Representative Huffman Research Paper

Representative Huffman Research Paper
Like many politicians, Representative Huffman began his career with university, first, graduating
magna cum laude from UC Santa Barbara in 1987, and later graduating cum laude from Boston
College Law School in 1990 (Huffman). Unlike other politicians, before attending Boston College
for law school, Huffman was a champion volleyball player, playing for the USA Men's Volleyball
Team which was ranked number one in the world in 1987 when he played (Capps). After graduation,
Huffman began his career as a public interest attorney, with major victories in the areas of gender
and race discrimination. Most notably, however, is Huffman's work for the National Resource
Defense Council, in which he created an agreement to restore a 153–mile stretch of ... Show more
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Furthermore, as a U.S. Congressman, Huffman is a member of the Committee on Natural Resources,
which allows him to act as a powerful environmentalist (Huffman). Furthermore, Huffman is a
member of many Environmentally focused Congressional Caucuses, such as the Safe Climate
Caucus, the Sustainable Energy, and Environment Coalition, and the Wild Salmon Caucus to name a
few (Huffman). In terms of policy successfully introduced and passed, Huffman created the
California Coastal National Monument Expansion Act of 2013, which expanded the boundary of
California Coastal National Monument to another 1,255 acres of land, requiring the BLM to manage
the land as though it were conserving it (Huffman 2). Even from the policies that Huffman has
supported, he is a clear environmentalist. For instance, acts such as the BREATHE and FRESHER
which focus on reigning in fracking practices across the U.S were co–sponsored by Huffman
("Cosponsors – H.R.1154 – 113th Congress (2013–2014): BREATHE Act",
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Athens vs. Sparta
Danielle Palawasta
Athens vs. Sparta Persuasive Research Paper
Henry/Lih– LA/SS– Per. 3/7
Due: 3/22/13
Envision a world where the people are ravenous and yearning for any remnant of food they could
obtain, where the society is overrun and no one has a free say. This is the type of society the ancient
Spartans would have lived like unlike the ancient Athenians. The Athenians lived a far more diverse
life if compared to Sparta. Ancient Athens was better to live in than ancient Sparta due to its
efficient and honorable government and flourishing economy.
Primarily, ancient Athens's efficient government was better than the ancient Spartan government due
to its adroit Council, resourceful Assembly, and its direct democracy. The ... Show more content on
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This proves to show that not only the Athenians had a trade market, but they hard one that was
always occupied and in use. In comparison, the ancient Spartan economy was relied on farming and
conquering other people. The ancient Spartans stole everything they needed, instead of trading.
Given this information, the ancient Athenian economy was much more honest to their people, basing
their economy off of trade. In addition, the Ancient Athenians were very successful in making their
own currency. According to Bower and Lobdell, "Like most city–states, Athens developed its own
coins to made trade easier. Coins were made of such metals as gold, silver, and bronze (Bower,
Lobdell 262). The ancient Athenian currency was far more effective than the ancient Spartan
currency because it was accessible to carry around. As clearly stated, Bower and Lobdell established
that Sparta had "used heavy iron bars as money" (Bower, Lobdell 266). The ancient Athenians had
to carry around as many light–weight coins as they wanted, whereas the Spartans had to carry
weighty iron bars. Ultimately, due to its light weight capacity, the ancient Athenians' currency was
more successful than the ancient Spartans currency. Furthermore, ancient Athens had an economy
that was useful to every social class. When citizens came to the agora, they usually sold and bought
goods they needed. Fortunately, in ancient Athens, the agora was accessible to all

Cheap Labor Essay
In the twenty–first century, it is not a secret that many American companies are actually setting up
factories in foreign countries, with the majority located in Asia. Notable examples of this include
athletic shoe companies such as Nike, Adidas, and Reebok Additionally, most people know the
reason these companies make their products overseas: "cheap labor." However, what exactly does
the term "cheap labor" entail? Moreover, how are international politics and the global economy
affected by this outsourcing? While it may seem like a simple question with a simple answer, the
cause of such a relationship and its effects on international commerce are deeply complex and
morally questionable. The relationship between international politics and offshore athletic shoe
production is a surprisingly complex one. Its origins are in the era of the Cold War, when American
shoe companies began moving their production offshore. Nike closed the last of their factories based
in the United States in 1975, choosing instead to put their factories in the countries that were close
allies. While China now produces one third of all athletic shoes, most athletic shoe factories were
located in South Korea from the seventies through the nineties (Enloe, 272).
Because South Korea and the United States were strong allies during the Cold War, the American
shoes being produced were, in a sense, militarized. The militarization of athletic shoes occured due
to the agreements between the major American shoe

