITY
GENERAL SCIENCE
1. UNIVERSE
2. PHYSICS
3. CHEMISTRY
4. BIOLOGY
(1) THE CELL
(2) TISSUE
(3) MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM
(4) THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
(5) THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(6) LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
(7) THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(8) THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
(9) THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
(10) THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(11) PLANT REPRODUCTION
(12) THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
(13) THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
(14) PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(15) DIGESTION IN PLANTS
(16) DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
(17) THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
5. SCIENCE & TECHNOLGY
(1) INDIA’S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME
(2) DEFENCE
(3) SPACE
(4) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
6. WHAT, WHY & HOW
7. CURRENT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
7 .OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

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History
1. The Prehistoric Period
 The prehistoric period in the history of mankind can roughly be dated from 200000 BC to about
3500-2500 BC, when the first civilisations began to take shape. The first modern human beings or
the Homo sapiens set foot on the Indian subcontinent anywhere between 200000 BC and 40000 BC
and they soon spread throughout a large part of the subcontinent, including peninsular India.
 Man is said to have appeared on the earth in the early Pleistocene i.e. between 2,000,000 and 10,000
years before the present.
 It is now well established that the ear-liest human fossils found in Africa dates back to about 42
lakhs years. These specimens show that the earliest human beings were shorter in height and had a
smaller brain. The humans evolved over a period of these 42 lakhs years and the present form
reached about 50,000 years ago.
 The regular use of tools, beginning 26 lakhs years ago in east Africa is well attested and
accompanies many earlier and later hominid fossils.
 Except the solitary find of a hominid fossil from Hathnaura in the Narmada Valley, no early human
fossils have been found in India, due to the climatic conditions. According to the estimation of
experts cranial capacity of this fossil is equal to that of homo erectus.
 The various strata of the Shivalik hills containing stone tools have been dated between 20 lakhs
years and 12 lakhs years. Another scientific date for the early stone tools came from the
archaeological site of Bori in Pune district of Maharashtra which is 13 lakhs and 80000 years old.
Stone Age
 The age when the prehistoric man began to use stones for utilitarian purpose is termed as the Stone
Age. On the basis of the specialization of the stone tools, which were made during that time the
Stone Age is divided intog three broad divisions —
1. Paleolithic Age or the Old Stone Age (from unknown till 8000 BC),
2. Mesolithic Age or the Middle Stone Age (8000 BC-4000 BC) and
3. Neolithic Age or the New Stone Age (4000 BC-2500 BC)
1. Paleolithic Age
 Paleolithic Culture of India developed in the Pleistocene period of the ice-age.
 Animal remains found in the Belan Valley in Mirzapur district in Uttar Pradesh show that goats,
sheep and cattle were exploited in Paleolithic age.
 The human beings living in the Paleolithic Age were essentially food gatherers and depended on
nature for food. The art of hunting and stalking wild animals individually and later in groups led to
these people making stone weapons and tools.
Sample Material of Study Kit

