RESEARCH ARTICLE Open AccessMental health affects future e.docx

RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
Mental health affects future employment as job
loss affects mental health: findings from a
longitudinal population study
Sarah C Olesen1*, Peter Butterworth1, Liana S Leach1,
Margaret Kelaher2 and Jane Pirkis2
Abstract
Background: Workforce participation is a key feature of public
mental health and social inclusion policies across
the globe, and often a therapeutic goal in treatment settings.
Understanding the reciprocal relationship between
participation and mental health has been limited by inadequate
research methods. This is the first study to
simultaneously examine and contrast the relative effects of
unemployment on mental health and mental health on
employment status in a single general population sample.
Method: Data were from working-age respondents (20 to 55
years at baseline) who completed nine waves of the
Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA)
Survey (N=7176). Cross-lagged path analyses were
used to test the lagged and concurrent associations between
unemployment and mental health over time,
adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics.
Results: Mental health was shown to be both a consequence of
and risk factor for unemployment. Thus, the
poorer mental health observed amongst people who are not
working is attributable to both the impact of

unemployment and existing mental health problems. While the
strength of these two effects was similar for
women, the results for men suggested that the effect of
unemployment on subsequent mental health was weaker
than the effect of mental health on subsequent risk of
unemployment.
Conclusion: Disentangling the reciprocal links between mental
health and workforce participation is central to the
development and success of clinical goals and health and social
policies that aim to promote either aspect. This
study demonstrates that both effects are important and supports
concurrent responses to prevent a cycle of
disadvantage and entrenched social exclusion.
Keywords: Mental health, Unemployment, Employment,
Inclusion, Longitudinal, Social policy
Background
The benefits of workforce participation for mental health
are established and routinely promoted in both clinical
and health policy settings [1-3]. These benefits are be-
lieved to reflect a combination of material (e.g., income
and the resulting access to resources) and psychological
outcomes, such as social role and status, access to social
networks and support, and a sense of purpose/achieve-
ment [4,5]. Conversely, mental ill health can be a barrier
to gaining and maintaining employment [6-8]. These
connections between mental health and economic par-
ticipation are also at the forefront of public policy dis-
cussions beyond the health sector under the banner of
social inclusion, a stated goal of many current govern-
ments [9-11]. ‘Inclusive’ societies and ‘included’ individ-
uals are characterised by adequate social, educational,
and economic participation. They demonstrate good

health, wellbeing, and productivity [12,13]. In contrast,
excluded individuals experience a set of multiple, and
often entrenched, disadvantages including limited social
support and networks, inadequate financial resources,
and poor employment and health [14]. Policy attempts
to bring about greater inclusiveness, harness the social
and psychological benefits of workforce participation
* Correspondence: [email protected]
1Centre for Research on Ageing, Health & Wellbeing College of
Medicine
Biology & Environment, The Australian National University,
Bldg 62A
Eggleston Road, The Australian National University, Acton
ACT 0200, Australia
Full list of author information is available at the end of the
article
© 2013 Olesen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an
Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
Olesen et al. BMC Psychiatry 2013, 13:144
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mailto:[email protected]
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and improve employment opportunities amongst people
who are unemployed or underemployed are still chal-
lenged by a lack of adequate epidemiological research

into the reciprocal, causal links between participation
and mental health [15].
The causal relationships between employment and
mental health are yet to be disentangled in a single
study. Cross-sectional research has established a con-
temporaneous link between unemployment and under-
employment and poorer mental health [5] but cannot
elucidate the temporal direction of this relationship [12].
Longitudinal studies have largely focused on the unidir-
ectional effect of employment transitions on mental
health [16-19], finding that job loss is related to a de-
cline in men’s mental health [20]. Adverse mental health
effects have also been shown in women who become un-
employed or go on maternity leave [20]. Perhaps most
relevant to the goals of clinicians and policy makers are
the positive changes in mental health observed amongst
people who return to work from unemployment [16,20].
The above studies provide a compelling argument that
unemployment is a risk factor for psychological distress
and potentially amenable to policy intervention. How-
ever they cannot exclude or qualify the role of a recipro-
cal relationship between employment and mental health;
that is: how existing mental health problems impact
upon job loss and gain [21,22]. A ‘health selection’ per-
spective on employment contends that physically and
socially disabling aspects of illness can affect attendance
and productivity at work [23-25]. This can in turn lead
to employer- or employee-initiated job loss [26]. Conse-
quently, people with mental health problems may also
find themselves in a cycle of long-term unemployment;
more likely to lose their job, and less able to seek future
employment [27].
Fewer studies have examined the impact of mental

health on employment using longitudinal data. Those
that have tend to focus exclusively on people with a
diagnosable mental disorder and find that this group is
more likely to become unemployed compared to those
without mental disorder [28,29] and that people with
more severe symptoms are least likely to gain employ-
ment [30]. There is also some evidence for a link be-
tween continuous measures of psychological wellbeing
and future employment. Mastekaasa [25] showed that
high levels of distress are associated with greater risk of
subsequent job loss relative to low distress. Kokko et al.
[23] found that psychological distress during childhood
is linked to longer-term unemployment in later life see
also [31]. Together, these studies suggest that the impact
of poor mental health on labour-force participation is
not limited to severe mental illness.
The implications of mental ill-health as a consequence
versus determinant of unemployment are quite different.
For policy makers, the former typically invokes labour-
market programs, participation requirements or finan-
cial incentives or disincentives. The latter requires
efforts to identify and address barriers to employment
and provide workplace accommodations for people with
mental health problems. While there has been inde-
pendent research into both causal pathways, no study
has simultaneously assessed and compared these bi-
directional effects in the same sample. This is a signifi-
cant limitation in a research literature that cannot rule
out cross-study inconsistencies due to sample and
measurement differences. Further, unidirectional inves-
tigations cannot examine the relative importance of
each causal pathway. That is, which pathway contributes
most strongly to the observed association between poor
mental health and unemployment, and thus, which

