Chapter 1 2 san diego

The Challenge of the Graduates of Trade Schooland Graduates of Baccalaureate Degree Programs
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CHAPTER 1
The Problem and its Background
This study focuses on the challenges that are now being encountered by the
graduates of the students of skills-based training and Baccalaureate Degree Programs,
specifically in the City of Cabuyao, Laguna. It is indeed that the private and public sector
of the City government have their shared responsibilities in extending assistance,
studies and continuous support to the graduate students of either of the stated
educational qualifications of different industries. This study entitled “The Challenge of
the Graduates of Trade School and Graduates of Baccalaureate Degree Programs”
aims to seek answers to what are the common challenges that fresh graduates are
facing today as industrialization in the province is continuously emerging.
Introduction
In a developing city such as Cabuyao, Biñan, Sta. Rosa and Calamba in the
province of Laguna, it is also obvious that different business establishments and
industries are continuously developing and will always need highly qualified applicants
in different fields such as Information Technology, Hospitality, Tourism, Business
Process Outsourcing and Manufacturing Industry. Employers have indicated that
students are often not prepared for the workplace and call on universities to produce
more employable graduates by providing transferable skills that can be taken into the
workplace. Employers are expecting graduates to be work-ready and demanding a
range of competencies and qualities of them. Educational institutions should be critical of
their program offerings and question if they are nurturing the appropriate competencies
and consider how best to ensure these are developed.

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Students’ subject matter knowledge is usually satisfactory, but by improving and
developing their competencies such as interpersonal skills, teamwork, communication
and problem solving skills, value will be added to their intellectual capabilities making
them more employable.
Competencies (the term which will be used in this paper for skills such as soft
skills, behavioral skills, generic attributes), that are necessary in any field of work should
be an important element in undergraduate program and are the responsibility of higher
educationalists to incorporate as part of their teaching and learning. But faculty is
needed to be mindful that attempts to introduce attributes into the curricula have
generally been unsuccessful.
There are a variety of interpretations of the term competency. It can be viewed as
a characteristic of an individual and related to personal attributes rather than technical
skills define a competent individual as “one who has skills and attributes relevant to
tasks undertaken”.
The Role of the Faculty and the Work Integrated Learning
Work-Integrated Programs have the purpose of preparing students for the
workplace by identifying and developing the important competencies that are believed to
be needed by employers. Although institutions may have advisory committees involving
industry employers to establish the currency of curricula, discussions are usually about
technical skills that should be an outcome of the curricula and not the competencies that
students should demonstrate. So it is often not clear what types of students’ employers
expect higher education to produce.
Faculty is depended upon for quality graduates that they produce and send in to
the world of work. Their view on what generic competencies such as analytical thinking,
ability and willingness to learn, self-confidence, relationship building was sought in order

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to compare these with the students’ views. Faculty does interact with mentors whilst
visiting students in the workplace for WIL assessments and have an indication of what
employers expect of graduates. The challenge though is to make students realize how
important it is to have generic competencies, how these improve their employment
opportunities in a highly competitive market and that they should take ownership of
these ideals.
They should also be aware of the needs and be able to relate their abilities to
those required by employers. If students do not see the need or importance, the
likelihood of higher education institutions managing to convince students to instill these,
will be difficult.
By enhancing their skills, competencies, personal attributes, enthusiasm, self-
confidence, and knowledge that are needed in the work place, makes graduates more
employable and likely to be successful in their chosen careers, which benefits
themselves, the workforce, the community and the economy. During this time, through
the guidance of the mentor and the opportunity to actually work in a work environment
the students will learn how to work with people, develop communication skills and learn
how to get things done.
The Role of the Local and National Government, Employment Agencies and Industries
Aside from the stated observation through thorough studies, the researcher had
also conducted interview on the City of Cabuyao City Hall’s City Public Employment
Office (PESO). The office has a daily average of 10 applicants per day. Affiliated
companies of this office usually need applicants who are high school or college
graduate, but with skills in production services, office works and computer literacy.