Comparative Politics of the French and Mexican Governments...
Political Science 113 Prof. Laremont Ronald Summers The political systems of today's world vary
tremendously as you span the world. Each of these systems has gone through an evolution based on
mistakes of the past and the needs of a stable and equal government. Most nations throughout the
world observe political means through either Unitary or Federal legislation. The Federal government
of Mexico and the unitary government of France are perfect examples of the differences and
similarities of unicameral and bicameral legislature. When looking at the political systems we must
first understand the ideologies behind it. The main ideology that has help to define the French
political system is that of bicameral legislation. In bicameral ... Show more content on
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Given the dominance of the executive over the legislative and judicial branches, interest groups and
lobbyists have not developed in Mexico. Interests groups who wish to influence policy do so mostly
through the executive branch or seeking contacts with agency heads and cabinet figures. The
president is elected by direct popular vote every six years and cannot be reelected. Presidents
acquire vast authority because they control all selection of candidates in their party for elective
office at the national level. The executive also can exercise great influence because many Mexicans
have come to expect a strong president and public elections give the president much power since the
people chose him. The president is the chief policy maker, and the executive branch handles 90 % of
Mexico's legislation. The president chooses members of his cabinet, which results in them being the
most influential members of the executive branch. No president has ever selected a member of an
opposition party as a cabinet official until President Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León took office in
December 1994. The cabinet is also divided into smaller groups such as an economic or national
security cabinet, which make policy recommendations to the president or respond to his policy
initiatives. The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate make up Mexico's bicameral legislative body.
There are 500–members in the Chamber of Deputies that are elected for three–year

The End of Absolutism in Europe Essay examples
During the late 17th and early 18th century, many European nations such as France and Russia were
absolute monarchies. Even countries such as England had kings who at least attempted to implement
absolutism. Indeed the concept of absolutism, where the monarch is the unquestionably highest
authority and absolute ruler of every element in the realm, is certainly appealing to any sovereign.
However, this unrestricted power was abused, and by the end of the 18th century, absolutism was
gone. Absolutism failed because the monarchs' mistreatment of the population caused the people to
revolt against their rule and policies. There are many factors which caused this discontent. For one,
there was a great loss of human lives. Louis XIV of France ... Show more content on
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Meanwhile, Louis XIV of France would engage in four wars at the end of his reign from 1667 to
1713. None of these wars provided any gains for France, however they were extremely costly. These
wars also effectively shattered the power and splendor of the state, and caused the disillusioned
people of France to threaten revolt. In addition, Peter the Great of Russia was infamous for
ruthlessly slaying any opposition to his rule. An example of this is when a conspiracy by the
musketeer regiment to overthrow him was uncovered, and Peter retaliated by torturing, killing, and
publically displaying over 1000 musketeer bodies. Clearly the amount of people who died due to
absolute monarchs did not bode well with the general populace, hence causing much unrest. In
addition, absolute monarchs attempted to interfere with the religion of the people. The most notable
case is in England where monarchs constantly attempted to either keep the Protestant beliefs or
convert back to Catholicism. Even before the age of absolutism, this was a cause for much unrest. In
fact, when James II came to the throne and made it clear he wished to restore the Catholic faith,
England was almost thrown into another civil war. Over in Russia, Peter's adoption of the Julian
calendar did not cause so much civil unrest as it did instability due to the resulting confusion. Louis
XIV also allowed mistreatment of French Protestants, also known as Huguenots, by revoking the
Edict of Nantes. The Edict granted

What Is The Separation Of Powers In Australia?
Central to the Australian 'Washminster', system is the separation of powers which allows for a
representative and responsible government. Resulting from its modified parliamentary structure,
Queensland only partially incorporates the idea of a separation of powers within its governmental
regime. Each state government has three branches; the legislative, executive and judiciary (Althaus,
Bridgman and Davis 2013, 13). The executive body implements and enforces the new laws and
comprises of the Premier and Cabinet (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2013, 14). The judiciary
branch is the court system within a state and interprets the laws created by the legislature in
accordance to a particular case (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2013, 13). The legislative body
exercises the power of law making and is usually a bicameral system, thereby incorporating both an
upper house (Senate) and a lower house (House of representatives) (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis
2013, 13). To ensure that no one branch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This doctrine holds that each division must be separate from each other powers. The separation of
powers main function is as a check and balance on power, and to promote both a responsible and
representative government, whereby the government is responsible to the public for its actions, and
is representative of the public's views and needs (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2013, 14).
Whilst almost all Australian states abide by this structuring and therefore have three separate
powers, the Queensland system of government can be seen to be a partially separate system due to
its unicameral nature, of having only one legislative house, the