should be the focus of clinical goals and policy efforts
towards social inclusion.
The unique aim and contribution of this study is to
simultaneously examine the two reciprocal associations
between unemployment and poor mental health using a
validated, continuous measure of psychological distress.
We investigate and contrast: (i) the impact of unemploy-
ment on subsequent mental health and (ii) the effect of
mental health on subsequent unemployment over nine
waves of longitudinal data.
Methods
Study design and setting
Data were from nine waves of the Household, Income
and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey (re-
lease 9.0); a nationally representative household panel
survey conducted annually from 2001. Participant con-
sent was obtained and the HILDA survey was approved
by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the
University of Melbourne. The survey used a multi-stage
sampling approach, sampling households within dwell-
ings within a selection of administrative areas. At base-
line, there were 7,682 responding households (response
rate of 66%); including 13,969 household members aged
15 years and older (92% of the eligible population) who
completed a personal interview. Ninety-four per cent of
these respondents returned a self-completion question-
naire (SCQ) containing data on their mental health.
Given the focus on employment, analyses are re-
stricted to working-age respondents (20 to 55 years at
baseline) to minimise the influence of age-normative
transitions into and out-of the workforce (e.g., retire-
ment). This resulted in a sample of 8315 respondents.
Over nine waves of data, the average wave-to-wave attri-

tion in this subsample was 6.9%. The likelihood of attri-
tion from the sample was not associated with baseline
mental or physical health (10-point increase on Mental
Health Inventory: OR = 0 .99, 0.96 - 1.01; 10-point
Olesen et al. BMC Psychiatry 2013, 13:144 Page 2 of 9
increase on Physical Functioning scale: OR =0.98, 0.95 -
1.01), but was greater amongst those without a partner
(OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.93 – 1.20), those who were un-
employed (OR = 1.43, 1.15-1.78) and those otherwise
not participating in the labour force (OR = 1.17, 1.03 –
1.32). As we were concerned with longitudinal analysis
and cross-lagged predictors of mental health and un-
employment, we further restricted the sample to those
with three or more waves of data available for analysis.
This resulted in a final sample size of 7176 cases (3371
men and 3805 women). Of these, 81.6% provided data at
the final wave of data collection. Over the course of the
study, 14.2% of these respondents reported at least one
occasion of unemployment (n=1018, 13.6% of men and
14.7% of women). The majority of these respondents
(69.4%) were identified as unemployed for only one wave
of the survey.
The analytic strategic for this study uses all available
data for the variables included in the model, with the
weighted least squares estimator (similar to the max-
imum likelihood procedure) producing consistent and
efficient estimators [32]. Only cases with missing data
for baseline covariates were not able to be included in
the models reported (that is, 60 men and 48 women).

Thus, the sample sizes for the analyses reported in this
paper range between 7068 and 7176.
Measures
Mental health was assessed using the Mental Health In-
ventory (MHI-5), a subscale of the Short-Form Health
Survey SF-[33,36] that was included in the SCQ at every
wave of the HILDA Survey. The MHI-5 assesses symp-
toms of depression and anxiety (nervousness, depressed
affect) and positive aspects of mental health (feeling calm,
happy) during the past four weeks. Respondents indicate
the frequency of these symptoms and responses are
summed and transformed to a normalised scale from 0 to
100. Previous research has demonstrated that the MHI-5
is an effective screening tool for high-prevalence mental
disorders (depression and anxiety disorders) in the general
community [34,35]. Analysis of baseline HILDA Survey
data showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s
alpha=0.82). The present analyses interpret the MHI-5 as
a dimensional measure of these common mental health
Figure 1 Simplified description of the 9-wave, cross-lagged
model (not all paths shown).
problems in light of the high comorbidity between symp-
toms of anxiety and depression [16] and evidence that
internalising disorders reflect a higher-order factor [17].
Consistent with previous studies, we use the reversed scale
where higher scores represent poorer mental health and
greater distress.
Respondents were asked about their current labour-

force status during each interview. This information was
used to categorise respondents as working, unemployed
but actively looking for work, or not participating in the
work force (not in labour force; NILF) at each wave.
Two dummy-coded variables were used to represent
unemployment and NILF compared to employment. Pe-
riods of being NILF are not uncommon and differ to un-
employment because individuals are not actively looking
for work at these times, and are more likely to be volun-
tarily out of the labour force compared to periods of
unemployment. As the focus of this study was to specif-
ically investigate associations between mental health and
unemployment (i.e., involuntary non-participation), NILF
status was included a covariate in all analyses to control
for these other periods of non-participation.
Time-invariant (baseline) covariates of age and sex
were included in all models. Time-variant measures
included NILF status (compared to unemployment),
partner status (married/de facto [living with a partner]
versus no partner) and physical functioning. The Phys-
ical Functioning subscale (PF-10) of the SF-36 assesses
the degree of functional limitations caused by physical
ill-health. In this analysis higher scores indicate poorer
functioning (range 0–100).
Analyses
Cross-lagged path analyses were conducted using Mplus
(7.0) to simultaneously examine reciprocal, longitudinal
relationships between unemployment (versus employ-
ment) and mental health while controlling for contem-
poraneous covariates. A simplified, conceptual version of
the model used for our analyses is represented in
Figure 1. As shown, the key associations between un-
employment and mental health and vice versa were

lagged in the model so that Paths A estimate the effect
of mental health on subsequent unemployment (i.e., in
the following interview) and Paths B estimate the effect
of unemployment on subsequent mental health. The
model assesses cross-lagged and autoregressive effects
independent of contemporaneous associations between
outcome measures at each wave, includes key time-
varying and time-invariant covariates, and holds all paths
consistent across waves (i.e., assumes the effects between
mental health and unemployment are the same at each
wave). The wave 1 variables age and sex are covariates.
Preliminary analyses assessed the appropriateness of
these assumptions through assessment of model fit and
evaluated evidence of gender differences and the need
for gender-specific models.
Models used the ‘weighted least-squares with mean
and variance adjustment estimator’ due to the categor-
ical nature of many of the variables [36]. Adequacy of
model fit was assessed using: comparative fit index
(CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) (>.95), and root mean
square error of approximation (RMSEA; <0.07).
We assessed the relative impact of Paths A and B by
removing each of these pathways. Difference tests were
used to assess the significance of change in model fit
upon these removals [37]. As such, Model 1 included all
cross-lagged terms. Model 2 tested the contribution of
Paths A by fixing this pathway to 0. Model 3 fixed the
Paths B to 0. To evaluate the contribution of each path-
way to overall model fit, Models 2 and 3 were each com-
pared to Model 1. Model 4 fixed both Paths A and B to
0 and evaluated change from Models 2 and 3.
Results