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Employability of applicants nearly depends on their educational attainment to
which field of work are they going to be displaced. But on a certain point, manufacturing
companies are not actually depending on the level of education of an applicant. They
actually conduct trainings for the first period of employment of their hired applicants.
College graduates on the other hand, usually apply and get hired to professional
works and those licensed in the field of education, medicine and other professional field
of work. Trade school graduates or skilled applicants usually displaced in the
manufacturing, production and hotel and restaurant industries as operators, service
crew and attendant. College graduate applicant when hired, are easily to become
candidates for promotion for higher level positions in different industries. A skilled
worker on the other hand, can also be promoted base also on their performance in
some production and manufacturing companies as quality control officer, team leader,
production coordinator or admin office aide. At some point, college graduate student is
much likely to be promoted on any high level position in the company not only base on
performance and tenure but with the educational attainment. These employment
observations are base on an interview conducted in different private employment
agencies in the City of Cabuyao, Laguna.
In addition, the local government, institutions and private employment agencies
do have partnerships and programs in helping the graduates to cope up with the
challenges of their employability thru job fair. The Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority also contribute a big part on the employability of the graduates
over the employment demand of different establishments and industries here in City of
Cabuyao and other neighboring cities and municipalities. TESDA is now implementing
the Training for Work Scholarship Program, a free training and competency assessment
to unemployed Trade School and College graduates.

TheChallengeof theGraduatesofTradeSchooland Graduates ofBaccalaureateDegreePrograms
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Statement of the Problem
General Problem
The study aims to determine the employability rate of the graduates of trade school
and graduates of Baccalaureate degree programs.
Specific Problem
Specifically, it seeks to answer to the following;
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents?
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Civil Status
1.4 Location of Residence
1.5 Educational Attainment
1.6 Professional Examination (passed)
1.7 Other training or skills taken
2. What are the benefits and barriers of the graduates of trade school and graduates
of baccalaureate degree programs in terms of employability?
3. What is the degree of alignment of the training offered to the graduates of trade
school and graduates of Baccalaureate degree programs with competencies
desired in the local industry?
4. What is the employability rate of the graduates of Baccalaureate Degree programs?
5. What is the standard of living of the graduates of trade school and graduate of
Baccalaureate degree programs?

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Significance of the Study
Since the researcher only focus on the subject matter, the study also has
significances on the part of the researcher herself, the institution, to the faculty, to the
graduates, students, employment agencies, local government, national government, and
the community. This study shall also focus on showing results in which it determines
employability of graduates and its implications to the current status of education and
employment in the City of Cabuyao, Laguna.
Researcher
The study will provide knowledge for the researcher in terms of providing
information on what are the different challenges that her fellow graduates is facing today in
terms of employability. Through personal interview and survey, the researcher will
enhance her communication and public relation skills. The study is not only also for the
researcher to complete with her graduation requirements but to have contribution to her
community and to the local and national government as she seeks facts on the challenges
on employability of her fellow graduates today.
Faculty/Trainers/Professors
The research will also provide facts coming from the local government and private
employment agencies and companies. In connection to this, faculty members, trainers and
professors of the institution shall have ideas on what are knowledge and skills that
different industry needs. This matter could help them to have improvements and

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developments on the current delivery of the curriculum to help the students and graduates
be prepared in their employment and become ready with the demands of the industries
today.
Graduates
The research main objective is to seek answers on the challenges of the graduates
in terms of employability. This study also provide facts for the graduates as their guide in
searching for the most in demand opportunities today for the graduates of either from
Trade School or Baccalaureate Degree Program in the City of Cabuyao, Laguna.
Students
The students of the institution shall have their idea not only on the process of
researching and studying a certain important issue, but also ideas on the current demand
of the industries and the knowledge and skills that a graduate must possess to become
highly qualified for employment. It will also help the students in the realization that they
must ready themselves as they acquire knowledge and skills from the institution as it will
become their instrument of how effective they can be as future employees in the world of
industrialization.
Future Researchers
The study can be a reference for future researchers which studies are related to
this study. This will also serve as a basis of information gathering in which it tells how the
researcher gathered facts to meet the requirements of the study. This will also help future
researchers through statistical data analysis of the current employment demand and
employment of the graduates of degree programs and skills-base courses.

