1. Something To
Settle The Nerves!!
(An in depth look into the nervous system through recipes!)
Marisa, Courtney, Nathan, Lindsey, Victoria, & Braxten

2. In this section:
• Organization Of The Nervous System
• Cells of the Nervous System
• Nerve Impulses
• Synapses
• Lab Analysis

3. Recipe: Organization Of The Nervous
System Ingredients:
(5) 1. CNS (Central Nervous System)
2. PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
3. Afferent Division
4. Efferent Division
5. Somatic Nervous System
6. Autonomic Nervous System
(6)

4. Directions:
1. Use the CNS to process the information to and from the two main organs in the PNS, the brain
and spinal cord.
2. Next add the PNS, which contains six ingredients: Sensory Nervous System, Motor Nervous
System, Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic.
Use the Sensory Nervous System to send information to CNS from organs or external stimuli.
- Then use the Nervous System to move information from the CNS organs muscles,
organs, and glands.
- The PNS also contains the Somatic Nervous System which you may use to control
skeletal muscles as well as external sensory organs.
- Add the Autonomic Nervous System to control involuntary muscles such as smooth
eight cardiac muscle.
- The fifth aspect of CNS is the sympathetic; add this to the CNS for control of activities
that increase energy expenditures.
- Lastly add the Parasympathetic for control of the activities that conserve energy
expenditures.
3. Add the Afferent Division for the taste of incoming sensory or afferent pathways. (1 & pg. 344)
4. Next add Efferent Division for the outgoing motor or efferent pathways. (1 & pg. 344)
5. Mix in the Somatic Nervous System and allow to carry information to the somatic effectors. This
may also be found with the label skeletal muscles. These motor pathways make up the somatic
motor division. (1 & pg. 344)
6. The final step is to add the Autonomic Nervous System and allow to carry information to the
smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands. (1 & pg. 344)

5. Recipe: Cells of the Nervous System
Ingredients:
1. Neurons
2. Gila
Seven types of Glia
3. Astrocytes
4. Microglia
5. Ependymal cells
6. Oligodendrocytes
7. Schwann
8. Neurllenma
9. Satellite cells

6. Directions:
1. Use the neurons, or excitable cells, to conduct impulses in order for the
nervous system to function.
2. Also known as glial cells, do not usually conduct information about
themselves. They retain their capacity for cell division throughout adult hood.
Most cancers originate from this cell.
3. Largest type of glia, attach through brain tissue connecting to neurons and
capillaries, feeds the neurons by picking up glucose from blood. BBB double
barrier made of astrocyte feet that make up the walls of capillaries. Influence
the growth of neurons and transmits information
4. Small, found in the central nervous system. They destroy microorganisms
and cellular debris.
5. Form sheets that line fluid filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord.
6. Means cell with few branches clustered around nerve cell bodies.
7. Found only in the peripheral nervous system. Supports nerve fibers.
8. Essential to the regeneration of injured nerve fibers.
9. Surround the cell body of neuron. They support neuronal cell bodies in
regions called ganglia in the peripheral nervous system.
(1 & pg. 344-347)

7. Recipe: Nerve Impulses
This salad conducts signals and expresses conductivity
and excitability. (1)
Ingredients:
1. Membrane Potential
2. Resting Membrane Potential
3. Local Potential
4. Action Potential