What Are The Similarities Between Athens And Athenian...
Introduction
Athens and Sparta had very different political systems and societal norms during the period of
approximately 508–336BCE, but demonstrated significant similarities in governance structures and
societal outcomes as well as notable differences.
Athens
In summary, Athens was structured as a direct democracy for Athenian citizens, who consisted of
free, adult males born of Athenian parents. Citizenship determined the right to participate in public
life and make decisions affecting the community. Accordingly, these rights were held only by a
minority of the overall Athenian population. It is estimated that Athens in the 4th century BCE had a
total population of around 260,000 people, of whom only 40,000 (15%) could participate in ... Show
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The highest public offices, including Magistrates, were eligible only to the richest men, while the
next two tiers were eligible for successively lesser roles. The fourth and poorest tier, comprising the
majority of citizens, was eligible for only limited roles.
Sparta
Sparta's form of government is difficult to categorize, having elements of both monarchy and
democracy but with both dominated by two strong executive government branches. The monarchy
comprised two kings, which is unusual in itself, but their powers were stronger in battle than in
domestic governance. A democratic assembly comprised all Spartans with citizenship rights, which
limited it to free males aged 30 years and over, perhaps up to 6% of the total population based on
population estimates from AncientGreekbattles.net (n.d.).
However, the executive branches – the Ephors, elected by Assembly members, and the more
powerful Gerousia of which membership was determined by aristocracy and age (over 60 years) –
dominated Sparta's governance. The kings were members of both groups, but do not appear to have
had any special status therein. These executive groups limited the power of the Assembly by
controlling its agenda, holding powers of veto and through significant social influence (Brand,

The Advancement Of Women 's Sports
The progress towards gender equity in competitive sports hasn't been a straightforward route. On
one hand, some claim that equality cannot be achieved, attempting to use the excuse of biological
differences (both psychological and physical) between the sexes. On the contrary, though, persisting
stereotypes, less pay, and lack of opportunity to play still plague many women who are trying to
enter the field of competitive sports. These hindrances are unfair, prejudiced, and discriminatory.
They cannot––and should not––continue.
Perhaps the most notable inequality in sports is the underrepresentation of women in media.
According to a study carried out by the U.N., the broadcast of women's sports covers only 2% of all
sports broadcasting, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sports are about teamwork and being able to achieve a goal, not about the way your makeup looks
or which brand of clothing you wear.
Moreover, in sports, women are paid less than men and face difficulty with representation and
budgets. According to the Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, only 12 out of
125 members of the International Olympic Committee are women (Parliamentary Assembly, 2005).
This is barely 9.6%––not even one in ten. More importantly, though,
Discrimination against women is particularly perceptible in the realm of pay. Fourteen of the
delegations which replied to the questionnaire said that pay, prize–money and bonuses were
awarded by national authorities on the basis of athletes ' merits and performances. Yet the rewards
granted by the federations themselves, and more particularly those offered by private sponsors
(possibly motivated by a need to achieve profitability) are often left out of the statistics. The
information supplied by the delegations nevertheless seems to indicate that, with a few notable
exceptions, these rewards are far less for women than for men (Parliamentary Assembly, 2005).
Sexism has taken place in many fields for a long time. In the job market, though, one crucial fact is
that your gender cannot affect your pay. However, in sports, females still receive different wages . . .
and budgets,

How Did Pericles Influence His Civilization
Pericles was born in 495 B.C. into the wealthy family of the Alcmaeonids. His father Xanthippus
was a military commander for Athens at the battle of Mycale in 479 B.C. Pericles started his
political career in law courts in 461 B.C. and Pericles had many great accomplishments. Pericles
was into a powerful family that influenced his civilization. He was born into the wealthy family of
Alcmaeonids. Also he was a niece of the famous statesman Cleisthenes. Also Pericles inherited great
wealth; as a young man, he put up the money for the costly production of the play" Persae in 472
B.C.E. Pericles received the best education available, studying music under Damon and
mathematics under Zeno of Elea"( http://www.worldhistory.biz/ancient–history/64258–
xanthippus.html). Anaxagoras, who taught him how to make speeches and was a model of the calm
style that Pericles would use in politics. In his future in public career. ... Show more content on
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His father Xanthippus was a military commander for Athens at the battle of Mycale in 479 B.C. In
479 B.C., Xanthippus was elected strategos, or general, succeeding Themistocles as the commander
of the Athenian fleet that fought at the Battle of Mycale. They both served for Athens and both won
battles. Pericles and the Athenians incited the war, scrambling to implement their aggressive
methods with a sort of arrogance and a love of trouble. The reason for the war was Sparta's fear of
Athenian power and