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Private Employment Agencies
The study could become the basis of private employment/placement agencies in
terms of knowing the knowledge and skills of the graduates today versus the current
demand of industries and companies the City of Cabuyao, Laguna. This could also help
them to determine what improvements and developments that they can apply in
partnership with the local and national government.
Community
The study could help the community through awareness on what are demands of
industries and the opportunities that the graduates can have as employees. They could
also become updated on today’s employment rate of the graduates in the City of Cabuyao,
Laguna. The study can become a guide to what is the right job opportunities that could fit
the knowledge and skills of the graduates in the city.
Local Government
The study could help the local government on planning about improvements and
other developments that can be applied to extend assistance to the citizens of the City of
Cabuyao, Laguna. They could also become aware of the effectiveness of the programs
that are currently on going between the local government and private employment
agencies. The local government could also realized to have more partnership to private
industries in the city and to other neighboring cities and municipalities to have a high
employment rate in the City of Cabuyao, Laguna.
National Government
The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) as a
government agency that ensure skilled workforces, can use this study as a basis to

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whether they will offer more trainings and certification for the graduates in the City of
Cabuyao, Laguna. They could also know what are the skills needed by the industries in
the province of Laguna, so that graduates can be more employable and become fit for the
jobs offered in the market. As for the Department of Labor and Employment, they can use
the study as to whether they shall extend support in the local government or they can
implement other programs or development to their existing programs to help the
graduates’ employability. The department could also use the study if they shall
strengthened partnership to the local government of the City of Cabuyao as well as to
private agencies and Industries in the province.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The researcher only focused research and studies on the stated title. In this case,
the researcher was able to formulate what are the scopes and the limitations of this study
stated below.
Scope of the Study
The researcher focused only on the following scope:
 This study focuses on the challenges in the employability of the graduates of trade
school and college degree.
 It states the differences of the graduates of the said educational attainments, base
on the employment demand of today’s industries.
 The study only focuses on the graduates individuals of the City of Cabuyao,
Laguna.

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 The study gathered information from the current labor statistics of the Department
of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and the Registry of Workers Assessed and
Certified by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA).
 The researcher also conducted interviews to the City Public Employment Services
Office (PESO), private employment agencies and to the graduates of Trade School
and Baccalaureate Degree.
 The study shall focus on the current state of employability of the graduate and the
challenges over the current demand of employment of today’s industries in the City
of Cabuyao, Laguna and neighboring cities and municipalities in the province of
Laguna.
Delimitations of the Study
To ensure focus on the subject matter, the researcher delimits her study as follows;
 The researcher only focused on the challenges of the graduates of skills-based
qualifications (Trade School) and college degree thru conducting interviews to the
local city government (PESO), private employment agencies, 100 graduates of
trade school and 100 college degree graduate only from the City of Cabuyao
Laguna.
 The researcher only focused on the employment demand of the industries in City of
Cabuyao, Laguna base on interviews conducted.
 The study didn’t include research on the effectiveness of the programs being
implemented by the local government, private employment agencies and industries.

