Definitions of Terms - Variation Quiz 2

1. NervousSystem Definition:
Paresis:partial or incomplete paralysis
Thrombus: bloodclotthat isstationary
Hemiplegia:paralysisof one side of the body
Dysarthria: slurredspeech
Hemiparesis:weaknessof one side of the body
Akinesia:complete orpartial lossof muscle movement
Flaccid: weakor absentmuscle tone,lackingforce,weak
Dysphagia: difficultyswallowing
Paralysis: lossof purposeful movement,lossorimpairedof voluntarymovementinbodypart
Aphasia: disorderedorabsentlanguage function,lossof abilitytospeak
Embolism:obstructionof a bloodvessel bydebris
Bradykinesia:extreme slownessof movement
Hemorrhagic: bleeding,accompaniedbyorproducedbyhemorrhage
Stroke: deathof brain cells
Tremor: involuntarymovementorpartor parts of the body
Polycythemia:increase inredbloodcellshappensbecause of lackof oxygenandcreasedlevelof
CO2
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS): A rare, progressive,neurologicaldisordercharacterizedbyloss
of motorneuronsandweaknessandatrophyof the musclesof the hands,forearms,andlegs,
spreadingtoinvolve mostof the bodyandface
Multiple sclerosis(MS)
A chronic,progressive,degenerativedisorderof the central nervoussystem;characterizedby
disseminateddemyelinationof nerve fibersof the brain,spinal cord,andopticnerves.
Immune Systemand Cancerdefinitions:
Oncology: studyof cancer
Benignneoplasm:A localizedtumourwithafibrouscapsule,alimitedpotential forgrowthand
metastasis,aregularshape,andcellsthatare well differentiated.

2. Malignant tumor: canceroustumor
Neoplasm:tumor
Metastasis:spreadof cancer to secondarysites
Biopsy: skintissue samplingfordiagnosis
Carcinogen:causescancer
Chemotherapy:chemical treatment
Radiation therapy: external orinternal treatment
Immunotherapy:stimulate cellsof immunity
Grading:severityof dysplasia
Staging: localizedormetastasis
Carcinoma: cancer of epithelialcells
Sarcoma: cancer of connective tissue
Lymphoma: cancer in lymphsystem
Leukemia:cancer inblood
Myelosuppression:bone marrowsuppression
Colonystimulatingfactor: stimulate hematologicsystem
Erythropoietin:stimulatesgrowthof RBC
Malignant neoplasms:Tumoursthattendto grow, invade,andmetastasize;usuallyhave an
irregularshape;andare composedof poorlydifferentiatedcells.
Carcinoma in situ: A lesionwithall the histological featuresof cancerexceptinvasion.
Cancer: A groupof more than 200 diseasescharacterizedbyuncontrolledandunregulatedgrowth
of cells.
Nosocomial infection:Infectionacquiredafteradmissiontoahealthcare facilitythatwasnot
presentorincubatingatthe time of admission;usuallycalled health care-associated infection;
sometimescallediatrogenicinfection.
Respiratory SystemDefinitions:
Dyspnea
Shortnessof breath;difficultybreathingthatmaybe causedby certainheartconditions,strenuous
exercise,oranxiety.

3. Sleepapnea
Cessationof breathingforatime duringsleep.
Wheezing
Adventitiouslungsoundcausedbyaseverelynarrowedbronchus.
Asthma
a chronic inflammatorydisorderof the airways;hyper-responsivenessortwitchinessof the airwaysis
directlyrelatedtothe degree of airwayinflammation.
Acute bronchitis
an inflammationof the lowerrespiratorytract,usuallydue toinfection.
Chronic bronchitis
a conditioncharacterizedbythe presence of achronicproductive coughforthree monthsintwo
successive years,inapatientinwhomothercausesof chroniccough have beenruledout.
Emphysema
An abnormal andpermanentenlargementof the airspacesdistal tothe terminal bronchioles,
accompaniedbydestructionof theirwallsandwithoutobviousfibrosis.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
A respiratorydisorderlargelycausedbysmoking;characterizedbyprogressive,partiallyreversible
airflowobstruction;systemicmanifestations;andincreasingfrequencyandseverityof exacerbations.
Obstructive sleepapnea (OSA)
Partial or complete upperairwayobstructionduringsleep.
Consolidation
Solidificationintoafirmdense mass;appliedespeciallytoinflammatoryindurationof anormally
aeratedlungdue to the presence of cellularexudate inthe pulmonaryalveoliascommonlyseenin
pneumonia.
Orthopnea
Abnormal respiratorysymptominwhichapersonmustsitor standto breathe deeplyorcomfortably.
Influenza
A commonillnessthatiscausedbya virusand that causesfever,weakness,severeachesandpains,and
breathingproblems
Pandemic
Widespreadinfectionof acommunicable disease,affectinglarge numbersof people globally.
Pandemicinfluenza
highlyinfectiousoutbreakof influenzathatspreadsrapidlyaroundthe world,withmuchmore serious
consequencesthanthe usual effectsof seasonal influenza.
Tuberculosis
An infectiousdisease causedby Mycobacteriumtuberculosis;usuallyinvolvesthe lungs,butalsooccurs