Baseline characteristics of the sample and correlations be-
tween the outcome measures across waves are presented
in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The results show a decline
in the level of unemployment in the sample across waves,
while mean MHI-5 scores remain stable over time. Table 2
shows that the correlations within measures decline with
increasing distance between waves), that measures of un-
employment and mental health are moderately correlated
across waves, and that there is a consistent negative
Table 1 Characteristics of the HILDA sample used in the
reported analyses
Sociodemographics at
Wave 1
Sex (male) 47.0%
Age (mean) 37.8 years
Partnered (married/de facto) 70.6%
Labour-force status Employed 78.8% 4.2%
Unemployed 47.0%
Not in the labour force 17.0%
Outcome variables over time
Wave Mean MHI-5 % unemployed
1 73.4 4.2
2 73.7 3.6

3 74.0 2.7
4 73.9 2.4
5 73.9 2.4
6 74.3 2.5
7 74.2 2.1
8 74.4 2.0
9 74.8 2.4
correlation between unemployment and mental health.
The average correlation across all measures was r=−0.16.
Preliminary models
An initial set of models evaluated the consistency of re-
sults between men and women, contrasting the models
(the simple model including only mental health and
labour-force variables, and the full model with covariates)
where paths were held the same for men and women with
models where these paths were able to differ by gender.
The results for both the simple (chi square = 272.90, df =
11, p < .001) and multivariable models (chi square = 1223,
df = 19, p < .001) suggested that the association between
employment status and mental health differed for men
and women. Therefore, gender specific models are
reported in the remainder of this analysis.

Final models
Model fit and model comparison statistics are presented
in Table 3 for men and women separately.
For men (upper panel of Table 3), Model 1 repre-
sented an adequate fit to the data (though the CFI/TFI
was slightly below 0.95). The cross-lagged coefficients
provide evidence for the significance of Path A (the ef-
fect of mental health on unemployment) and Path B
(the effect of unemployment on mental health). The co-
efficients representing Paths A (z=−3.76) and Paths B
(z=−2.18) were both significant, indicating the presence
of both effects, simultaneously, during the observation
period. A significant contemporaneous association be-
tween unemployment and mental health was also evi-
dent (z=−2.87), indicating a relationship between these
two factors within the same wave of data collection.
Table 2 Correlations of outcome variables (MHI-5 and
unemployment status) across 9 waves of HILDA data
Unemployment polychoric correlations across waves
Unemployed Wave 1 1.00
Unemployed Wave 2 0.66 1.00
Unemployed Wave 3 0.44 0.53 1.00
Unemployed Wave 4 0.37 0.37 0.57 1.00
Unemployed Wave 5 0.42 0.34 0.49 0.55 1.00
Unemployed Wave 6 0.35 0.40 0.50 0.48 0.60 1.00
Unemployed Wave 7 0.32 0.34 0.48 0.40 0.45 0.58 1.00

Unemployed Wave 8 0.29 0.39 0.46 0.45 0.52 0.60 0.65 1.00
Unemployed Wave 9 0.37 0.33 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.52 0.19 0.66
1.00
MHI-5 correlations across waves
MHI-5 Wave 1 1.00
MHI-5 Wave 2 0.59 1.00
MHI-5 Wave 3 0.54 0.62 1.00
MHI-5 Wave 4 0.54 0.57 0.65 1.00
MHI-5 Wave 5 0.51 0.53 0.59 0.64 1.00
MHI-5 Wave 6 0.52 0.55 0.60 0.59 0.65 1.00
MHI-5 Wave 7 0.49 0.55 0.59 0.58 0.62 0.67 1.00
MHI-5 Wave 8 0.49 0.54 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.64 0.66 1.00
MHI-5 Wave 9 0.50 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.60 0.61 0.66 1.00
Unemployment
Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5 Wave 6 Wave 7 Wave 8
Wave 9
MHI-5 Wave 1 −0.17 −0.22 −0.15 −0.25 −0.11 −0.20 −0.07
−0.09 −0.14
MHI-5 Wave 2 −0.09 −0.23 −0.14 −0.23 −0.16 −0.20 −0.13
−0.20 −0.07

MHI-5 Wave 3 −0.10 −0.21 −0.16 −0.24 −0.11 −0.22 −0.15
−0.17 −0.11
MHI-5 Wave 4 −0.13 −0.17 −0.10 −0.22 −0.15 −0.21 −0.12
−0.17 −0.04
MHI-5 Wave 5 −0.15 −0.22 −0.15 −0.17 −0.15 −0.22 −0.11
−0.17 −0.14
MHI-5 Wave 6 −0.11 −0.21 −0.12 −0.17 −0.13 −0.24 −0.17
−0.17 −0.11
MHI-5 Wave 7 −0.11 −0.16 −0.12 −0.22 −0.13 −0.20 −0.17
−0.15 −0.07
MHI-5 Wave 8 −0.13 −0.19 −0.10 −0.19 −0.12 −0.20 −0.13
−0.21 −0.06
MHI-5 Wave 9 −0.16 −0.20 −0.12 −0.17 −0.13 −0.17 −0.18
−0.16 −0.15
Removing the cross-lagged pathway leading from
mental health to subsequent unemployment (Path A)
significantly reduced the overall fit of the model (evident
by the significant change is chi-square for Model 2).
Similarly, removing the cross-lagged pathway leading
from unemployment to subsequent mental health (Path
B) significantly reduced overall model fit (Model 3), al-
though this effect was less pronounced. Two further
analyses examined the contribution of Paths A and B to

these reduced models through comparison with a model
in which pathway neither was included (see comparisons
with Model 4 in Table 3). Again, the exclusion of each of
the cross-lagged pathways further reduced overall model
fit, with the deletion of Path A (from mental health to
unemployment) again producing the greatest effect. Taken
together, these results indicate that the poorer mental
health observed amongst men who are unemployed (ver-
sus employed) is attributable to both the impact of
unemployment on mental health and mental health on
subsequent employment. However, the lagged effect of
mental health on unemployment is somewhat stronger.
For women (lower panel, Table 3), the initial model fit
was also adequate. Both the cross-lagged pathways from
mental health to subsequent unemployment (z=−6.46)
and from unemployment to subsequent mental health
(z=−4.88) were significant and similar. The contempor-
aneous association between unemployment and mental
health was also significant (z=−3.33). Further, the removal
of each of these pathways at the second step of the model-
ling process significantly reduced overall model fit. While
both pathways (from unemployment to subsequent
mental health, and from mental health to subsequent un-
employment) contributed significantly to the overall
model fit, the results suggest that the pathway from men-
tal health to subsequent unemployment was again
somewhat stronger. This is consistent with the pattern of
results evident for men.
Discussion
Disentangling the relationship between mental health
and unemployment provides an important evidence base
to inform national health and social inclusion policies
[12]. This is the first study to simultaneously examine