Romanov Dynasty Research Paper
The Romanov Dynasty held control of power in the Russian Empire for over three centuries, from
1613 to 1917. The Romanov family accelerated Russia into becoming a major European power that
would last until present times. Russia's last dynasty began with Mikhail Romanov being crowned as
Tsar in 1613 after the Time of Troubles ("Who Were the Romanovs?"). The Time of Troubles in
Russia's history refers to the time from 1598 and 1613. This period marks the years between the fall
of the Rurik Dynasty, and the creation of the Romanov Dynasty (The Editors of Encyclopædia
Britannica). The Russian Assembly of the Land ultimately handed the title over to Mikhail after a
number of other Russian nobles declined the crown. The descendants of Mikhail held the crown
captive, despite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the war ending disastrously for Russia, there were many repercussions that were felt across the
vast Empire, mainly dealing with the economy. This backlash led a group of dissidents to peacefully
protest against the autocratic government (McCallen). To halt the protests, Nicholas II approved the
construction of an assembly based on representation, which would later be called the Duma. With
this newly found assembly, Nicholas promised to initiate reforms to progress the nation further,
which ended quickly. Due to the rising levels of dissent against the government, revolutionary
groups began to form. Out of these groups, the most notable is the Bolsheviks ("Romanov Family
Executed"). The devastating defeats that Russia faced when the nation joined in the fight of World
War I brought about even higher levels disunity across the state. These defeats led to a widespread
shortage of food and created widespread fear of war throughout the commoners (McCallen). The
Tsar ever–increasing number of tribulations faced by the government showed the inadequacy
Nicholas II had as a

How Did The Short Term Cause Of The French Revolution
The reason behind Louis XVI's summoning of the Estates General in 1789 was due to a lot of
factors, however, mostly due to the short–term causes. Of course the long–term causes helped
pressure Louis XVI to call the Estates General, but the short–term causes was what triggered it, and
the summoning probably would not have been without these short–term causes. The results for the
French monarchy were atrocious. The ancien régime was disassembled bit by bit, losing all its
power. There were a number of factors prior to the summoning of the Estates General that pressured
Louis XVI to convene the Estates General. This included the economic and financial crises, and the
impact that previous wars had made on them. The economic crisis happened due ... Show more
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There was an abundance of food, which is why the bad harvest of 1788 was a catastrophe. The
spring to summer of 1788 was wet, and big hailstones came plunging from the sky. This led to high
unemployment rates, and eventually a food shortage. France had always relied on bread to be their
main food, but following the bad harvest, bread became scarce, resulting in the price increase on
bread. The supply of bread could simply not meet the demand for it. After the disastrous harvest of
1788, a regular sized (1.8 kg) loaf of bread increased in price so rapidly; it raised 1 sou per month
(from 9 sous to 14 sous in the span of 5 months). The people of the third estate accused landowners
of hoarding grain, which would create the scarcity of bread. A positive to take out of this was that
the third estate started taking interest into politics and finance of the nation. This resulted in them
taking notice to the financial crisis. France was in debt for many reasons, previous wars being one of
them. The Seven Years War (1756–1763) was massive defeat for the French, mainly to the British. A
great deal of French colonies was lost after the war, resulting in them losing profitable colonies, due
to cash crops grown there, such as sugar. The other war is the American War of

The Great Gatsby: Assembly Line Revolutionized The...
Neal Eller
Instructor Julie Geiger
Junior English 4D
13 May 2015
Rough Draft The 1920's were when automobiles became more mainstream and less exclusive to the
extremely wealthy upper class. Even though Ford Motor Company's invention of the assembly line
revolutionized the automobile industry and made cars more available to the masses, the luxury car
market was still successful due to the income inequality in the United States of America and the
small amount of overly wealthy citizens living there during this era. The time period that the Great
Gatsby was set in was a big deal for the automobile industry. Everything was changing. Cars were
changing, the people buying the cars were changing, and the amount of companies selling cars was
changing. The 1920's were the years that the automobile industry became huge in the United States.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A few recognizable cars make appearances in the movie as well. One of the most popular cars that
was in the movie was the Ford Model A. This car was the successor to the iconic Ford Model T and
one that was pretty affordable and very popular among American families back then. Another car
that made an appearance in the movie was the Chrysler Model B–70, one of the best selling cars of
the Roaring 20's. Along with these two cars, there were a few other notable cars that were shown in
the movie. These cars were the Renault 6 CV NN, the Oakland 6–54A, and the Nash Advanced Six
Coupe. All of these cars are classics and completely redefined cars as we know them today (Classic