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Even so, the researcher was able to include matters on the programs that are
currently implemented by the said entities.
 The study is not intended as a concrete reference of the Department of Labor and
Employment Office or neither for Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA)
 The study can become a reference but not intended for an implementation of such
program, improvement, development of any entity with connection with the labor
market and employment of the citizens of the City of Cabuyao, Laguna.
 The researcher is focused only on gathering information through survey and
interview to Trade School and College Degree graduates ages from 18 – 25 years
old.
 The study focused only on the challenges of the graduates but not an option or
solution to solve any problems being faced by the community, city government,
private employment agencies, and/or any organization.
 The study focused only on the current challenges in employability of the graduates
of the City of Cabuyao, Laguna from Batch 2010-2015 from Trade Schools and
College degree holders.
Conceptual Framework Paradigm (IPO)
The researcher used the Input-Process-Output model as her conceptual framework
while undergoing the study. The illustration below shows how the researcher used the
framework in the fulfillment of the objectives of the study.

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The figure below shows the IPO paradigm that leads the researcher in her focus to
seek answers to the challenges in the employability of the graduates from Trade School
and College institutions and universities. This also shows what are the inputs and activities
that the researcher should have as requirements to get the best output that will answer the
stated problems in Chapter 1.
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.1 shows how the researcher used all gathered information thru the IPO
Conceptual Framework. The Input (I) shows what are the activities and the requirements
needed by the researcher to seek answer to the problems stated in this chapter. It shows
that the researcher conducts survey to the graduates of Trade School and graduates of
baccalaureate degree programs. It also represents that the researcher considers the
demographic profile of her respondents such as gender, age, educational attainment,
knowledge and skills earned, employment background, current standard of living of the
INPUT
-Interview
-Survey from graduates
-Demographic Profile
of respondents
-Research on related
books and studies
-Research on official
websites of
government agencies
-Sampling thru printing
statistical data from
government agencies

PROCESS
-Collecting and
analyzing data
gathered from
interviews and survey
-Studying and referring
to related articles,
books and studies
-Filing gathered
information from
websites
-Providing statistical
data analysis
PROCESS
-Employment demand
of Industries in the City
of Cabuyao, Laguna
and other neighboring
cities and
municipalities in the
province.
- Challenge of
Graduates of Trade
School and Graduates
of Baccalaureate
Degree Programs

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graduates, etc. As to the agencies, the researcher considers the employability of
applicants and what are the current employment demands of the current industries in the
City of Cabuyao, Laguna. The researcher also considers related books, articles, samples,
statistical data analysis, as references. Also, the researcher considers studying on related
websites of government agencies such as www.tesda.gov.ph and www.dole.gov.ph.
The Process (P) part shows how the researcher used all gathered information and
eventually analyzed and classified each data accordingly. It is thru printing, analyzing,
classifying and encoding summarized information. The Output (O) part shows what will be
the output of the research as the final results.

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Definition of Terms
Baccalaureate - is an undergraduate academic degree awarded
by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study
lasting three to seven years (depending on institution and academic
discipline).
Behavioral Skills - Behavioral skills are the skills you use to
successfully interact with others in the workplace.
Business Process Outsourcing - is a subset of outsourcing that involves the
contracting of the operations and responsibilities of a
specific business process to a third-party service provider.
Communication Skills - is the purposeful activity of information exchange
between two or more participants in order to convey or receive the
intended meanings through a shared system of
signs and semiotic rules. The basic mechanism of communication is,
the ideas/thoughts of the sender is encoded and transmitted to the
receiver through a medium wherein the receiver receives the
message and decoded it; to understand the message of the sender.
Competencies - is the ability of an individual to do a job properly.
A competency is a set of defined behaviors that provide a structured
guide enabling the identification, evaluation and development of the
behaviors in individual employees

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Competency Assessment - is based on actual skills and knowledge that a
person can demonstrate in the workplace or other contexts
Curricula - is broadly defined as the totality of student
experiences that occur in the educational process. The term often
refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a view of
the student's experiences in terms of the educator's or school's
instructional goals.
Educationalists - people/personnel whose professions are to focus
on the world of education thru instilling knowledge and skills to each
individual/student
Employers - companies or industry who accepts/hires
employers that knowledge and skills are fit for the job positions and
employment demand
Employment Agencies - an private entity that serve as a third party
between companies and applicants, whose role is to pre-examine and
hired the best fit applicants for the companies and industries
Hospitality - refers to the relationship between a guest
and a host, wherein the host receives the guest with goodwill,
including the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or
strangers