and contrast the relative strengths of the bi-directional
pathways between unemployment and mental health in
a single population sample. Poor mental health was
found to be both a consequence of and risk factor for
unemployment in equal strengths, over and above the
contemporaneous association observed between these
two factors. The evidence for men in particular, sug-
gested that mental health was a stronger predictor of
subsequent unemployment than unemployment was a
predictor of subsequent mental health.
Our finding that mental health is consistently associ-
ated with future job loss is consistent with previous re-
search [8,22,38]. However, most studies that have linked
mental illness to unemployment have focused on people
with severe and low prevalent psychiatric disorders. This
contrasts with our use of a continuous measure of men-
tal health symptoms in a general community sample.
Women typically report more depressive and anxiety
symptoms than men [39], whilst men are known to
demonstrate higher rates of low prevalence disorders
[40]. Thus, the stronger associations evident for women
in this sample may reflect the fact that men reported
relatively better mental health (as defined by our meas-
ure) compared to women. The results of Prause and
Dooley [16] and our previous research [41] offer some
support for this explanation. Using a continuous meas-
ure of depression, Prause and Dooley found that men
Table 3 Model fit statistics for cross-lagged path models of
unemployment and mental health
Men CFI TLI RMSEA Change χ2 df p
Model 1 both lagged effects 0.93 0.93 0.046

Model 2 no lagged effect of MHI-5 (no Path A) 0.93 0.93 0.046
16.57ª 1 <.0001
Model 3 no lagged effect of unemployment (no Path B) 0.93
0.93 0.0436 4.15ª 1 =.042
Model 4 neither lagged effect 0.93 0.93 0.043
no lagged effect of unemployment: compared to Model 2 9.03 1
=.0027
no lagged effect of MHI-5: compared to Model 3 16.81 1 <.0001
Women
Model 1 both lagged effects 0.95 0.95 0.043
Model 2 no lagged effect of MHI-5 (no Path A) 0.95 0.95 0.044
38.51ª 1 < .0001
Model 3 no lagged effect of unemployment (no Path B) 0.95
0.95 0.043 19.05ª 1 < .0001
Model 4 neither lagged effect 0.95 0.95 0.044
no lagged effect of unemployment: compared to Model 2 32.54
1 < .0001
no lagged effect of MHI-5 : compared to Model 3 50.63 1 <
.0001
ª compared to Model 1.

with low levels of depression were more likely to gain
employment that their female counterparts but this ad-
vantage was less apparent amongst people with higher
levels of depression. Using the first five waves of the
HILDA Survey, we found that men’s mental health was
associated with subsequent duration of unemployment
but not increased likelihood of unemployment [41].
We also showed that unemployment was associated
with poorer mental health in the future. However, this
effect was somewhat weaker than the pathway in the re-
verse direction, particularly for men. We offer two pos-
sible explanations for this result. Firstly, we found that
the experience of unemployment at baseline was associ-
ated with some increased likelihood of attrition from the
survey. Explorative analysis showed that this effect was
limited to men in the sample (men: OR = 1.52, 1.15 -
2.014; women: OR = 1.28, 0.90 - 1.81). Thus, we may
have been less able to capture the lagged mental health
consequences of unemployment due to greater sample
attrition. Secondly, the effects of unemployment on men-
tal health may be most evident more proximally to the
actual event of unemployment than could be detected by
the data collection method of the HILDA Survey. The
waves of data for the HILDA Survey are collected, on
average, 12 months apart. Thus, the time lag between
waves may have somewhat masked the strength of this
effect.
Limitations and strengths
We acknowledge limitations to the generalisability of
our findings. Due to the measures available in the
HILDA Survey, we could not consider diagnosable men-
tal illness. We instead focused on a continuous concept

of mental health that is more sensitive to detecting
change, including subclinical change [42]. Secondly, we
restricted our analyses to respondents of prime working
age (20 to 55 years at baseline) to avoid the influence of
normative workforce transitions. Consequently, our re-
sults and recommendations should not be applied to
younger and older cohorts without repeated studied in
these age groups. The analytic technique used in this
study is a significant strength that offers advantages over
previous studies on this topic: chiefly and significantly,
the ability to simultaneously test and compare the
strength of bi-directional effects unemployment and
mental health over time amongst the same individuals.
Such evidence is essential to the formation of policies
that deal with multi-faceted concepts (e.g., social inclu-
sion) and aims (e.g., to improve both health and partici-
pation). The priority of this ‘in principle’ study was to
clarify the bi-directional relationship between unemploy-
ment and mental health. Future research and additional
modelling techniques will extend the current findings to
elucidate the roles of additional socioeconomic and
health factors that may contribute to this relationship.
Implications for policy and practice
The findings of this study have clear implications for
health and social inclusion policies in the general com-
munity and amongst people with existing mental health
problems more specifically. Our findings provide strong
support that, on average, the poorer mental health ob-
served amongst people who are unemployed (versus
employed) is attributable to both the impact of un-
employment on (subsequent) mental health and mental
health on (subsequent) unemployment. The occurrence
of these two longitudinal effects alongside a strong con-
temporaneous association also supports the contention

that poor mental health and non-participation have a
cyclical relationship that may lead to entrenched disad-
vantage [12,14]. Accordingly, concurrent policies that
aim to improve employment prospects for all people at
risk of unemployment and, specifically, address the bar-
riers to employment faced by people with existing men-
tal health problems appear required. The latter aim is
explicit in Australia’s current National Mental Health
Plan [2], which is guiding the development of current
and future policies in this sector. Our findings thus sup-
port for this priority and the continuation and expansion
of interventions to assist people with mental health
problems to remain in or re-enter the workforce [43]
and programs to reduce mental health problems in the
general community. However, for men, the pathway
from unemployment to poor mental health was less con-
sistent. Policies to promote and maintain workforce par-
ticipation should be a focus of mental health prevention
programs, particularly for men.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that poor mental health is both
a consequence and determinant of unemployment, that
the strength of each relationship is broadly consistent,
but that gender differences are present. These findings
highlight the cyclical and potentially entrenched nature
of poor mental health and participation and the need for
a similarly reciprocal design in employment, welfare,
and mental health policies.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
SCO drafted the manuscript, tables and figure. PB performed
statistical

