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Omogenizarea
Prin acest procedeu se urmareste stabilizarea emulsiei de grasime
Separarea acesteia la suprafata laptelui in timpul depozitarii este o operatie
facultativa dar recomandata mai ales in cazul laptelui foarte gras
-practic are loc o zdrobire a globulelor de grasime care ajung la dimensiuni
foarte foarte mici
-principiul aparatelor de omogenizare consta in trecerea laptelui sub presiune ,
printr-un spatiu foarte restrans , cand are loc zdrobirea celulelor
Temperatura optima de omogenizare : 60 grade celsius
Aparatele se numesc omogenizator sau clarifixator.

Pasteurizarea
-se bazeaza pe efectul bactericit al caldurii , si consta in mentinerea
laptelui la o anumita temperatura pentru o anumita perioada de timp
-prin pasteurizare se distrug formele vegetative ale microorganismelor (bacterii
patogene) si microflora.
Procedee de pasteurizare:
-pasteurizare joasa , 63-65 grade celsius
la fabricarea branzeturilor.

; 20-30 de minute . Folosita mai ales

-pasteurizarea medie ; 71-74 grade celsius ; 15 secunde.
-pasteurizare inalta 85-90 grade celsius ; cateva secunde urmata de racire
brusca , apa cu gheata la 10 grade celsius.
Pasteurizarea trebuie sa asigure distrugerea bacilului tuberculozei , care este
cel mai rezistent dintre toate organismele , o pasteurizare eficienta asigura
distrugerea a 99,9% dintre organisme.
Eficienta pasteurizarii se verifica prin proba fosfatazei.

Racirea laptelui
pasteurizat
Imediat dupa pasteurizare , in lapte se afla un numar redus de microorganime
(2000/ml).
Pentru a incetini cat mai mult dezvoltarea si inmultirea acestora , precum si a
acelor microorganisme care patrund in mod accidental in lapte , este necesara
racirea laptelui la 4-6 grade celsius.
Etape : -preracire (cu apa rece de la robinet)
-racire profunda (apa+gheata)
Utilajele : -vana cu pereti dubli
-zona de racire a pasteurizatorului cu placi
Pasteurizatorul cu placi , zone de lucru.
O zona preincalzire
Zona de preincalzire , laptele se reincalzeste de la laptele pasteurizat
Zona de pasteurizare
Lapte preincalzit se incalzeste
Zona de racire
Laptele fierbinte cedeaza caldura laptelu rece, apoi se raceste cu apa rece
si cu apa cu gheata.
Se face in tancuri de depozitare unde laptele se mentine la temperatura de 48 grade celsius, pana la ambalare
-tancurile trebuie construite astfel incat temperatura sa nu creasca cu mai mult
de 1-2 grade celsius in 24 de ore

Ambalarea laptelui pasteurizat
-in sticle
-in ambalaje de polietilena
- PET-uri
-Tetrapac

Fabricarea produselor
lactate acide
-produsele lactate dietetice , sunt produse lactate acide care se obitn prin
fermentarea laptelui cu culturi de bacterii lactice , care sunt selectionate.
In unele cazuri , bacteriile lactice sunt asociate cu unele specii de drojdii ,
imprimand produsului o dubla fermentatie ; -lactica
-alcoolica
Valoare dietetica a acestor produse se datoreaza modificarilor pe care le sufera
cazeina
-hidroliza partiala si precipitat, aceste transformari determina cresterea
digestibilitatii produselor lactate acide.
Principalele produse sunt : iaurtul ,chefirul , sana si laptele batut
Produsele lactate acide , pot fi asociate tratamentului cu antibiotice
Maielele lactice; - sunt culturi formate din una sau mai multe specii de
bacterii lactice , obtinute prin insamantari repetate pe lapte :
Maiaua primara , maiaua secundara , si maiaua de productie

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LECTIILE LA MODUL 2

  • 1. Omogenizarea Prin acest procedeu se urmareste stabilizarea emulsiei de grasime Separarea acesteia la suprafata laptelui in timpul depozitarii este o operatie facultativa dar recomandata mai ales in cazul laptelui foarte gras -practic are loc o zdrobire a globulelor de grasime care ajung la dimensiuni foarte foarte mici -principiul aparatelor de omogenizare consta in trecerea laptelui sub presiune , printr-un spatiu foarte restrans , cand are loc zdrobirea celulelor Temperatura optima de omogenizare : 60 grade celsius Aparatele se numesc omogenizator sau clarifixator. Pasteurizarea -se bazeaza pe efectul bactericit al caldurii , si consta in mentinerea laptelui la o anumita temperatura pentru o anumita perioada de timp -prin pasteurizare se distrug formele vegetative ale microorganismelor (bacterii patogene) si microflora. Procedee de pasteurizare: -pasteurizare joasa , 63-65 grade celsius la fabricarea branzeturilor. ; 20-30 de minute . Folosita mai ales -pasteurizarea medie ; 71-74 grade celsius ; 15 secunde. -pasteurizare inalta 85-90 grade celsius ; cateva secunde urmata de racire brusca , apa cu gheata la 10 grade celsius. Pasteurizarea trebuie sa asigure distrugerea bacilului tuberculozei , care este cel mai rezistent dintre toate organismele , o pasteurizare eficienta asigura distrugerea a 99,9% dintre organisme. Eficienta pasteurizarii se verifica prin proba fosfatazei. Racirea laptelui pasteurizat Imediat dupa pasteurizare , in lapte se afla un numar redus de microorganime (2000/ml). Pentru a incetini cat mai mult dezvoltarea si inmultirea acestora , precum si a acelor microorganisme care patrund in mod accidental in lapte , este necesara racirea laptelui la 4-6 grade celsius. Etape : -preracire (cu apa rece de la robinet) -racire profunda (apa+gheata) Utilajele : -vana cu pereti dubli -zona de racire a pasteurizatorului cu placi Pasteurizatorul cu placi , zone de lucru. O zona preincalzire Zona de preincalzire , laptele se reincalzeste de la laptele pasteurizat Zona de pasteurizare Lapte preincalzit se incalzeste Zona de racire Laptele fierbinte cedeaza caldura laptelu rece, apoi se raceste cu apa rece
  • 2. si cu apa cu gheata. Se face in tancuri de depozitare unde laptele se mentine la temperatura de 48 grade celsius, pana la ambalare -tancurile trebuie construite astfel incat temperatura sa nu creasca cu mai mult de 1-2 grade celsius in 24 de ore Ambalarea laptelui pasteurizat -in sticle -in ambalaje de polietilena - PET-uri -Tetrapac Fabricarea produselor lactate acide -produsele lactate dietetice , sunt produse lactate acide care se obitn prin fermentarea laptelui cu culturi de bacterii lactice , care sunt selectionate. In unele cazuri , bacteriile lactice sunt asociate cu unele specii de drojdii , imprimand produsului o dubla fermentatie ; -lactica -alcoolica Valoare dietetica a acestor produse se datoreaza modificarilor pe care le sufera cazeina -hidroliza partiala si precipitat, aceste transformari determina cresterea digestibilitatii produselor lactate acide. Principalele produse sunt : iaurtul ,chefirul , sana si laptele batut Produsele lactate acide , pot fi asociate tratamentului cu antibiotice Maielele lactice; - sunt culturi formate din una sau mai multe specii de bacterii lactice , obtinute prin insamantari repetate pe lapte : Maiaua primara , maiaua secundara , si maiaua de productie