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Industries - isthe production of goods or services within
an economy. The major source of revenue of a group or company is
the indicator of its relevant industry
Information Technology - is the application of computers and
telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and
manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other
enterprise.[2] The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers
and computer networks, but it also encompasses
other information distribution technologies such as television and
telephones. Several industries are associated with information
technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics,
semiconductors, internet, engineering, healthcare, e-commerce and
computer services
Interpersonal Relationship - is a strong, deep, or close association or
acquaintance between two or more people that may range in duration
from brief to enduring. This association may be based
on inference, love, solidarity, regular business interactions, or some
other type of social commitment. Interpersonal relationships are
formed in the context of social, cultural and other influences
Manufacturing - is the production of merchandise for use or sale
using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing,
or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity,

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from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied
to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed
into finished goods on a large scale
Professional - is a member of a profession or any person who
earns their living from a specified activity. The term also describes the
standards of education and training that prepare members of the
profession with the particular knowledge and skills necessary to
perform the role of that profession
Qualifications - A title or attribute gained in education,
through examination or by certification
Skills-based Hiring - or skill-based hiring, refers to the practice of
employers setting specific numeric targets, typically in areas such as
reading (literacy), math (numeracy), etc., that job applicants have to
meet before they will be considered for employment
Soft skills - is a term often associated with a person's "EQ"
(Emotional Intelligence Quotient), the cluster of personality traits,
social graces, communication, language, personal habits,
interpersonal skills, managing people, leadership, etc. that
characterize relationships with other people. Soft skills contrast to
hard skills, which are generally easily quantifiable and measurable
(e.g. software knowledge, basic plumbing skills).

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Work Integrated Learning (WIL) - Applying knowledge and skills earned from the
chosen course or program and be it applied on the actual workplace
as part of the curriculum.
Workplace - is the physical location where someone works.
Such a place can range from a home-office to a large office
building or factory

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CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Foreign Related Studies and Literature
Why You Should Consider Trade School Instead of College?
For a lot of people, going to a four-year college seems like an automatic choice
when they graduate from high school. The reason is obvious – higher income. According
to the National Center for Educational Statistics, a bachelor’s degree accounted for an
average of $16,900 in additional income per year compared to a high school diploma
($30,000 versus $46,900).
Over a 30-year career in the workforce, that’s more than a $500,000 difference in
earnings. These numbers may not paint the whole picture, however. Due to the
increasingly high costs associated with a college education, as well as other drawbacks,
more and more people have been considering trade school as an education alternative
[By Trent Hamm Last updated April 09, 2015, University of Massachusetts]
The researcher had considered this article for its relevance to the subject matter as
a reference. It focuses on a study that based on the National Center for Educational
Statistics people are turning to graduate on a trade school rather than to increasingly
expensive college schools. It shows the difference of spending a lot of money to finish
college rather than to finish skills-based courses with a lower cost and time consumption.
It is also here in this study that students are likely to choose higher income when they
become employees but employers are rather choose to hire more skilled workers.

