Last name 1 Student Name My speech topic is about using metaphors in a speech. 20 April 2014 Annotated Bibliography Aristotle. On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse (2nd ed.). Trans, Kennedy, George. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Aristotle recommended the use of metaphors when giving a speech because metaphor has clarity, the sweetness of poems and the strangeness of novelty. If the speaker wishes to enhance a thing, Aristotle advises speakers to use a metaphor using something of higher value in the same category; to denigrate a thing, use a metaphor of the same category of lower value. I love the poetic way metaphor was explained. “Metaphor.” Literary Devices, 2019, www.literarydevices.net/metaphor/ Accessed 15 July 2019. This online article explained that a metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two thing that have something(s) in common. One example is “This assignment is a breeze!” Xu, Xu. “Interpreting Metaphorical Statements.” Journal of Pragmatics 39.2 (2009): 1622-1636. ArticleFirst. Web. 10 March 2010. This article explained that unfamiliar concepts in a speech can be better understood by using metaphors when B is a widely known concept and A is not. A metaphor is when a speakers say A is B and a simile is when they say A is like B. This experiment found that audiences perceive a stronger connection to A, when a metaphor was used (A pen is a sword), than when a simile was used (A pen is like a sword). REQUIREMENTS 1. Formal Outline: You will be required to turn in a full-sentence outline complete with in-text citations and a works cited page on the day of your speech. 2. Sources: Minimum of 3 (three) orally cited sources from at least 2 types of research with 1 being a journal article from CPP library portal. This means that if you cite all web sites, you do not meet the assignment requirements. For example: 1 newspaper article, 1 peer reviewed or industry specific journal article, and 1 pamphlet OR 1 government (.gov) or university (.edu) web site article, 1.book. a. Sources must be heard during the speech b. Cited in the text of the outline (called in-text citation) c. Work Cited page · You may use either citation MLA or APA format (do not mix the two formats) INFORMATIVE SPEECH WORKSHEET This worksheet is meant to be a simple guide to helping you prepare your presentation (written) outline for your speech. Keep in mind, the contents will differ from student to student, depending on your topic/organizational pattern but the “parts” or the sections should be very similar. I expect ALL parts to be included in your final outline, typed out and checked for grammar/spelling/punctuation. Informative speeches are meant to present NEW information to your audience. So, you may think of yourself as “teacher for a day.” You may select any Cal Poly Pomona service, activity, or club that benefits students: LRC, confidential survivor advocate, sorority, health center, psychology services, c ...

1. Last name 1
Student Name
My speech topic is about using metaphors in a speech.
20 April 2014
Annotated Bibliography
Aristotle. On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse (2nd ed.).
Trans, Kennedy, George. New York: Oxford University Press,
2007. Print.
Aristotle recommended the use of metaphors when giving a
speech because metaphor has clarity, the sweetness of poems
and the strangeness of novelty. If the speaker wishes to
enhance a thing, Aristotle advises speakers to use a metaphor
using something of higher value in the same category; to
denigrate a thing, use a metaphor of the same category of lower
value. I love the poetic way metaphor was explained.
“Metaphor.” Literary Devices, 2019,
www.literarydevices.net/metaphor/ Accessed 15 July 2019.
This online article explained that a metaphor is a figure of
speech that compares two thing that have something(s) in
common. One example is “This assignment is a breeze!”
Xu, Xu. “Interpreting Metaphorical Statements.” Journal of
Pragmatics 39.2 (2009): 1622-1636. ArticleFirst. Web. 10
March 2010.
This article explained that unfamiliar concepts in a speech
can be better understood by using metaphors when B is a widely
known concept and A is not. A metaphor is when a speakers
say A is B and a simile is when they say A is like B. This
experiment found that audiences perceive a stronger connection
to A, when a metaphor was used (A pen is a sword), than when
a simile was used (A pen is like a sword).

2. REQUIREMENTS
1. Formal Outline: You will be required to turn in a full-
sentence outline complete with in-text citations and a works
cited page on the day of your speech.
2. Sources: Minimum of 3 (three) orally cited sources from at
least 2 types of research with 1 being a journal article from CPP
library portal. This means that if you cite all web sites, you do
not meet the assignment requirements. For example: 1
newspaper article, 1 peer reviewed or industry specific journal
article, and 1 pamphlet OR 1 government (.gov) or university
(.edu) web site article, 1.book.
a. Sources must be heard during the speech
b. Cited in the text of the outline (called in-text citation)
c. Work Cited page
· You may use either citation MLA or APA format (do not mix
the two formats)
INFORMATIVE SPEECH WORKSHEET
This worksheet is meant to be a simple guide to helping you
prepare your presentation (written) outline for your speech.
Keep in mind, the contents will differ from student to student,
depending on your topic/organizational pattern but the “parts”
or the sections should be very similar. I expect ALL parts to be
included in your final outline, typed out and checked for
grammar/spelling/punctuation.
Informative speeches are meant to present NEW information to
your audience. So, you may think of yourself as “teacher for a
day.” You may select any Cal Poly Pomona service, activity, or
club that benefits students: LRC, confidential survivor
advocate, sorority, health center, psychology services, career