 Crudely carved out stones were used in hunting, but as the size of the groups began to increase and
there was need for more food, these people began to make “specialized tools” by flaking stones,
which were pointed on one end. These kind of tools were generally used to kill small animals and
for tearing flesh from the carcass of the hunted animals.
 The basic technique of making these crude tools was by taking a stone and flaking its sides with a
heavier stone. These tools were characteristic of the Paleolithic Age and were very rough.
 Human beings had come to make and use fire by this time.
 Based on tool technology the Palaeolithic Age in India is divided into three phases.These phases
are:
(i) Lower Palaeolithic Culture
 Dates available from various sites indicat that the Lower Palaeolithic culture or the early Stone Age
was quite widespread phenomenon be-tween 5,00,000 and 50,000 B.C.Its characteristic features -
use of hand axes, cleavers and choppers.
 The raw materials used for making these stone tools are of various kinds of stone, like quartzite,
chert and sometimes even quartz and besalt, etc.
 The Lower Palaeolithic tools have been found over a large area, virtually from all over India, except
the plains of the Indus, Saraswati. Brahmputra and Ganga where raw material in the form of stone is
not available.
 Lower Palaeolithic sites are of several types: habitation sites (either under rock-shelters or in the
open) factory sites associated with sources of raw materials; sites that combine elements of both
these functions; and open air sites in any of these categories subsequently.
 Some of the important sites of Lower Palaeolithic culture are Pahalgam in Kashmir, Belan valley in
Allahabad district (Uttar Pradesh) Bhimbetka and Adamgarh in Hoshangabad district, (Madhya
Pradesh), 16 R and Sinsgi Talav in Nagaur district (Rajasthan), Nevasa in Ahmadnagar district
(Maharashtra),Hunsgi in Gulburga district (in Karnataka) and the famous site of Attirampakkam
(Tamil Nadu).
(ii) Middle Palaeolithic Culture
 The Middle Palaeolithic Culture can be dated between 50,000 B.C. and 40,000 B.C. or even
slightly later on the basis of scientific dates. Its characteristic features are industries mainly based on
flakes.
 The Middle Palaeolithic tools technology is characterized basically by the flake tool industry. The
tools are made on flakes obtained by striking them out from pebbles or cobbles.
 The tool types include small and medium-sized handaxes, cleavers and various kinds of scrapers,
borers, and knives. The tools show regional variations both in terms of available raw materials as
well as shapes and sizes.
 Some of the most important sites of Middle Palaeolithic period are Bhimbetka, Nevasa, Pushkar,
Rohiri hills of upper Sind, and Samnapur on Narmada.
(iii) Upper Palaeolithic Culture
 The Middle Palaeolithic Culture slowly evolved into the Upper Palaeolithic Culture. From the
scientific dates available from the various sites one may safely say that Upper Palaeolithic Culture
lasted from about 40,000 B.C to 10,000 B.C.

 Upper Palaeolithic Culture is characterised by use of blades and burins. It appears that the concept
of composite tools start developing during this cultural period.
 One of the most remarkable discovery of the Upper Palaeolithic period is that of a rubble built,
roughly circular platform of about 85 cm in diameter.
 The Upper Palaeolithic tools have been found in Rajasthan, parts of the Ganga and Belan valleys,
Central and Western India, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The main tool types are
scrapers, points, awls, burins, borers, knives, etc.
2. Mesolithic Age
 Paleolithic age came to an end with the end of the Ice Age around 9000 B.C.An intermediate stage
in Stone Age culture began in 9000 B.C, called Mesolithic Age or Middle Stone Age.
 The simple handheld stone tools were now attached to thick branches from trees with rope made
from animal skin and sinew. These tools are known as hand axes, which could be flung at fast-
moving animals from a distance. Apart from hand axes, they also produced crude stone-tipped
wooden spears, borers, and burins.
 The characteristic tools of Mesolithic Age are Microliths. The microlithic tools are characterised by
parallel-sided blades taken out from prepared cores of such fine material as chert, chalcedony,
crystal, jasper, carnelian, agate, etc. Bagor in Rajasthan is the type site of Microlith excavations.
 These Microlithic tools are generally 1 to 5 cm. long and the types include smaller verision of
upper Palaeolithic types such as points, scrapers, burins, awls, etc., besides some new tool-types like
lunates, trapezes, triangles, arrow-heads, of various shapes and sizes.
 Bhimbetka near Bhopal presents the art of painting practiced by Paleolithic and Mesolithic people.
It contains more than 500 painted rock shelters, distributed in an area of 10 sq. km.The exact date of
these paintings is not certain, but some of the paintings are as old as 12,000 years. The prehistoric
artist used natural white and red pigments in depicting the various themes, which were close to his
heart and sustenance.
 Some of the most important and extensively studied sites of Mesolithic culutre are Bagor in
Rajasthan, Langhnaj in Gujarat, Sarai Nahar Rai, Chopani Mando, Mahdaha and Damdama in Uttar
Pradesh and Bhimbetka and Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh.
 We get the evidence of the association of sheep and goat with the Mesolithic people from Bagor and
Adamgarh, around sixth millennium B.C. This suggests that they may have partly adopted the
settled way of life. We come to know that these communities were essentially hunters, food-
gatherers and fishermen, but also practised some form of agriculture.
3. Neolithic Age
 Approximately 10,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene Age, climatic conditions more or less
similar to those of today were established in western and southern Asia. The most fundamental
advance that has affected the course of human life was the domestication of a large number of
animals and plants. The present evidence suggests that in west Asia, wheat and barely were
domesticated by 7000 B.C.
 The Neolithic Age (9000 BC-2500 BC) or the New Stone Age was the last phase of the Stone Age
and is characterised by very finely flaked, small stone tools, also known as blades and burins.
 Neolithic (New Stone) Age began in 9000 B.C. in the world context. The only Neolithic settlement
in the Indian subcontinent attributed to 7000 B.C. lies in Mehrgarh, which is situated in Baluchistan,
a province of Pakistan.