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Why College May Not Be the Best Choice for Your Education Dollar
The traditional route to career success follows a pretty straight academic line:
hard work in elementary school, followed by hard work in high school, followed by hard
work at the best college you can afford. Vocational education, on the other hand, is often
treated as a consolation prize. The second-best option for the second-best kids, but for
a new generation facing rising college tuitions and high post-graduate unemployment,
old-fashioned vocational studies might offer the best chance at a solid career.
According to a recent survey, 50% of recent college graduates are unemployed or
underemployed; many, in fact, are resorting to the kinds of entry-level jobs that they went
to college to avoid. In a recent Chronicle of Higher Education article, economist Richard
Vedder tried to explain why: He sees America as facing a glut of college graduates, as
the supply of people with high priced degrees exceeds the demand for them. Noting the
large number of college grads occupying manual labor positions, he argued that their
average wages -- which dropped by 4.17% between 2008 and 2010, likely to continue to
fall.
[Bruce Watson, Aug 13th 2012, www.dailyfinance.com]
This article is discusses statistical data from the Chronicle of Higher Education by
Richard Vedder in which the United States of America is facing large numbers of college
graduates but are rather get into manual or skills-based jobs from 2008-2010. This data
helped the researcher on how will the study focus on the challenges in the employability of
the graduates from Trade Schools and College Degree graduates. It is also in this article
that industrialization has also an impact in the employability of graduates in the country.

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Hospitality Management Competencies: Do Faculty and Students concur on
Employability Skills?
This paper is one in a series of establishing what competencies the various
stakeholders (students, industry mentors, faculty) think are the ideal competencies
needed by employees in the hospitality field in places such as hotels, food service
providers, restaurants and lodges, compared to those actually displayed by hospitality
management students. This particular paper reports on a comparison drawn between
what the faculty and students believe are the ideal competencies compared to those
that they actually have on completion of their academic studies, prior to the students
engaging in their semester of work-integrated learning (WIL). The results would be
used by faculty to focus on ensuring students are aware of the employability and
management competencies they need in order to conduct themselves in the business
world of hospitality with confidence and competence.
[Hind, Moss & McKellan, 2010, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusettes]
This research tackles the competencies that the students should possess for their
employability which also matches their chosen course. Through the Work-Integrated
Learning Program, students are exposed to the hotel industries such as food services,
restaurants and lodges for them to be able to learn how to manage their competencies
attain aside from their academic studies to best fit in the business world of hospitality. The
stakeholders are the students, industry mentors and the faculty who play responsibilities in
the attainment of providing and ensuring employability in the said industry

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Perceptions of Vocational Educators Regarding TVET in Economic Development
Economic Development usually refers to the adoption of new technology, transition
from agriculture-based to industry-based economy and general improvement in living
standards (Joseph Schumpeter,The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge,
Massachusetts. Harvard University Press, 1934)
•Socio-economic conditions in the Caribbean have proved challenging for TVET
•Political and Educational leaders often do not give TVET high priority
•Lack of Policies (CARICOM/CANTA/Governments)
•Image problem/Lack of Leadership
•Migration Problem
This study analyzed the vocational educators’ perceptions of TVET, and the relationship
between technical education and economic development In Grenada.
[Justine C. Pierre, Director DPBA, March 9, 2012, University of the West Indies School of
Education, Mona]
This study helped the researcher in dealing with the effect of transition from
agriculture-based to industry based economy in Grenada. Through the Techn-Vocational
Education and Training, educators should consider the nurturing of the employability of the
students and graduates as candidates for employment. It has also a big effect in
Grenada’s Econonomic Development by which knowledge and skills of the current
graduates and students doesn’t match with the employment demand of the continuous
rising industry-based economy of the country.

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Research of Dynamic Effects of Employability of Vocational College Students in
Taiwan
[Pin Chang Chen, February 2014, Department of Information Management, Yu Da
University of Science and Technology, Miaoli, Taiwan]
This study used the dynamic scenario simulation of system dynamics to perform
simulation on the effects of education policies, trend of employment demand, and
employability qualities of vocational college graduates on the development of employment
demand in Taiwan’s Technology industry. According to the research results, dynamic
situational simulation of system dynamics can be used to simulate the effect of changes in
education policy system with time on the development and trend of employment demand
in technology industry. The simulation results policy scenario showed that the talent
shortage in technology industry should be overcome by improving education policy. The
problem of talent shortage cannot be effectively alleviated until the matching rate between
education policy and employment demand reaches 90%. The simulation results of this
study can be provided as reference for education policy planners to improve the
employability of vocational college students. It is intended to provide valuable suggestions
to reduce the unemployment rate of vocational college graduates and to substantially
reduce the gap between industries and academia, in order to further enhance Taiwan’s
competitiveness in the global economic system.
The researcher used this study as reference for it shows evidence on the impact of
technology industry in which there are differences between employment demand over the
number of college and trade school graduates in the country. There is also a study in