analyses. All authors contributed to the conceptual design of the
study,
interpretation of the data, and revisions to the manuscript. All
authors read
and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
SCO and LSL were funded by the Australian National
University and
fellowships from the Australian National Health and Medical
Research
Council. PB and JP were funded by fellowships from the
Australian National
Health and Medical Research Council. MK was funded by a
fellowship from
the Australian Research Council.
The authors thank reviewers for their comments and
contributions to the
Methods, Results and Discussion sections of this paper.
Author details
1Centre for Research on Ageing, Health & Wellbeing College of
Medicine
Biology & Environment, The Australian National University,
Bldg 62A
Eggleston Road, The Australian National University, Acton
ACT 0200,
Australia. 2Melbourne School of Population and Global Health,
Faculty of
Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of

Melbourne, Level 4
207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Received: 18 September 2012 Accepted: 7 May 2013
Published: 24 May 2013
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ROUGH DRAFT - THE WOMEN'S MINISTRY
1
Theology: The Women’s Ministry
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Most importantly, I give acclaim and thanksgiving to God the
Father of my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. He has generously
given me the astuteness, comprehension, learning, and quality
to begin and complete this undertaking. Without Him, I can do
nothing, yet through Jesus
Christ, I can do all things. He has been with me on this
adventure from the earliest starting point to the finish, as He
guaranteed.
ABSTRACT
REVITALIZING THE WOMEN'S MINISTRY: WOMEN
MENTORING TO THE WOMEN.
Ladies are serving in critical parts inside of the congregation
today. Countless are utilizing women as a part of different
authority parts and actualizing tutoring projects through
profoundly develop females. One of the issues confronting
temples today is the organizing of a key preparing system for
tutors. This undertaking will devise a key nine-week scriptural
coaching preparing task for the more develop Christian ladies
inside of the internal city holy places of Houston, Texas and
encompassing regions. The objective is to advance otherworldly
wellbeing and development that will support a positive way of
life decisions in more youthful females. The procedure used
information acquired from a few temples situated inside of the
inward city of Houston, Texas.
Introduction

Various chapels are encountering transformational development
and change while others are declining numerically and
profoundly. Some places of worship are spots adding to the
change in their groups while others have no effect on their
groups practically.
For transformational development to happen the places of
worship's primary goal needs to spill out of the Great
Commission and the Great Commandment. Articulation of this
transformational change and development is through service
programs, discipleship programs and also evangelism. The
congregation is stimulated when developing the vicinity of
Jesus in a broken world. Jesus was social. Connections matter to
Jesus Christ because they help breakdown generalizations,
agony, and in dignation, and they give solace and certainty
through these connections. These links are comprehensive of
ladies and men. The Lord has work for women and men. Ladies
can do a work in families that men are not prepared to do.
Evangelism and discipleship are at the heart of chapel
development and profound development of the devotees, as
Dietrich Bonhoeffer expressed, "Christianity without
discipleship is dependable Christianity without Christ."
The author's perspective is that Christians need to be touchy to
the Spirit, as Billy Graham states with respect to the Holy
Spirit, e.g., addressing the devotee (Revelation 2:7), and
affirming (Acts13:2), driving (Acts 8:29), and managing (John
16:13). Paul more than once had dreams in 2 Corinthians 11 and
12. In Acts 16:6-15 (NIV), Paul and his mates made a trip all
through the locale to Phrygia and Galatia, having been kept by
the Holy Spirit from lecturing the word in the region of Asia.
When they went to the fringe of Mysia, Paul attempted to enter
Bithynia, yet the Spirit of Jesus would not permit them to. So
they went by Mysia and went down to Troas.
Amid the night, Paul had a dream of a man of Macedonia
standing and beseeching him, "Approach Macedonia and help
us. "After Paul had seen the vision, he and Luke promptly
arranged to leave for Macedonia, presuming that God had called

them to lecture the gospel to them. Paul and his associates
endeavored to go north however that the entryway was shut. A
while later, they attempted to go east to Bithynia yet that the
entryway was additionally shut. In the event that the entryways
in the east and north had been opened, the gospel would have
gone in an alternate heading. The Lord asked them to go west
and there they met a well-off lady with impact who came to
Jesus by the name of
Lydia. In light of her impact, she found herself able to impact
other ladies to come to Jesus. God got it together of somebody
that others would have neglected. He closes the entryways at the
synagogue as there was no synagogue there. Suppose it is
possible that there had been a synagogue there. They would not
have paid consideration on Lydia. On the off chance that Lydia
had not got salvation, then the other ladies would not have
gotten salvation, and the gospel would not have gone into
Philippi. Lydia got salvation, and, therefore, things began
happening.
Statement of the Problem.
Various chapels and para temples have ladies' services or an
assigned ladies' day once every year. These services are
designed for women in a general way inside of the assembly,
paying little mind to their financial foundation, conjugal status,
or age. An all-encompassing ladies' service ought to be intended
to prepare female guides in otherworldly development and
development, individual connections, can demonstrate how to
relate and join with the future eras and endeavor to proselytize
the persons who are have not acknowledged Jesus. For the more
youthful era of ladies who have accepted Jesus, the guide will
leave a powerful otherworldly guide to the most proficient
method to move through the works and catches of this life, and
turn into the salt and light in a dull world. In Leading
Congregational Change, the creators' state:
At the point when 66% of this current country's gatherings are
seeing a level or declining participation rates, something needs
to change. Be that as it may, bound by custom we regularly