 The archaeological sites of Kili Ghul Mohammad, Gumla, Rana Ghundai, Anjira, Mundigak, and
Mehrgarh in the Kacchi plain give evidence of a date between 7000-5000 B.C. Of these Mehrgarh
has been most extensively examined. The evidence shows that the habitation here began in about
7000 B.C. but in the early period no use of ceramic is seen. However, in about a 1000 years time i.e.
around 6000 B.C. earthen pots and pans come in use : first handmade and then wheel-made.
 The beads found with burial remains show that people used beads made of lapis lazuli, carnelian,
banded agate and white marine shell. A single copper bead has also been found. The occurrence of
shell bangles and pendants made of mother-of-pearl indicates long-distance trade.
 Some of the most important Neolithic sites are Gufkaral and Burzahom in Kashmir, Mahgara,
Chqpani Mando and Koldihwa in Belan valley in Uttar Pradesh and Chirand in Bihar.Besides rice,
evidence for barley cultivation is attested at Mahgarah. They built houses of wattle-and daub, with
rammed floor. tended cow, bull, goat, sheep, and cultivated horse gram, millet and ragi.
 The early Neolithic settlers in the north-west in Burzahom lived in pit dwell-ings, rather than
building houses over the ground settlement at Chirand in Bihar is relatively late.
 The Neolithic Age also saw the domestication of cattle, horses, and other farm animals. which were
used for dairy and meat products. An important invention of this time was the making of the wheel.
 The people of Gufkaral, a Neolithic site 41 km south-west of Srinagar, practised both agriculture
and domestication of animals.
 It is interesting that the Burzahom domestic dogs and were buried with their masters in their graves.
The placing of domestic dogs in the graves of the masters do not seem to be the practice with
Neolithic people in any other part of India.
 We have the most decisive evidence of new patterns of subsistence in south India, almost
contemporary with the Harappan culture. Some of the most important sites in southern India are
Kodekal, Utnur, and Andhra Pradesh: Tekkalkolta, Maski. T. Narsipur. Sangankullu, Hallur and
Brahmagiri in Karnataka and Paiyampalli in Tamil Nadu.
Prehistoric Rock Art
 Some of the important rock-painting sites are Murhana Pahar in Uttar Pradesh. Bhimbetka,
Adamgarh, Lakha Juar in Madhya Pradesh and Kupagallu in Karnataka.
 The colours used in making these drawings are deep red, green, white and, yellow.
 The distribution of these rock-paintings is very wide. They have been found in Chargul in north-
west Pakistan to Orissa in the east, and from the Kumaon hills is in the north to Kerala in the south.
 Depiction of human figures in rock paintings is quite common. The humans are shown in various
activities, such as dancing, running, hunting, playing games and engaged in battle.
Animals are the most frequently depicted subjects either alone or in large and small groups and
shown in various poses. There are also some hunting scenes, of which the rhinoceros hunt from the
Adamgarh group of rock-shelters is indicative of the joining of large number of people for the hunt
of bigger animals.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Earliest human fossils were found from which of the following places ?
(a) Africa
(b)North America
(c) Asia
(d)Europe
2. (The fossils of various periods and stages of human development have been found from which
parts of the world ?
(a) Africa
(b)China, Java, Sumatra
(c) Southern Europe
(d)All of the above
3. Early human fossils have been found in India from where ?
(a) Langhnaj
(b)Bagor
(c) Rojadi
(d)Hathnaura
4. According to the experts the estimated cranial capacity of Hathnaura fossil is equal to that of
which of these ?
(a) Homoerectus
(b)Ramapithecus
(c) Australopithecus
(d)None of the above
5. It is well attested that the regular use of tools in East Africa began from-
(a) 1300000 years ago
(b)10000000 years ago
(c) 5000000 years ago
(d)26000000 years ago
6. In case of Indonesia several homi-nid remains have recently been dated between
(a) 1800000 and 1000000 years
(b)2500000 and 1500000 years
(c) 1800000 and 1600000 years
(d)3300000 and 1300000 years