8. Directions:
Step 1: Add the Membrane Potential to all living cells to maintain a difference in the
concentration of ions across their membranes. Make sure that the membrane potential
is positively charged on the outside of the membrane and on the inside of the
membrane. (1)
Step 2: Stir in the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) maintaining non-conducting
neurons plasma membrane, being sure the RMP has positive ions on the membranes
outer surface produced by ion transport mechanisms and membrane characteristics. (1)
©4
Step 3: Use the Local Potential to slightly shift away from the resting membrane in a
specific region of the plasma membrane (1)
Excitation- when stimulus triggers the opening of additional Na+ channels, allowing the
membrane potential to move toward zero
Inhibition- when a stimulus triggers the opening of additional K+ channels, increasing
the membrane potential (1)
Step 4: the final step is to check the action potential, or the membrane potential of a
neuron that is conducting an impulse. (1)
• Action Potential consists of five elements: ©3
• When stimulus trigger stimulus-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to diffuse
rapidly into cell (produce local depolarization)
• Potential is reached, voltage-gated Na+ channels open and more Na+ enters the cell
(causes more depolarization)
• Voltage-gated Na+ channels stay open for 1 millisecond before closing
• K+ channels open, allowing outward diffusion (process known as repolarization)
• When hyperpolarization occurs, the resting membrane potential is restored by
sodium-potassium pumps (2)

9. Recipe: Synapse
In this salad signals will be transmitted from presynaptic neurons to post
synaptic neurons.
Ingredients:
1. Neurotransmitters
2. Spatial Summation
3. Temporal Summation

10. Directions:
1. Using a neuron, release the neurotransmitter and
allow the chemical to diffuse across the synapses until
it bonds with a postsynaptic neuron.
2. The next step is summation, which can be done in
two ways; the first option is spatial summation, in
which you will use many presynaptic neurons to cause
the postsynaptic neuron to trigger an action.
3. The second option is temporal summation, in which
only one presynaptic neuron is used many times to
cause the postsynaptic neuron to trigger.
(1)

11. Neuromuscular Reflex Lab

12. Reaction time to external stimulus
Kick 1 Kick 2 Kick 3 Kick 4 Kick 5 Average
Time of muscle contraction 2.05 5.08 8.6 12.35 16.29
Time of Stimulus 1.64 4.84 8.15 12.06 16.17
Delta (Change) 0.41 0.24 0.45 0.29 0.12 0.302
Average
Kick 5
Kick 4
Delta (Change)
Time of Stimulus
Kick 3 Time of muscle contraction
Kick 2
Kick 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

13. Reflex time
Kick 1 Kick 2 Kick 3 Kick 4 Average
Time of muscle contraction 4.24 9.76 14.15 17.83
Time of Stimulus 4.21 9.68 13.99 17.75
Delta (Change) 0.03 0.08 0.16 0.08 0.0875
Average
Kick 4
Delta (Change)
Kick 3
Time of Stimulus
Kick 2
Time of muscle contraction
Kick 1
0 5 10 15 20

14. Reflex time with distraction
Reflex Response Reflex without rienforcement Reflex with reinforcement
Max Min mV Max Min mV
1 1.444 0.8205 0.6235 1.88 0.7383 1.0046
2 1.527 0.7782 0.7488 2.267 0.7129 1.20678
3 1.371 0.8132 0.5578 2.122 0.6754 1.0788
4 1.973 0.6006 1.3724 1.719 0.7093 1.27486
5 3.755 0.4253 3.3297 2.209 0.6767 2.07914
Average Values 2.014 0.68756 1.32644 2.0394 0.70252 1.353984
mV
reinforcement
Reflex with
Average Values
Min
5
Max
4
mV
Reflex without
rienforcement
3
Min
2
Max 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

15. Data Analysis
1. Voluntary movement is the conscious move that you must move. While
involuntary movement is a movement that you choose to move, like picking up
a glass or running. Usually voluntary movement is faster than involuntary. The
voluntary movement is way faster than involuntary.
2. 7.085 m/s
3. The difference could be due to the technology we used. Researchers most
likely have more precise instruments and testing methods which will lead to
more accurate results.
4. The speed of electricity in a copper wire is 300million, and the nerve impulse is
100m/s. This is not even a fraction of the speed of electricity in the copper wire.
5. There can be longer pathways the nerves may need to travel. Some peoples
nervous systems are slower or faster. Depends on the person. Muscle size does
not have anything to do with the speed of the nervous system.