oppose the very change our gatherings need to flourish. Our
test: revitalize our groups and make another focus, one that will
give church pioneers a firm establishment for developing and
reinvigorating assemblages in the blissful soul of Christianity.
One of the explanations for the absence of support of a
percentage of the chapels in preparing Christian ladies to guide
the more youthful ears may be expected to a limited extent to
the exertion, time, and the monetary assets expected to utilize
full-time staff individuals to address these issues. There are,
nonetheless, various places of worship that have fruitful ladies'
services. "As of now, new positions are being made, and, in
addition, educational module inside of a few houses of worship
in the Southern Baptist Convention for ladies to serve as Teen
Girl Student Ministry Directors." Sunday school assumes a vital
part in the discipleship of the individuals who go to Sunday
school classes; nonetheless, countless are not pulling in the
more youthful era. "I think numerous in the Church will concur
that, overall, we have a young grown-up issue.
Young ladies are being given projects that are not particularly
intended to help in helping them meet the difficulties they are
confronted with in regular life and in noting life's inquiries.
Answers to some of these inquiries and a guide to stroll close to
them will prepare and give the essential data to the more
youthful era of ladies in driving profitable lives, submitting
their lives to Christ, enabling them in regions of obligation and
efficiency, and advancing sound way of life decisions, which
ought to be cultivated and sustained inside of the Christian
group.
With the issues the confronting the congregation in these
turbulent times, with the decisions the more youthful era of
females are experiencing, ladies in Christian administration
positions is primary for the connections of women, whether
mother to girl, sister to sister, close relative to niece,
companion to guide or expert to expert. Despite the fact that
women have made some amazing progress similarly as their
initiative parts in the Church, there are still an extraordinary

number of chapels that have not been dynamic in permitting
ladies a showing or authority part in the congregation.
"Authoritatively, Southern Baptists allow women to be partner
ministers and lay pioneers, and limit just the workplace of
senior minister to men. At the same time, women seldom serve
as ministers, the head lay pioneers at Southern Baptist temples.
That is additionally the case in the numerous African-American
Baptist places of worship that have ladies ministers yet no
women elders."
The family is the establishment of society and ladies assume an
imperative part of the family unit as moms, instructors, and
wives. At the point when social orders acknowledge and esteem
women, they prosper, their groups are more grounded, the
chapels experience development, and the nation and world are
better places to live. In social orders where ladies are
underestimated and slandered, be that as it may, the family unit
is debilitated, wrongdoing rates build, kids are ignored,
relational unions have a tendency to end in separation, and the
holy places have no impact in having an impact on these
measurements practically. In a few nations, ladies are damaged
or murdered, straightforwardly and contrarily affecting all parts
of those social orders. This has a progressively outstretching'
influence far and wide.
Purpose of the Project.
Otherworldly coaching is one of the vehicles utilized as a part
of coming of the most youthful era of ladies. Titus 2:3-5 gives
commonsense, additionally a philosophical premise for
coaching of the most youthful era of women. Otherworldly
coaches can have any effect in the fight to spare the gang.
They can direct the most youthful era of ladies to God and a
favored life by being the noticeable contact that is accessible,
real, reliable, sustaining and minding in a protected and
cherishing environment. The exploration venture is two-fold:
First, to illuminate and convey attention to the inward city
houses of worship in Houston, Texas and encompassing ranges

of the basic way of temples getting to be included in the lives
without bounds eras of moms, homemakers, wives, and
pioneers. Second, to successfully help with fortifying the
families in the groups, advance church development, and take
part in evangelism and discipleship through revitalizing ladies'
services as of now in presence. By actualizing a fundamental
scriptural tutoring system to prepare the adult eras of ladies,
ladies who are occupied with seeing the future era of ladies get
to develop Christians result in a next period of women who will
focus on living their lives for Christ.
The mentee will, much of the time, settle on better decisions,
experience accomplishment in various ranges in life, get to be
sound, and engaged ladies. This vital scriptural preparing
system is additionally a compelling evangelism instrument for
the future eras, who are not a piece of the Church. The
advantages of executing such a religious preparing system are
galactic, in that, the guides will get the chance to partake in the
development without bounds era of more youthful ladies,
immerse others' lives, additionally gain from the mentee. The
learning procedure for the Christian is a deeply rooted and
continuous process in which educators can gain from
understudies, understudies from instructors, ministers from
devotees, gatherers from ministers, folks from youngsters, kids
from parents, coaches from mentees, and mentees from tutors.
This venture is a key scriptural preparing project including a
guide and mentee relationship where both are learners and
instructors. Albeit one is more established and smarter, the
other is more youthful with less involvement in the
otherworldly development and here and there life itself, both
can and will gain from one another. There is dependable space
for development, paying little respect to age, financial status,
ethnicity, and instructive or professional foundation. A
protected situation, a spot and procedure where tutors will have
an active domain that will associate them with other ladies
socially and profoundly is basic. The preparation system will

guarantee that each guide comprehends the reality and holiness
and, in addition, the benefits and chances of being a piece of
putting resources into kingdom fabricating by putting resources
into the life of another of God's youngsters. Additionally, it will
serve as an impetus for sincere development in Bible
application, a way of life discipleship, and a more profound
association with Christ and with others. Scholarly endowments
and otherworldly trains will play a noteworthy and
indispensable part in the vital scriptural preparing procedure of
this venture.
Of extraordinary sympathy toward all Christians ought to be the
measurements being accounted for in today's reality, for
example, youngster pregnancies. "In 2011, a sum of 329,797
infants was destined to ladies matured 15-19 years, for a live
conception rate of 31.3 for every 1,000 women in this age
gathering." Single guardian homes because of separation or
demise of a companion are on the ascent as per the
accompanying table from the U.S. Evaluation Bureau.
Statement of Limitations
This undertaking is outlined with an attention on the internal
city temples in Houston, Texas, the greater part of which are
littler in size, yet at the same time various. There are various
tutoring projects as of now set up in associations, organizations,
groups, a few schools, and a portion of the bigger and Mega
chapels. This task is scripturally based, yet the analyst likewise
got some data from mainstream associations. This undertaking
may take some coaching projects as of now in presence,
however it is this present scientist's goal to explicitly plan a
unique scriptural tutoring project concentrated on preparing
Christian ladies who are accessible, have an enthusiasm for the
aggravating insights, and show at least a bit of kindness for
spreading the uplifting news of the Gospel, which can change
lives.
Despite the fact that this venture is not comprehensive, another
reason for existing is to revitalize ladies' services by upgrading
or actualizing the scriptural coaching system at houses of