7. Which of the following is assessed age of earth ?
(a) 1250000000 years
(b)4600000000 years
(c) 3600000000 years
(d)1700000000 years
8. In China the early stone tools are associated with human fossils dated between
(a) 1300000 - 1100000 years
(b)1900000 - 1700000 years
(c) 2100000 - 1100000 years
(d)2700000 - 1900000 years
9. The various strata of the Shivalik hills containing stone tools have been dated between which of
the following ?
(a) 5000000 - 4000000 years
(b)2000000 - 1200000 years
(c) 3000000 - 2700000 years
(d)None of the above
10. In India 1300000 years old early stone tools found from which of the following archaeological
site ?
(a) Bori in Maharashtra
(b)Birbhanpur in Orissa
(c) Hunsgi in Karnataka
(d)All Palaeolithic above

ANSWERS
1. (a)
2. (d)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (c)
7. (b)
8. (b)
9. (b)
10. (a)

Economy
1. Economics : An Introduction
Ques. 1 : What are the definitions of economics?
Ans. Economics as a word comes from the Greek: oikos means ‘family, household, or estate’, and
nomos stands for ‘custom, law’ etc. Thus, “household management” or manage-ment of scarce resources is
the essential meaning of economics. Economics encom-passes production, distribution, trade and
consumption of goods and services. Economic logic is applied to any problem that involves choice under
scarcity.
Ques. 2 : Evolution of the subject.
Ans. Initially, economics focused on “wealth” and later “welfare”. Still later, in recent years, it has
given sufficient attention to the study of trade offs- giving up one to gain another. The focus on tradeoffs
arises from the traditional assumption that resources are scarce and that it is necessary to choose between
competing alternatives. Choosing one benefit implies forgoing another alternative the opportunity cost (cost
of foregoing an Opportunity).
Ques. 3 : Who is known as the father of Economics?
Ans. Adam Smith, generally regarded as the Father of Economics, author of An Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of the Wealth of Nations (generally known as The Wealth of Nations) defines economics as “The
science of wealth.” Smith offered another definition, “The Science relating to the laws of production,
distribution and exchange.”
Definitions in terms of wealth emphasize production and consumption, and do not deal with the economic
activities of those not significantly involved in these two processes, for example, children and old people.
The belief is that non-productive activity is a cost on society. It meant that man was relegated to the
secondary position and wealth was placed above life.
Thus arose the shift in the focus to welfare economics study of man and of human welfare, not of money
alone. Economics involves social action connected with the attainment of human well being.
Ques. 4: Discuss the different branches of economics.
Ans. Economics is usually divided into two main branches:
Microeconomics which examines the economic behavior of individual actors such as consumers, businesses
households etc to understand how decisions are made in the face of scarcity and what effects they have.
Macroeconomics, which studies the economy as a whole and its features like national income, employment,
poverty, balance of payments and inflation. The two are linked closely as the behavoir or a firm or consumer
or household depends upon the state of the national and global economy.

Ques. 5 : What is Mesoeconomics?
Ans. ‘Mesoeconomics’ studies the intermediate level of economic organization in between the micro and the
macro economics like institutional arrangements etc.
DIVISION OF FOCUS
ECONOMICS
Microeconomics Production/output in individual industries and businesses and consumer and behaviour
How much steel
How much office space
How many cars
Consumer behaviour
Macroeconomics National production/output
Gross domestic product
Employment
Poverty
Inflation
BOP
There are broadly the following approaches in the mainstream economics. The basis of all the streams is the
same: resources are scarce while wants are unlimited (often mentioned as the economic problem).
Ques. 6 : What is Keynesian theory of macro economics?
Ans.
• Keynesian macroeconomics based on the theories of twentieth-century British economist John
Maynard Keynes. It says that the state can stimulate economic growth and restore stability in the
economy through expansionary policies. For example through massive programme of spending on
infrastructure when the demand is low and growth is negative.
• In the recessionary phase that the economies of the western world in particular and rest of the world in
general, went through (some are still undergoing the recession) due to 2008 financial crisis, the
relevance of Keynes is growing.
• The intervention by State is only when the economic cycle turns down and growth slows down or is
negative. In normal times, it is the market the drives growth through the force of supply and demand.
• Indian government stepped up expenditure with three fiscal stimuli in since December 2008 to revive
growth. With growth spurting, the gradual and calibrated exit from the stimulus was begun in the
2010-11 Union Budget.
• The theories of Keynesian economics were first presented in The General Theory of Employment,
Interest and Money (1936).