4. inthe larynx,the kidneys,the bones,the adrenalglands,the lymphnodes,andthe meningesandcanbe
disseminatedthroughoutthe body.
Hospital-acquiredpneumonia
Pneumoniaoccurring48 hoursor longerafterhospital admissionandnotincubatingatthe time of
hospitalization.
Pneumonia
Acute inflammationof the lungparenchymacausedbya microbial agent.
Aspirationpneumoniais a lunginfectionthatdevelopsafteryouaspirate (inhale) food,liquid,orvomit
intoyour lungs.If youare notable to cough upthe aspiratedmaterial,bacteriacangrow inyourlungs
and cause an infection.
Cardiovascular SystemDefinitions:
Myocardial ischemia:Cardiacconditionthatresultswhenthe supplyof bloodtothe myocardiumfrom
the coronary arteriesisinsufficienttomeetthe oxygendemandsof the organ.
Edema: Abnormal accumulationof fluidininterstitial spacesof tissues.
Plaque:depositof fattymaterial onthe innerliningof anarterial wall,characteristicof atherosclerosis.
Vasodilation:the dilatationof bloodvessels,whichdecreasesbloodpressure.
Vasoconstriction:the constrictionof bloodvessels,whichincreasesbloodpressure.
Hypertension(HTN):Sustainedelevationof bloodpressure overmore thanone reading;inadults.Exists
whensystolicbloodpressure (SBP) isequal toorgreaterthan140 mm Hg or diastolicbloodpressure
(DBP) isequal to or greaterthan90 mmHg.
Primary (essential) hypertension:Elevatedbloodpressure withoutanidentifiedcause;accountsfor
about90 to 95% of all casesof hypertension.
Secondary hypertension:Hypertensionforwhichthere isaknowncause;accounts for about5 to 10%
of all hypertension
Coronary artery disease:Anabnormal conditionthatmayaffectthe heart'sarteriesandproduce
variouspathological effects,especiallythe reducedflow of oxygenandnutrientstothe myocardium.
Angina: Chestpain that isthe clinical manifestationof reversiblemyocardialischemia.
Chronic stable angina: Chestpainthat occurs intermittentlyoveralongperiodwiththe same patternof
onset,duration,andintensityof symptoms.
Unstable angina (UA):Anginathatis new inonset,occursat rest,or has a worseningpattern.
Venousinsufficiency:isaconditioninwhichthe veinshave problemssendingbloodfromthe legsback
to the heart.

5. Intermittentclaudication:Ischemicmuscle ache or painprecipitatedbyaconsistentlevel of exercise;
resolveswithin10minutesorlesswithrest,andis reproducible.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea:A disordercharacterizedbysuddenattacksof respiratorydistressthat
occur whenthe patientisasleep,usuallyafterseveral hoursof beinginarecumbentposition.
Heart failure (HF):Anabnormal clinical conditioncharacterizedbyimpairedcardiacpumpingresultingin
the characteristicpathophysiological changesof vasoconstrictionandfluidretention.
Endocrine System Definitions:
Diabetesmellitus(DM):A multisystemdisease relatedtoabnormal insulinproduction,impairedinsulin
utilization,orboth
Diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA):Anacute metaboliccomplicationof diabetesoccurringwhenfatsare
metabolizedinthe absence of insulin;characterizedbyhyperglycemia,ketosis,acidosis,and
dehydration.
Fasting bloodsugar: Fastingbloodsugartestsrequire thata patientrefrainfromeatingforbetween8
and 12 hoursbefore the test.
A1C: A1c isa testthat showsthe average level of bloodsugaroverthe past2 to 3 months.
Capillaryglucose monitoring:
The level of circulatingbloodglucoseasmeasured byglucometeranalysis of afingerstick sample.
Hyperglycemia:an excessof glucose inthe bloodstream,oftenassociatedwithdiabetesmellitus.
Hypoglycemia:deficiencyof glucose inthe bloodstream.
Glycosuria:a conditioncharacterizedbyanexcessof sugarin the urine,typicallyassociatedwith
diabetesorkidneydisease.
Polydipsia:abnormallygreatthirstasa symptomof disease (suchasdiabetes) orpsychological
disturbance.
Polyuria:Excretionof an abnormallylarge volume of urine.
Polyphagia:is the medical termusedtodescribe excessivehungerorincreasedappetite andisone of
the 3 mainsignsof diabetes.
Hypothyroidism:Insufficientcirculationof thyroidhormonesresultinginahypometabolicstate.
Hyperthyroidism:A clinical syndrome characterizedbyasustainedincreaseinsynthesisandreleaseof
thyroidhormonesbythe thyroidgland.

6. Gastrointestinal SystemDefinitions:
Diverticulosisand diverticulitis: A diverticulumisanoutpouchingof the mucosathroughthe circular
smoothmuscle of the intestinal wall.Diverticulamayoccurat anypointwithinthe GItract but are most
commonlyfoundinthe sigmoidcolon
Barrett's esophagus:A precancerouslesionthatplacesthe patientatriskfor esophageal cancer.
Barium Swallow: a testthat may be usedto determine the cause of painful swallowing,difficulty
withswallowing,abdominal pain,bloodstainedvomit,orunexplainedweightloss. Bariumsulfate isa
metalliccompoundthatshowsuponX-raysand isusedto helpsee abnormalitiesinthe esophagusand
stomach
UpperGI Series(endoscopy): x-rayexamwithfluoroscopytolocate obstruction,ulcerationsorgrowths
inesophagus,stomaandduodenum.
Gastroesophageal refluxdisease (GERD):A syndrome denotinganyclinicallysignificantsymptomatic
conditionorhistopathological alterationpresumedtobe secondarytoreflux of gastriccontentsintothe
loweresophagus.
Hernia: A protrusionof a viscusthroughan abnormal openingora weakenedareainthe wall of the
cavityinwhichit isnormallycontained.
Hiatal hernia: Herniationof aportionof the stomachintothe esophagusthroughan opening,orhiatus,
inthe diaphragm.