The document discusses the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. Cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions, such as the nucleus which contains DNA, mitochondria which generate energy, and chloroplasts which enable photosynthesis in plants. The plasma membrane forms the boundary between the cell's interior and exterior, and is semi-permeable, regulating what enters and exits the cell. Cell division through mitosis and cytokinesis allows organisms to grow, repair damaged cells, and reproduce asexually.

2. CELL
The basic unit of
life.
The cells activities are
devoted to:
• Making Proteins
• Processing Proteins
• Generating energy
• Converting nutrients
to energy
• Reproducing

3. nucleus
mitochondrion
ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
cell wall
cytoplasm
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
chloroplast vacuole

4. CELL WALL
• Made up of cellulose or chitin.
• Provide support, protection and rigidity of the cell
• Have opening or channels to let water & other molecule
to diffuse. (STOMATA)

5. PLASMA
MEMBRANE
or
CELL
MEMBRANE
• The boundary of external and internal environment of
the cell.
• Act as gatekeeper/Semipermeable membrane
• Made up of two layers of phospholipid

6. POLAR
MOLECULES
NON-POLAR
MOLECULES
CHOLESTEROL
MOLECULES
Help strengthen the
cell, making it more
flexible but less fluid.
CARBOHYDRATES
Attached to membrane
proteins serves as
identification tags,
enabling cells to
distinguish one type of
cell from the other.
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
1. Transport 5. Junction
2. Channel 6. Enzymatic
3. Cytoskeleton 7. Cell
4. Receptors Recognition

8. CYTOPLASM
• Made up of
fluid(CYTOSOL).
• Containing a high
concentration of water
necessary for
maintaining cell
structure.
• The largest part of the
cell where most life
processes occur.

9. NUCLEUS
• “Brain of the cell”/ “Storehouse of Genetic Information”
• Carries the DNA
• Controls all activity within the cells
• It synthesizes ribosomes

10. ORGANELLES
Are part of a connected
system called
ENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM

11. EDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• A thin and folded Membranous structure forming a
network of canals where protein and other molecules
are transported.
• 2 Types of ER: Smooth & Rough

12. ROUGH
EDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• Where most ribosomes are attached.
• Proteins produced in ribosomes are transported in RER
for modification.

13. SMOOTH
EDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• Responsible for the production of lipids & performance
of other specialized functions, such as breaking down
drugs & alcohol.

14. RIBISOMES
• ARE small granular structures made up of RNA and
proteins.
• Involved in the production of proteins (protein synthesis)

15. GOLGI
APPARATUS /
GOLGI
COMPLEX
• Structure of stack flattened sacs where protein are
transported.
• Processed, sorted, packed, delivered & stored
temporarily

16. VESICLES
• Carry the substances in and out of the cells
• Short-lived and recylable

17. VACUOLES
• A fluid-filled sac for storage of materials (water, food,
ions, enzymes, toxins, waste products, pigments that
give color to the petals of plants) needed by the cell
• Support the cells normal structure.

18. Lysosomes
• Contain different hydrolytic enzymes, and other
materials collectively called lysozymes that breaks the
bacteria, and virus.

19. Peroxisomes
• Break down complex molecules into smaller molecules.
• Breaks down alcohol in the body (high in Liver)

20. MITOCHONDRIA
• “Powerhouse of the cell”
• Supply energy to the cell
• Contains their own ribosomes and DNA
• Contain 2 types of membrane

21. PLASTID
(Choloroplast)
• Organelles that help a plant to convert solar energy to
chemical energy(photosynthesis).
• Composed of highly compartmentalized membrane.

22. CENTROSOME
& CENTRIOLES
• Serves as the main Microtubule Organizing Center
(MTOC)
• Organizes microtubules to form Cilia and Flagella.

23. CILIA &
FLAGELLA
• Contains 9-microtubules double arranged in a circle
around two central microtubules called the 9+2 patterns
• Serves as locomotary projection

24. CYTOSKELETON
• A long tread or fibers that can crisscross the entire cell,
thus provided sturdy mechanical support.
• Composed of:
Microtubules Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments

25. CELL
SURFACES AND
JUNCTIONS
• Structures that join cells together
• Compose of three types.
1. Tight junctions
2. Adhesion junctions
3. Gap junctions

30. CELL
DIVISION

31. CELL DIVISION
BENCHMARKS:
• Infer the significance of Cell Division
• Differentiate DNA Molecule, Chromosome, and Chromatid
• Characterize the phases of the Cell cycle and their control
points.
• Describe the major events associated with the stages of
mitosis.
• Explain the process of cytokinesis
• Describe the role of apoptosis in the life cycle of a cell.

32. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CELL DIVISION
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

33. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CELL DIVISION
CELL REPLACEMENT

34. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

35. DIFFERENTIATE DNA MOLECULE,
CHROMOSOME, AND CHROMATID

36. DIFFERENTIATE DNA MOLECULE,
CHROMOSOME, AND CHROMATID