Ques. 7 : Define Neoliberalism.
Ans.
• Neoliberalism refers to advocacy of policies such as individual liberty, free markets, and free trade.
Neoliberalism “proposes that human well being can best be advanced by liberating individual
entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutional framework characterized by strong private
property rights, free markets and free trade”.
Ques. 8 : What is socialist theory of economics?
Ans.
• In distinction to the above, there is the school of socialist economics based on public (State) ownership
of means of production to achieve greater equality and give the workers greater control of the means of
production. It establishes fully centrally planned economy which is also called command economy -
economy is at the command of the State. Private ownership of assets is not allowed. For example,
erstwhile USSR, Cuba etc.
Ques. 9: What is development economics?
Ans.
• Development economics is a branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of the
development process, mainly in low-income countries. Its focus is not only promoting economic
growth and structural change but also improving the well being of the population as a whole through
health and education and workplace Conditions, whether through public or private channels. The most
prominent contemporary development economists are Nobel laureates Amartya Sen and Joseph
Stiglitz.
Ques. 10: What is structural change? Give an example.
Ans.
 Structural change of an economy refers to a long-term widespread change of a fundamental structure,
rather than microscale or short-term change. For example a subsistence economy is transformed into
a manufacturing economy, or a regulated mixed economy is liberalized.
An nsulated and protectionist economy becomes open and globalized.
A current structural change in the world economy is globalization.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Consider the following statements.
1) Macro economics examines the economic behavior of individual.
2) Microeconomics studies national income, poverty employment etc.
Which of the above statements is / are true.
a) Both 1 & 2
b) 1 only
c) 2 only
d) Neither 1 nor 2
1) Keynesian theory says that state cant stimulate economic growth.
2) Keynesian theory were first published in the General theory of Employment.
3) Keynesian theory can work only in developed country.
a) 2 only b) 1 & 3 only
c) 1 & 2 only d) 1, 2 & 3 only
1) Development economics mainly works in low-income countries.
2) The most prominent development economists are Nobel laureates Amartya Sen & Joseph Stiglitz.
a) 1 only b) 2 only
c) Both 1 & 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2
1) Green economics supports the interaction between humans & nature.
2) Economic growth can be measure from GNP & GDP.
3) GNP is defined as the total market value of all final goods & services produced within the country
in a given period of time.
a) 2 & 3 b) 1 & 2
c) 1, 2 & 3 d) 1 & 3

1) Nominal GDP refers to the current year production of final goods & services valued at current year.
2) Real GDP refers to the current year production of goods & service valued at base year prices.
3) In estimating GDP, only final marketable goods & services are considered.
a) 1 & 2 only b) 2 & 3 only
c) 1 & 3 only d) 1, 2 & 3

ANSWERS
1. d.
2. a.
3. c.
4. b.
5. d.