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which employment demand reaches to 90% but Taiwan is lacking of skilled workers to
sustain the technology industry’s demand in employability.
Local Literature and Studies
THE PHILIPPINE LABOR & EMPLOYMENT PLAN 2011 – 2016 Inclusive Growth
Through Decent and Productive Work
[April 2011 Published by the Department of Labor and Employment , DOLE Building,
Muralla St. cor. Gen. Luna, Intramuros, Manila]
Growth is and always will be the development imperative. With growth comes
greater affluence that translates to better jobs, better incomes and better lives. More than
these material positives, growth also fosters greater opportunity, social mobility, tolerance
of diversity, and even commitment to fairness and dedication to democracy. However, for
growth to advance these positives and bring about social and political progress, it has to
be broadly-based. This means that progress requires the affirmative experience of a
sufficiently broad cross- section of the country’s population to shape the national direction.
In other words, growth has to be inclusive. Inclusive growth is defined to be “sustained
growth that massively creates jobs, draws the vast majority into the economic & social
mainstream and continuously reduces mass poverty. The fundamental requisite therefore
to addressing the challenge of inclusive growth is employment growth.
The researcher also consider this study as a reference for it shows statistical data
of the effect of the economic growth of the country in terms of industrialization and the
demand of the labor market for the best and skilled workers for these employers. Growth
in the country’s economy also means jobs and will give high rate of employment growth in
different regions in the country.

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Reengineering of Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management
(BSHRM) Curriculum to Harmonize with K to 12 Program as a Basis for Curriculum
Development
[Katherine D. Peren, May 2012, Philippine Women’s University, Taft Avenue, Manila]
The study evaluated the BS in Hotel and Restaurant Management curriculum to
harmonize with K to 12 program. Specifically, the study described the profile of HRM
graduates employed in selected hotels in Metro Manila; determined the graduates’ level of
competence in performing employability skills necessary for their jobs at the hotel;
determined the required competence for HRM graduates to perform their jobs at the hotel;
ascertained whether there is a significant gap or mismatch between the graduates’ level of
competence and the required competence to perform their jobs at the hotel; determined
the importance of K to 12 program in responding to job mismatch of HRM graduates; and
identified the managerial skills that should be integrated into a 4-year bachelor’s degree
program in the Hotel and Restaurant Management in synergy with K to 12 program.
Descriptive research design was used in the study. Descriptive statistical tools such
as frequency counts, weighted mean, range, percentage, standard deviation and ranking
were used to answer the objectives of the study. T-test was used to determine if there was
a significant difference (gap) between the level of competence of HRM graduates in
performing employability skills necessary for their jobs at the hotel and the required
competence to perform their jobs at the hotel.

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Four groups of respondents participated in this study, namely: 90 HRM graduates
occupying entry-level positions in selected hotels in Metro Manila; ten (10) industry
practitioners; ten (10) hospitality educators; and ten (10) secondary school teachers.
Findings showed that most HRM graduates occupying entry-level positions in
selected hotels in Metro Manila were between the ages of 21-25 years old. They were
usually assigned at the F & B Department of the hotel, most of which worked as
waiter/waitress. There was a relatively equal demand for male and female HRM
graduates in hotels located in Metro Manila. Very few of them were able to attend
professional development activities such as trainings/seminars that would enhance their
skills in the field of hospitality. Majority of the HRM graduates working in hotels in Metro
Manila had appropriate entry-level positions that match their educational background.
HRM graduates considered themselves to have a moderate degree of competence
in all of the 32 employability skills. At the very least, these graduates had average
confidence in their abilities related to employability skills. The most highly rated
characteristics and skills that graduates possess were “responsibility”, “listening”,
“customer relations”, “objectivity” and “written communication”.
The most frequently performed employability characteristics and skills of HRM
graduates holding entry-level positions in selected hotels in Metro Manila were “customer
relations”, “verbal communication”, “responsibility”, “team work” “adaptability/flexibility”,
and “dependability”. In contrast, “training employees”, “property management”, “employee
management”, “food production” and “motivation” were the least performed employability
characteristics skills for entry-level positions in hotels in Metro Manila.