3. center, a club that you are in or are considering joining.
Informative speech topics are on a first come, first serve basis.
Claim yours as soon as you can.
Organizational Patterns: You may choose one of these different
types of organizational patterns to present your information.
Please use the one that will allow your information to “flow”
best.
1. Chronological: Follows the natural sequential order. In other
words, you follow something according to “time/time-
order/sequence.”
The life of Elvis Presley:
Main Points: Birth/Early Life, Career, Death
2. Spatial: Follows the physical arrangement of a place, scene,
object in which main points can be arranged in physical
proximity/space.
Wonders of the World:
Main Points: Pyramids of Mexico, Coliseum of Rome, Great
Wall of China
3. Topical (also called categorical): Follows a topic based
speech, in which each of the main points acts as its own “mini-
topic/subtopic.”
Types of Common Cancers:
Main Points: Breast, Lung, Bone.
Name.
OUTLINE
Title: Cal poly Pomona game room

4. General Purpose: To Inform
Specific Purpose: This statement should include what
specifically you plan to inform audience about.
Organizational Pattern:
INTRODUCTION (All capital letters)
I. Attention Getter: This represents the first words out of your
mouth! So make sure it GRABS the audience in. Make sure it is
relevant/appropriate to your topic. Some devices you can use
for the attention getter are:
· Joke/Humor (Make sure it is appropriate/in good taste!)
· Narrative/Story (Be brief)
· Shocking Statement
· Fact/Statistic
· Poem
· Quote
· Question
· Visual Aid/Activity
II. Specific Purpose Statement: Today, I will inform you…
III. Significance/ Relevance to the audience: This statement
should let the audience know why it is relevant and/or important
to them.
IV. Credibility: If you have a particular credibility with a topic
(i.e. if you are a member, work at, or have used the services)

5. then reveal this and your research on the topic in a credibility
statement. This will help create trust between you and your
audience and demonstrate that you know what you are
discussing.
V. Preview Statement: This statement should reveal ALL of
your main points in one simple sentence and give the audience a
clear picture of what is to come in your speech. Another option
is to use three sentences with parallel words (i.e. first, second,
third) to be simple and concise and allow the audience to hear
how many points they will hear within your speech.
MAJOR TRANSITION: This statement allows the audience to
hear that you are moving from the introduction to the body and
can be relatively brief. “Now that we know what we are going
to discuss, let us first look at….”
BODY (All capital letters)
I. Main Point: Provide a general opening sentence which
previews information and evidence to come in the sub-points
below. (*Note: Keep sub-points in pairs at minimum).
A. Sub-point: Related to the main point, but provides more
specific information and may include evidence to support.
(*Note: keep sentences simple and make sure the information is
in clear “groupings”).
B. Sub-point: Related to the main point, but provides more
specific information and may include evidence to support.
i. Related to the first sub-point, but again, provides even more
detailed information/evidence.
C. Sub-point: Related to the main point, but provides more
specific information and may include evidence to support.
i. Related to the first sub-point, but again, provides even more
detailed information/evidence.
Minor Transition: This sentence shows movement from point A

6. to point B.
II. Main Point: Provide a general opening sentence which
previews information and evidence to come in the sub-points
below. (*Note: Keep sub-points in pairs at minimum).
A. Sub-point: Related to the main point, but provides more
specific information and may include evidence to support.
(*Note: keep sentences simple and make sure the information is
in clear “groupings”).
B. Sub-point: Related to the main point, but provides more
specific information and may include evidence to support.
i. Related to the first sub-point, but again, provides even more
detailed information/evidence.
C. Sub-point: Related to the main point, but provides more
specific information and may include evidence to support.
i. Related to the first sub-point, but again, provides even more
detailed information/evidence.
Minor Transition: This sentence shows movement from point B
to point C.
III. Main Point: Provide a general opening sentence which
previews information and evidence to come in the sub-points
below. (*Note: Keep sub-points in pairs at minimum).
A. Sub-point: Related to the main point, but provides more
specific information and may include evidence to support.
(*Note: keep sentences simple and make sure the information is
in clear “groupings”).
B. Sub-point: Related to the main point, but provides more
specific information and may include evidence to support.
i. Related to the first sub-point, but again, provides even more
detailed information/evidence.