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Environment & Ecology
1. Nature of Environmental Studies
There are several reasons for studying the state of environment. The need for information that clarifies
modern environmental concepts such as: the need to conserve biodiversity, the need to lead more sustainable
lifestyles, and the need to use resources more equitably. There is a need to change the way in which we view
our own environment, using a practical approach based on observation and self-learning. There is also a
need to create a concern for our environment that will trigger pro-environmental action, including simple
activities we can do in our daily life to protect it.
Anybody can ask a question-What is environment? Einstein once defined environment as “everything that is
not me”. In other words we can say that “final analysis of everything present outside an individual is called
as environment”. This outside world in which we all live, being a part of it, is cosmos. This cosmos has air,
water, soil, sun, moon and other planets. It has plants, animals, rivers, mountains, deserts and oceans.
Collectively they make nature. This nature to which we belong is our environment.
Another way of understanding environment is to classify it further as physical, chemical and biological
environment. Physical environment includes, radiation (light), temperature (heat), humidity and rain.
Chemical environment has water, gases, acids, bases, inorganic elements and organic substances. Whereas,
biological environment covers all living organisms found on the Earth. These can be bacteria, viruses,
microbes, algae, fungi, herbs, shrubs, crops, large trees, worms, insects, fish, snakes and mammals. This
living world on the planet earth is supported by complex but interdependent physical, chemical and
biological processes. These processes collectively result into evolution. Thus we find that in environment
every thing is related with everything.
Definition of Environmental
 Environmental science deals with every issue that affects a living organism. It is essentially a
multidisciplinary approach that brings about an appreciation of our natural world and human impact on its
integrity.
 It is an applied science, as it seeks practical answers to the increasingly important question of how to make
human civilization sustainable on the Earth’s finite resources. Its components include biology, geology,
chemistry, physics, engineering, sociology, health, anthropology, economics, statistics, computers and
philosophy.
 Environmental science is a collective study of many subjects. It includes elements of agronomy (soil science),
biology, botany, chemistry, climatology, ecology, entomology, geography, geology, hydrology, limnology,
meteorology, oceanography, political science, psychology, zoology, medicine and human and animal health.
 It also draws upon some specialized subjects such as biogeography, demography, economics, and toxicology.
Thus, environmental studies constitute a multidisciplinary subject (Fig. 1).

Fig. Scope of environmental sciences
 The environment has four realms i.e. atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere (Fig. 2).
Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope held by the gravitational force around the earth. Biosphere is
concentrated mainly on the surface of earth.
 It includes all living species (individuals). Hydrosphere is the water domain. It includes all lakes,
ponds, rivers, streams, estuaries, bays, oceans and sea. Earth’s outer crust is lithosphere.
 These four realms are so closely related with each other that they can not be separated absolutely.
They interact with each other and make a life supporting system.
Fig. Four realms of environmet
 Over the past 200 years, however, modern societies began to believe that easy answers to the
question of producing more resources could be provided by the indiscriminate application of
technological innovations.
 Some examples are: growing more food by using fertilizers and pesticides, developing better strains
of domestic animals and crops, irrigating farmland through mega-dams, and developing industry.
 All this has led to rapid economic growth; and this type of ill-considered development has inevitably
led to environmental degradation.The industrial development and intensive agriculture that provides
the goods for our increasingly consumer-oriented society uses up large amounts of natural resources
like water, minerals, petroleum products, wood, etc.
 Non-renewable resources, such as minerals and oil, are those which will be exhausted in the future if
we continue to use them forest is faster than nature can replace them. Our natural resources can be
compared with money in a bank.
 If we use it rapidly, the capital will be reduced to zero. On the other hand, if we use only the interest,
it can sustain us over the longer term. This is called sustainable utilization or development.
 In recent years, consciousness towards environmental issues has increased. Laws for environmental
protection have been enacted in several countries. The credit for creating awareness goes to the
conference on “Human Environment”, held at Stockholm in 1972.
 Earth summit, another conference on environment was held in Rio-De-Janeiro in Brazil in 1992. The
important issues like human population explosion, conservation of biodiversity, protection of ozone
umbrella and restoration of climate change were discussed.
 Efforts are being made to educate people on environmental problems and their management. Man
has started to realize that environmental protection is his moral responsibility. Ethics thus developed
are called as environmental ethics.