worship and para temples notwithstanding the in a matter of
seconds existing projects. The system additionally will give the
chapels without a fundamental scriptural preparing project for
ladies utilizing the religious standards included as a part of this
undertaking. Houston, Texas is the fourth biggest city in the
United States; subsequently, the extent of coming to each
congregation inside of the city and encompassing ranges will
take additional time than is taken into consideration this
venture.
Theological Limitations.
The Great Commission, the last words given by Jesus, states,
"In this way, goes and makes devotees of all countries,
submerging them for the sake of the Father and of the Son and
of the Holy Spirit, and showing them to obey all that I have
charged you. Also, most likely I am with you, to the very end of
the age.
"Alongside Jesus' order to go, to make supporters, He
additionally gives the guarantee that He will be with the
individuals who comply with his summons. The very vicinity
and force of Jesus is ensured. This Scripture ought to motivate
devotees and have propelled adherents to go into mission fields
and to go out and proselytize others by sharing the Good News
of Jesus Christ. The uplifting news of the gospel is that as
disclosed in Christians are to make trains likewise as they go, as
they go to work, to class, to the market and as they go about
their ordinary lives; they are to search for chances to spread the
Good News of Jesus Christ.
Romans 10:9 (NIV) states, "That on the off chance that you
admit with your mouth, Jesus is Lord, and has confidence in
your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be
spared." Salvation is God's effortlessness for the delinquent to
get salvation. Making one of the wellsprings of the Great
Commandment, when Jesus was asked, "Which is the best
precept in the Law?" he replied, "Affection the Lord your God
with everything that is in you and with your entire existence and
with your whole personality. "This is the first and most

noteworthy edict. What's more, the second is similar to it:
'Adore your neighbor as yourself. All the Law and the Prophets
hold tight these two rules." The second instruction of cherishing
your neighbor is practically inconceivable without complying
with the first edict. Adoring God and having an individual
association with Him through Jesus Christ empowers and
engages the Christian to love their neighbors too. Affection is
dynamic. It is not inactive. Adoration incorporates the giving of
one's self for the advantage of another.
Historical Limitations.
Instruction for Women's Ministries: A Rationale for and Review
of Women's Ministries for the Beginning of the 21st Century,
proposition by Monica Rose, in which Rose states, "Despite the
fact that ladies' (services for, about and by ladies) have existed
subsequent to the production of Adam and Eve, some
congregation pioneers today are frightened about creating
projects for ladies in the group or contracting ladies in full-time
positions in the congregation." Historically, from the season of
the Old Testament to the New Testament women have possessed
initiative parts, from Deborah as Judge, to Miriam, Moses'
sister, to Priscilla in the New Testament; Deborah, "the pioneer
of Israel who is recognized as a prophetess, a judge, and wife of
Lappidoth."She is portrayed in Judges 5:7, as a mother in Israel
given her part in conveying God's kin."
In the New Testament, there was a few, Aquila, and a Priscilla,
who originated from Italy to Corinth after the head Claudius,
requested the Jews from Rome. This couple got to be Christians
and helped Paul in his service, furthermore had a congregation
meet in their home. They joined Paul in keeping in touch with
the Corinthian church (1 Cor. 16:19, NIV).
Statement of Methodology.
Polls were sent to the ministers and/or partners of one hundred

places of worship inside of the internal city of Houston,
alongside a letter of presentation, an asset structure and a self-
tended to, stamped envelope to energize a brief return. The data
from this information was utilized to discover data relating to
the projects efficiently executed in these temples that are set up
to help coach the most youthful era of ladies. For the places of
worship that are without a current system, data was given to
survey their enthusiasm for building up a project. In the
occasion, no system was being offered; the specialist provided
individual contact data in regards to the vital nine-week
scriptural coaching project. By conveying the surveys,
mindfulness was made of the requirement for preparing ladies in
initiative positions to coach the more youthful era of women,
and to address how the preparation system will advantage the
congregation in its evangelism, discipleship and development in
the building of the Kingdom of God.
Six ladies in initiative positions in holy places and para temples
all through Houston were additionally met with an end goal to
pick up data about their current girls' services. The center amid
these meetings was to assess their projects and evaluate the
qualities and shortcomings of the project. Exact information
from these ladies additionally supported the scientist in refining
the information for this examination venture.
CHAPTER II
STATISTICAL DATA RELATED TO THE MENTORING
PROGRAM
Section two spotlights on the quantifiable information acquired
through the polls of thirty-three holy places, studies from
nineteen graduate understudies in the doctoral project, six ladies
in authority positions, and a center gathering of fourteen women
and one man.
Research Method

The polls, studies, and meetings led were endorsed by the
Academic Advisor, Dr. Charlie Davidson, and the Institutional
Review Board at Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary sent to
the specialist by email. Once the data was gotten, the
information gathered was set in an Excel spreadsheet reflect and
figure the data gave by the ministers of houses of worship in
Houston, Texas, and ministers from diverse ranges of the United
States.
The emphasis is not on the area of the holy places; rather, on
the projects that the temples have set up to profoundly tutor
ladies through a mixed bag of evangelism and discipleship
programs. The chapels that were chosen for this information are
in the urban ranges of Houston. Some of these temples were
picked as a result of their areas, the numbers in the
assemblages, or on account of information gathered on
wrongdoing rates, unwed moms, AIDS/HIV pandemic, and
levels of destitution. The ladies in administration positions
inside of their places of worship were decided to give data on
the most proficient method to enhance the educational program
of the vital scriptural tutoring system, to share their encounters
as ladies pioneers in a male-overwhelming society, and to
consider how the congregation can give projects to help address
the issues of women.
Description of the Research.
A piece of the analyst's advantage was to research and assess
the speculation that chapels are made principally out of ladies,
and that the greater part of holy places don't have critical
profound coaching projects set up to achieve the more youthful
era of women.
Evangelism (contacting the lost) and discipleship (preparing)
tutors to educate the more youthful era of women through
purposeful vital tutoring/discipleship projects are fundamental
teachers to address the issues of the individuals and for the
development of the congregation profoundly and numerically.
Data got from the surveys, studies, meetings, gathering and the

center gathering uncovered that countless have ladies in
volunteer positions, e.g., Sunday teachers, yet inadequate girls
in initiative areas proportionate to the quantity of women in the
Church.
Analysis of the Data
The information got was looked into and investigated with the
end goal of acquiring data expected to compose a fundamental
scriptural tutoring preparing system for usage in the houses of
worship that are without projects for the more youthful era of
ladies. In particular, the exploration was broke down to survey
the needs of the temples with a particular end goal to actualize a
scriptural system to prepare women how to coach other ladies
while helping in the otherworldly development and development
of the ladies.
The investigations show that the women of the thirty-three
houses of worship reviewed makeup seventy-five to eighty
percent of the assemblies contrasted with a quarter century
thirty percent of men. Ninety-five percent of the temples
expressed that there were ladies in initiative positions. These
areas predominantly included Sunday teachers and clerical
specialists. There were just forty-five to fifty percent of the
holy places that had tutoring projects set up either in the
congregation or through outside assets. Interestingly, one of the
applicable inquiries asked by this analyst was "Regardless of
whether the holy places were manageable to having a vital
scriptural coaching preparing project actualized inside of their
assemblages?" Ninety-nine percent of the chapels addressed
yes. In assessing this data, it is clear that the lion's share of
chapels has a familiarity with the need and an ability to be a
piece of preparing and enabling the ladies in their temples.
Results of the Questionnaire
The survey uncovered numerous profitable experiences, which
was not out of the ordinary since every congregation has an
alternate statement of purpose for their viewpoint gatherings.
The dominant part of answers included in their declarations of
purpose "salvation."