The Causes Of The Revolution, Louis XVI, And The French...
The French Revolution was the event were the people of France overthrew their king, Louis XVI
(16th) and fought for more rights.The kingdom of France have been ruled for centuries under a
regime of monarchy aristocrats and the church. There was a huge social divide between the wealthy
and powerful clergy and nobility and the working people. 18th century Europe was seeing a growth
in colonialism and many powers trying to come out on top. The French economy had growing
pressures and bad harvests and ineffective tax systems which taxed the lower class. By 1787 king
Louis xvi called together the upper class assembly of notables to address the growing french
financial crisis but it was ineffective. As king louis did have supreme power and proposed to tax the
noble but the assemblies of nobles refused to cooperate, they claimed louis need to bring together
the estates general assembly to the three estates of France, The clergy, the notables, and the common
people. That next summer in 1789, Louis assembled the estates general the clergy and the nobility
wanted one vote per estate giving them a two to one advantage over the much bigger third estate of
the common people. Obviously the third estate wanted to vote per person giving them the much
bigger number and being much more democratic but the first two estates couldn't agree to this so the
third estate began meeting independently in what became the National Assembly. The National
assembly was to represent the people, not the

French Revolution Research Paper
Events of the French Revolution The French Revolution began in February of 1787, when the
Assembly of Notables were unable to negotiate on terms on financial improvements that they could
agree too (Kagan, Ozment, Turner, Frank, 552). In November of 1799, Napoléon began to put an
end to the revolution when his coup d–etat successfully overthrows the Directory (Kagan et al.,
581). It was in between these two dates that the French Revolution's many major events made their
mark on history. From the meeting of the Estate General, and the fall of Bastille, to the Flight of
King Louis XVI to Varennes, and the Declaration of the Republic and the Trial of King Louis XVI,
the French Revolution had many impacting events on European history ("List ... Show more content
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The Estate General represented three sections of the population, each being considered an estate:
"the nobles, clergy and the rest of the population or the so–called Third Estate" ("List of 10 Major
Events of the French Revolution"). The Third Estate was primarily made up of men from middle
class families (Kagan et al., 553). This particular Estate General meeting was called due to the fact
that the French monarchy, and vested interests of the aristocratic groups, as well as the church, were
at a political deadlock (Kagan et al., 553). The monarchy had been coasting along without any
resolution or plan for financial improvements, even though they had different ideas for new taxes,
creditors wanted their money, and the treasury was almost empty (Kagan et al., 552). When Calonne
met with the Assembly with his plan for new taxes, they refused to support him due to trust issues,
and stated that only the Estate General, which hadn't met since 1614, could enforce new taxes
(Kagan et al., 553). Instantly the three groups came head to head, and there was discord over the
voting process within the branches of the Estate General (Kagan et al., 553). The aristocracy tried to
limit the power of the Third Estate when the Assembly of Notables wanted each estate to have equal
number of members represented in each estate, as well as Parlement of Paris ruling that the voting
by the "Estate General should be by order, or estate, rather than by head–that is, each estate in the
Estates General, rather than each individual member, should have one vote" (Kagan et al., 553,554).
Together these would ensure that the nobles and clergy could overrule the Third Estate on any
voting matter brought before them. With widespread anger from the public, the royal council
decided that it was in the best interest of the monarchy to strengthen the Third Estate by allowing
twice as many representatives into this group as