 Environmental ethics teach us how to treat nature. They put moral questions before man. They seek a
balance between human activities and natural processes. They consider not only philosophy but
natural history, human ecology, cultural anthropology, psychology, animal rights theory, political
ecology, science, technology and law. Environmental ethics are both theoretical and applied.
 The subject matter includes culture and traditions that have influenced human relationship with
nature, the place of man in nature, rights and duties of individuals, the moral standings of non
humans and duties of future generations. The concept of environmental ethics leads us to a broader
concept of environmentalism.
Environmentalism
Environmentalism is an activity that comprises many approaches. It may include environmental education, wild life
protection, conservation of natural resources & sustainable development. It suggests that economic development
should be socially tolerable and environmentally sustainable. Environmentalism is governed by following laws:
(1) Man can engineer nature and modify its benefits.
(2) Man is to create final order, harmony and balance in nature.
(3) Man has a moral obligation to protect and preserve the environment.
(4) Environment is beautiful, magnificent, powerful and unpredictable.
(5) A life supporting system is necessary for the survival of human being.
Importance of Environmental Study
 We should know that Environment is not a single subject; it is an integration of several subjects that
include both Science and Social Studies. Thus, the scope of environmental studies is extremely wide
and covers some aspects of nearly every major discipline.
 We live in a world wherein natural resources are limited. Water, air, soil, minerals, oil, the products
we get from forests, grasslands, oceans and from agriculture and livestock, are all a part of our life
support systems. Without them, life itself would be impossible. As we keep increasing in numbers
and the quantity of resources each of us uses also increases, the Earth’s resource base must inevitably
shrink.
 The Earth cannot be expected to indefinitely sustain this expanding level of utilization of resources.
Added to this is the misuse of resources. We waste or pollute large amounts of nature’s clean water;
we create more and more material like plastic that we discard after a single use; and we waste
colossal amounts of food, which is discarded as garbage.
 Manufacturing processes create solid waste byproducts that are discarded, as well as chemicals that
flow out as liquid waste and pollute water, and gases that pollute the air. Increasing amounts of waste
cannot be managed by natural processes.
Environmental Education

 It is generally held that poor and powerless cause environmental problems. Poor countries adopt
discarded technologies. There is a conflict between traditional wisdom derived from rich experience
and collective intelligence and the scientifically derived knowledge of the developed world.
 Poor is more reliable and environmental friendly whereas the later offers technological advantages.
A sustainable society can not be attained without joining traditional wisdom and modern knowledge.
Global solutions need to consider regional realities and regional actions must reflect global
implications.
 Therefore, environmental education has now appeared in the top agenda of education planning in
developing countries. The UNESCO and the UNDP, launched the international programme in
Environmental education in January 1975 to
o facilitate the coordination, joint planning, pre-programming activities essential to teach
development of an international programme of environmental education.
o promote the international exchange of ideas and information, pertaining to environmental
education
o coordinate research to understand better the various phenomena involved in teaching and
learning
o formulate and evaluate new methods, materials and programmes (both in school and out-of-
school, youth and adult) in environmental education
o train and retrain personnel to adequately staff environmental education programmes
o prepare advisory services to Member-States relating to environmental education.
The subsequent inter-governmental conference on environmental education in Tbilisi, USSR (1977) listed
six objectives as:
1. Awareness: To help people acquire an awareness of and a sensitivity to the total environment and its
allied problems
2. Knowledge: To help people acquire basic understanding of the total environment and associated
problems and humanity’s critically responsible presence and role in it
3. Attitudes: To help people acquire social values, strong feelings of concern for the environment and
the motivation to act in protecting and improving it.
4. Skills: To help people acquire the skills for solving such problems.
5. Evaluation ability: To help people evaluate environmental measures and education programmes in
terms of ecological, political, economical, social, aesthetic and educational factors; and
6. Participation: To help people develop a sense of responsibility and urgency regarding
environmental problems and solutions.

This conference also stressed that environmental education should consider the environment in its totality
natural and manmade; audit should be a life-long process and be interdisciplinary in the approach. The
principal audience of environmental education is the general public, constituting the two major categories,
viz;
I. The formal education sector: including pre-school, primary, secondary and higher education students
as well as teachers and environmental professionals in training and retraining.
II. The non-formal education sector including youth and adults, individually or collectively from all
segments of the population, such as the family, workers, managers, and decision makers, in
environmental as well as non-environmental fields.
The role played in the direction of creation of environmental awareness and non-formal education by
voluntary organizations and professional societies is noteworthy. These have greatly supplemented and
enriched the efforts of formal institutions and governmental agencies.
A better and growing understanding of the nature of the environment and development issues may help in
better formulation of not only the developmental objectives; environmental management but in establishing
the essential environmental conscience and practice of environmental ethics in this country.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The modern synthetic theory of evolution is based on
(a) genetic and chromosomal mutation
(b)genetic recombination and natural selection
(c) reproductive isolation
(d)all the above.
2. In an ecosystem, which of the given components would form a part such that each component
influences the properties of the other
1. Abiotic environment
2. Biotic communities
3. Producer communities Of these statements
(a) only 1 is correct
(b)2 and 3 are correct
(c) 1 and 2 are correct
(d)1, 2 and 3 are correct.
3. The movement of individuals into and out of population is caused by birth, death, immigration
and emigration. Such a state denotes
(a) population density
(b)population turnover
(c) regulation of population
(d)basic biotic school.
4. Commensalism is a term which characteristics
(a) living together of two or more different kinds of animals
(b)organisational relationship between two or more different animals
(c) a group of two or more different animals which can not exist without the help of one another
(d)the association between two or more different animals where one may sometimes be harmful to the
other.
5. Match the List I and List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below the lists:
List I List II
(Ecological Equivalents) (Respective Terms)
A. Ecosphere 1. Biotic Community
B. Population 2. Ecosystem
C. Biogeocoenosis 3. Groups of dividuals of any one kind of organism
D. Biocoenosis 4. Biosphere

