Early modern colonialism focused on establishing coastal enclaves and trading posts to extract resources for trade, while 19th-century imperialism involved extending direct political control deeper into the interior of continents through the use of new technologies like railroads, steamships, and modern medicine. In Mozambique, indigenous women's practice of tattooing tinhlanga challenged Portuguese colonial rule by exposing the limitations of European power over local customs. The "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century saw European powers aggressively partition and claim political control over most of Africa, enabled by recent innovations in transportation, medicine, and weapons technology that enhanced their military dominance.