7. C. Sub-point: Related to the main point, but provides more
specific information and may include evidence to support.
i. Related to the first sub-point, but again, provides even more
detailed information/evidence.
MAJOR TRANSITION: This sentence should move the audience
from your body into your conclusion.
CONCLUSION (All capital letters)
I. Review Statement: This statement should reiterate your points
again to summarize what your audience learned about in your
speech. Make sure to include all of your main points. This
should be the mirror image of your preview statement but
written/spoken in past tense, “Today we have learned about…”
II. Final Thought: This sentence(s) leave your audience with a
great last impression of you and your speech/information. Like
the attention getter, you can use devices such as a quote,
question, story, joke, etc. to create a lasting memory. Better
yet! Tie it to your attention getter.
WORKS CITED
Your works cited should represent ONLY the
information/evidence you use within your speech as opposed to
all of the information you researched. Make sure to put citations
in MLA or APA format and list in alphabetical order according
to last name of the authors.
CITING YOUR SOURCES
We all know plagiarism is wrong, but according to
www.plagarism.org/problem4.html, 36% of college students
“cut and paste” from the internet without even citing where it
came from! Another 41% copy from printed books, journals and
other articles without giving proper credit.

8. WHAT/WHEN do I Cite?
You MUST cite in the following scenarios:
1. When you use a direct quote (word-for-word)
2. When you paraphrase (summarize in your own words/ideas)
3. When you use statistics, illustrations, diagrams, graphs etc.
You DO NOT need to cite when information is common
knowledge
(Sacramento is the capitol of the state of California). However,
when in doubt, CITE!!!
Paraphrasing Techniques: Change the sentence to include words
that reflect your own voice. Often times, we hear very technical
quotes which sound “different” from the overall tone and
vocabulary of the speech. Paraphrasing is helpful to synthesize
your information and make sure it sounds like one big body of
work rather than sounding “choppy.”
1. “In Romero’s words…”
2. “Romero expressed…”
3. “Romero stated…”
Quote from Estrella Romero: “It is my opinion that
Communication Studies is the best major a college can offer! It
is useful toward any career whether it be health care to
business. I think that all students should consider either
majoring or even minoring in Communication Studies!”
Paraphrase: In Romero’s words, having a degree in
Communication Studies may help in any career field you choose

9. to enter. She believes that students should look into possibly
majoring or minoring in Communication Studies.
WHY do I need to Cite?
1. It looks good! It shows you did your “research.”
2. It shows courtesy and respect to the authors who worked hard
to publish their work!
3. It is ethical!
HOW do I Cite?
Simple citing involves a three step process:
1. Preview the information (Begin with a opening statement)
2. Cite the information (Plug in the “According to…” followed
by the information).
3. Explain the information (If the information is unclear,
provide a brief explanation)
General Citations
· You do NOT need to include the words “quote” “unquote”
when citing evidence in your speech.
· Make sure to include citations in all Power Point and/or Visual
Aids.
· Remember, you must include enough information about the
source so that your audience member can easily find that same
information, if he/she would like to research more of your topic
on their own.
· Try to avoid the same phrase, “According to…” Rather, play
with the verbiage. Some other examples you can use are:

10. · Romero stated…
· Romero asserted…
· Romero suggested…
· As stated in…
· As found in…
· As reported in…
· Evidence in_____ points out that…
· It was reported in…
Facts/Statistics
Fact and Statistics can be very powerful and useful evidence.
However, keep in mind that they can quickly become confusing.
Some tips for using facts/statistics:
1. Make sure they are both accurate and current!
2. Be mindful of using too many, an audience does not like to
hear too many numbers.
3. Be sure to round off numbers if you can (while maintaining
the integrity of the information) to help audience comprehend.
4. Try to summarize the statistical information if it is very
complex.
Websites
Information on websites can be useful. However, there are

11. several websites that are not scholarly, contain unverifiable
information and do not even provide pertinent information such
as the authors and updated information. Likewise, although the
internet is often the first place students will go to for research,
keep in mind that students presented well researched speeches
long before the invention of the internet, so as you begin the
research process, ask, “If the internet did not exist, where would
I go for research??” For those sources you find on the internet,
ask yourself, who created the site? Why did they create this site
and what information is on it?
Include authors, organizations and dates. When citing in the
actual speech, you do not need to site the entire complicated
web URL. For example, instead of saying,
www.centerfordiseasecontrol.1234/html. You can simply say,
“The Center for Disease Control’s Website…”
Television Show/Films
Some students may choose to use television/films for their
evidence. If you include this in your research make sure to site
the name of the TV show/film, title, air date and/or year.
Personal Interviews
Personal Interviews represent a form of primary research in
which you are the person conducting the research. If you
include personal interviews as evidence, make sure to include
the name of the interviewee, their title/position, and date of
interview.
Magazine/Newspaper/Academic Journal (Periodicals)
These represent some of the most common forms of evidence.
Be sure to include, the author(s), date of publication, title of
article and name of magazine/newspaper/journal.

12. Many thanks to Dr. Star Romero of Riverside City College for
allowing me the use of her excellent speech packet.
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