Revitalizing Women's Ministries.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary characterizes the word revitalize
as "to give new life or energy, to bestow new or power restore
to a dynamic or new condition." The larger part of super chapels
have compelling Women's Ministries, in which projects are set
up to address the issues of the more youthful and more seasoned
ladies of the congregation from conception to the grave. This
vital scriptural coaching project is centered on the urban ranges
of Houston, Texas, where the houses of worship are littler and
have male initiative. The vast majority of these places of
worship have a Women's Day program, yet no projects set up to
address the issues without bounds eras of females. As an
aftereffect of these unmet needs, the more youthful women
either go to the bigger temples or don't go to the chapel by any
stretch of the imagination.
This is both unsuitable and rebellious to the scriptural command
of the Great Commission and the Great Commandment. The
congregation is not to be elite, but rather comprehensive, as
Jesus was full, tolerating all who had faith in him and his
conciliatory, redemptive deal with the Cross.
Conclusion.
All together for a scriptural coaching system to be powerful,
authoritative preparing for tutors is fundamental. In this way,
this study is intended to make the profoundly develop ladies in
meeting the physical, enthusiastic, and profound needs of the
most youthful era of women inside of the congregation. Also,
the study is planned likewise to accomplish the accompanying
objectives: Encourage females to develop their confidence in
Christ; create and fortify close associations with the more
youthful era of girls; and give chances to these women to serve
in their viewpoint houses of worship by contacting their groups
in Christ.
This is a nine-week vital scriptural tutoring system given the
Great Commission and the Great Commandment. The project is
additionally taking into account Titus 2:3-5 (NIV), "In like
manner, educate the more established ladies to be respectful in

the way they live, not to be slanderers or dependent on much
wine, yet to show what is great. At that point they can prepare
the more youthful ladies to love their spouses and youngsters, to
act naturally controlled and immaculate, to be unadulterated, to
be occupied at home, to be thoughtful and to be liable to their
spouses, so that nobody will defame the expression of God."
Tutoring as ordered in Titus 2:3-5 is a clarion requires the
places of worship and para-temples to make a move in
contacting the most youthful era of ladies. "Christian more
established girls have an obligation to set a decent case for the
more young women. These more seasoned women in Paul's had
day lived a lot of their lives before knowing Christ. They could
help the more young ladies to keep away from their mix-ups by
educating about the change Christ had worked in their lives and
by displaying the characteristics of a genuine way of life."
A tutor is an aide who will lead others through another territory
because they have been there before and are willing to impart
their experience to others. Accessibility, responsibility, and
realness are ethics of a coach. God utilizes the individuals who
are accessible. He outfits that accessibility with the force of His
Holy Spirit. In the event that the professor is willing to benefit
themselves to God, God will do the rest.
Bibliography
Anderson, Keith and Reese, Randy D. Spiritual Mentoring, a

Guide for Seeking and Giving Direction. Downers Grove: IVP
BOOKS, 1999.
Arterburn, Shannon Ethridge & Stephen. Every Young Woman's
Battle: Guarding Your Mind, Heart, and Body in a Sex-
Saturated World. Colorado Springs: WaterBrook Press, 2004.
Avery, Rosemary, ed. “The Potential Contribution of Mentor
Programs to Relational Permanency for Youth Aging Out of
Foster Care.” Child Welfare 90, no. 3 (05/06/2011).
Balswick, Jack O. and Balswick, Judith K. The Family, 3rd Ed.
Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007.
Bridges, Jerry. The Practice of Godliness. Colorado Springs:
NavPress, 1996.
Burke, John. “The Key to Sharing Your Faith in a Post-
Christian Culture.” Outreach Magazine (02/07/2013).
http://www.outreachmagazine.com/features/5819-the-key-to-
sharing-yourfaith-in-a-post-christian-culture.html.
Burley-Allen, Madelyn. Listening: the Forgotten Skill. 2nd Ed.
New York: Wiley, 1995.
Campbell, Regi and Chancy, Richard. Mentor Like Jesus.
Nashville: B&H Books, 2009.
Cho, Eugene. “The Power of Relationships.” Outreach Magazine
(February 6, 2013). www.outreachmagazine.com/features/5202-
the-power-of-relationships.html.
Clinton, Tim, and Ron Hawkins. “Break the Silence: Calling the
Church to Celebrate Hope Sunday.” The Popular Encyclopedia
of Christian Counseling (March 4, 2012).
Cunningham, Loren, David Joel Hamilton, and Janice Rogers.
Why Not Women: a Biblical Study of Women in Missions,
Ministry, and Leadership. Seattle: YWAM Publishing, 2000.
Davis, Ron Lee. Mentoring: the Strategy of the Master.
Nashville: Thomas Nelson Inc, 1991.
DeMoss, Nancy Leigh, and Dannah Gresh. Lies Young Women
Believe. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 2008.
Denney, Ron, Lee Davis, and James D. Mentoring: the Strategy
of the Master. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Inc, 1991.
Egeler, Daniel. Mentoring Millennials: Shaping the Next Hero

Generation. Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2003.
Ellison, Edna, and Tricia Scribner. Woman to Woman:
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Publishers/Arise, 2005.
Evans, Tony. A Guide to Spiritual Success: The Victorious
Christian Life. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1994.
Fitzpatrick, Elyse, Carol Cornish, eds. Women Helping Women.
Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1997.
Freedman, Marc. The Kindness of Strangers: Adult Mentors,
Urban Youth, and the New Voluntarism. San Francisco: Jossey-
Bass Publishers, 1993.
Hunt, T. W., and Claude V. King. Mind of Christ Work Book.
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