Page 27
There is a significant difference between HRM graduates’ level of competence in
performing the 32 employability skills and the required competence needed to perform
their current jobs at the hotel. This means that the graduates’ competence was lower than
those required in their current jobs at the hotel. Thus, there is a mismatch in terms of
competence in the job-worker pairing. HRM graduates were found to be under competent
since their competence levels were lower than those required in their jobs. Significant
gaps/mismatch between competence and the required competence needed to perform
their jobs at the hotel were noted specifically, on the following employability characteristics
and skills: 1) initiative; 2) team work; 3) adaptability/flexibility; 4) customer relations; 5)
dependability; 6) responsibility; 7) verbal communication; 8) written communication; 9)
accounting and financial management; 10) computer usage; and 11) sales and promotion.
Leadership, quality management skills, adaptability, self-control and environment
protection practices were the most important managerial skills that should be integrated
into a 4-year bachelor’s degree program in the Hotel and Restaurant Management to
harmonize with K to 12 program.
This study has become a great reference for the researcher for its relevance in the
employability of Hotel and Restaurant Management Students with the demand in the
hospitality industry as it is also being harmonized with the K to 12 Program of the
Department of Education. This study also shows the importance of competencies and
qualities that a graduate must possess as candidate for employment in the Hospitality
Industry in the Philippines.

Page 28
School – Related Factors in the Development of Graduates’ Competencies towards
Employability
[Conrado I. Dotong, 2014, Journal of Education and Literature, University of Batangas]
Graduates of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas become holistic
individuals who are ready to face the challenges of the corporate world, by way of
illustrious services that LPU-B renders to its students through delivering quality instruction,
shared mission of utilizing distinct research finding and goal of reaching out people
through community extension. This article shares some insights of the importance of
school-related factors to the employability of the graduates as major component to
measure the success of the higher academic institutions.
This article served as reference for the researcher in considering the delivery of the
curriculum and its implications to the employability of their students. Hence, this article
shows that the level of employability of a students in the future is really depends on the
manner of how they absorb the knowledge and skills competency earned from their
chosen program through the roles of the university.
Tracer Study on the Whereabouts of the English Major Graduates of the College of
Education of UPHSD SY 2007 – 2010
[Judea Mae Espanola, Ma. Cristina Honrada, Bomin Lee, Vernald Sabalza, John Philip Tampus –
March 15, 2011, University of Perpetual Help System – DALTA College of Education Pamplona,
Las Piňas City]
In the modern era, the chosen career of a person is usually irrelevant to the course he had
taken. The discrepancy of the course and the present career is questionable, which is why tracing
each person’s activity is being done in most universities and colleges. Despite low supply of
teachers in the country, there is still a possibility for a person to shift career right after graduating. It
has been observed that a person would learn his capability to do certain things after the

Page 29
experiences that he had gone through. On the other hand, there are still some who pursued
teaching despite the disadvantages of doing so.
In order to keep abreast of their latest activities, the researchers sought to find answers as
to why the people involved in the research stayed or shifted.
This study focuses on the employment status of the graduates of the above stated
university under the College of Education. The researchers of this study intend to find results on
the challenges in employability and status of the graduates in the field of education. This study, as
a reference shows how graduates under the professional field of education are also encountering
challenges with regards to employability.

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