Codes:
A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 3 4 2 1
(d) 4 3 1 2
6. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) About 5,000 species of plants are exclusively found in India
(b)India has been divided into four ecological sub-regions
(c) According to Red Data Book of IUCN, more than 1000 creatures are threatened with extinctions
(d)Rhinoceros, the Royal Bengal and Siberian Tigers are facing most immediate danger.
7. Which of the following is a true microeco-system ?
(a) 1/2 litre of water from a pond kept in an air tight flask
(b)1 litre of tap water in a flask covered over by cotton plug
(c) 1 1/2 litre of boiled pond water covered over by a lid
(d)1 litre of pond water closed with cork having gas exchange.
8. A population is
(a) all the individuals of any kind
(b)all the individuals of the same kind in an area at a given time
(c) all the groups of individuals in an area
(d)the number of individuals of the same kind since their establishment as a species.
List I List II
A. Parasitism 1. An association between two popula-tions in which one inhibits the other while
remaining unaffected itself
B. Predation 2. An association bet-ween two organisms in which one acquires food and shelter at
the expense of the other
C. Amensalism 3. An association bet-ween two interde-pendent organisms who do not harm each
other
D. Symbiosis 4. Interaction of two or more species, of the eaters and being eaten
Code:
A B C D
(a) 2 4 1 3
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 3 4 2 1
(d) 4 3 1 2.

List I List II
A. Basic 1. Net primary
productivity productivity
B. Total 2. Auxiliary energy flow
Photosynthesis
C. Net 3. Primary productivity
assymilation
D. Energy 4. Gross primary
subsidy productivity
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 3 4 1 2
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 3 4 2 1
(d) 4 3 1 2

Answers
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (b)
9. (c)
10. (d)

Geography
1. Physiography
Location
 India lies in the northern and eastern hemispheres of the globe between 8° 4' N and 37°6' N latitudes
and 68°7' E and 97°25’E longitudes.
 The southern extent actually goes upto 6°45' N latitude to cover the last island of the Nicobar group
of islands. The southern extremity is called Pygmalion Point or Indira Point.
 The tropic of cancer passes through the middle part of India and crosses the states of Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.
 Its total land frontier of 15,200 kilometres passes through marshy lands, desert, level plains, rugged
mountains, snow covered areas and thick forests.
 Besides there is a maritime boundary of 6,100 kilometres along the main land mass which increases
to 7,516 kilometres if the coastlines of Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands are added to it.
 India-Afghanistan and Pakistan-Afghanistan international boundary is called the Durand Line,
determined as a “militarily strategic border between British India and Afghanistan”.
 The India-China boundary (4,225 km) is a natural boundary running along the Himalayan ranges and
is based on various treaties. Its eastern part (1,140 km) is called the Mc Mahon Line.
Length of India’s Border with its Neighbouring Countries
Country Length of border (in km) (in %)
Bangladesh 4,096 (26.95%)
China 3,917 (25.55%)
Pakistan 3,310 (21 .78%)
Nepal 1,752 (11.53%)
Myanmar 1,458 ( 9.89%)
Bhutan 587 (3.86%)
Afghanistan 80 (0. 52%)
 The boundary with Pakistan and Bangladesh (the East Pakistan) was finalized at the time of partition
in 1947 through the ‘RadCliffe Award’.

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