Ocean acidification effects on the spines of sand sharks

1. Swimming in Acid

3. Primary Energy Consumption

7. Carbonate ions are essential for building coral skeletons

8. Sea butterfly shell placed in seawater with increased acidity slowly dissolves

10. Spinal Deformities: Loss of intervertebral space, compressed vertebrae,
dislocated spines from degeneration

17. Phytoplankton are bacteria, protists, but majority are single celled plants

19. Rise of schooling behaviour, camouflage, communication