Lord Of The Flies Symbolism Analysis
The Power of Symbols, Prompt #3
Doo doo! Doo doo! The conch shell blares through the day, Ralph calls a meeting on the beach to
establish the current situation of the island, and what needs to be done. In the forest, lying on the
point of a spear is a rotting sow's head, surrounded by the buzzing of flies. They both vary in
whether they are passive or active, and long–term or short–term, but in Lord of the Flies, they both
hold a certain level of power over the island that is hard to break.
THE CONCH OF POWER
One of the most important situations of power in the book is the constant power struggle between
Ralph and Jack. Jack is always trying to top Ralph, and Ralph always has to keep him in a lower
position. One of the most most notable symbols in the book, the conch shell plays an exceptional
role in deciding who gets leads the island, and how. The conch shell, in general, represents Ralph's
power of order, and his authority over other. Whenever Ralph holds a meaningful assembly, he starts
it by blowing the conch, then controls the assembly afterwards with the conch itself, by limiting
others' right to speak. He uses the power the conch has during assemblies to weaken Jack's struggle
for power, and maintain his authority. The main time Ralph actually loses power, while on the other
side of the island at Jack's celebration, Ralph left the conch behind, and even Jack knew that
himself. He lost his symbol of power, and thus had none.
THE RAW INFLUENTIAL POWER Even without

Government Of Roman Republic And Modern Government Essay
Government of Roman Republic The government of Roman Republic was certainly a precursor of
modern government. Social class played a vital role in the beginning of Republics. Whether a person
was a wealthy patrician or common plebeian decided what role he can play in the government.
Consuls stayed above Senate. Senate made decisions on spending, taxation and relationship with
foreign powers. Last there was the Assembly, which continued to change the rules and rights.
Roman society and its politics were quite patriarchal nature, suggesting that men were the one to
rule. Roman citizens were classified into two classes: patricians (powerful nobility, land owning
upper classes) and plebeians (most people, merchants, farmers, and artisans). Slaves were not based
on race. The Roman Republic had a representative democracy. Citizens had the right to elect
representatives who serve in the government and represent their interests. One important branch of
the republic government was the Senate, assembly of elders. There were 300 members for life and
patricians only. The Senate were appointed provincial governors. Their major responsibility
included debate, recommend policy, ratify treaties, declare martial law and approve dictators (people
in charge of the government for only six month). Only one man can be elected as a dictator over the
republic. Another branch was the Consuls. The government of Roman Republic allowed two consuls
at the same time, who were elected by the senate. The

The French Revolution
Throughout the 18th century, France had a plethora of problems, all of which stemmed from the
formation of the estates. The Third Estate was populated with middle class and the lesser. These
citizens were heavily taxed, alienated of food supply, and dealt directly with fixed controlled prices.
All of this coupled with economic depression from ongoing wars and lavishness by the Royal
Family resulted in several movements that lead to the enlightenment, which ultimately spurred the
revolution. It is crucial to know what the Third Estate consisted of in order for one to truly
comprehend the hardships for which the citizens faced. The people of the Third Estate made up the
middle class down through the Sans–Culottes. Most of these ... Show more content on
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The lack of food and government intervention hurt overall morale of the citizens. As a result of
isolation, food riots struck and citizens began racketeering. Subsequently, landlords instituted Feudal
Reaction, which allowed them to enforce old laws and regulations in attempts to obtain more from
their peasants. The economy took a direct hit, forcing the nobility to set a price caps on necessities
such as food, water, and salt. From 1756 to 1763, France fought against Britain in the Seven Years
war, which marks the beginning of the downward spiral of the French Monarchy, as well as causes
for taxation skyrocketing. Concluding Britain's victory, France was forced out of North America,
leaving Britain in control of the New World. This defeat costs millions of capital, the military's
prestigious tittle, and left French society questioning their military. Hundreds of thousands of men
returned from the war to find themselves unemployed and in an economic crisis. Furthering the
economic downturn, King Louis XVI continued to compete with Great Britain's military technology,
costing the Monarchy significant capital. King Louis XVI also played a vast role in enhancing the
economic turmoil in France. Becoming king in 1775, Louis never initially had the respect of the
people and not many showed for his coronation. He was left with difficulties from his father and
prior engagements; however, King Louis XVI did not like to speak

French Revolution Essay
France was a nation ruled by an absolute monarch who had power beyond the grasp of any peasant,
and just out of the reach of the aristocracy. King Louis XIV (1774 – 1791) of France was not willing
to give up his monopoly that had existed for seventeen years. It was the perfect situation for his
absolute government, and may have remained that way if he had been able to manage France's
finances successfully. More money had been spent on roads' canals and wars then were being
collected through taxes. In addition the government lost control over the bourgeois class. The
bourgeois (working class merchants) gained control by using the disorganized peasant class,
members of the Third Estate, who presented their grievances in cahiers to the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is impossible for a government to run a nation without a healthy economy. Expenses were set
down in March of 1788 at 629,000,000 livres and revenues at 503,000,000, leaving a deficit of
126,000,000, or 20 per cent of expenses. It was proposed that the difference should be made up by
borrowing, but this action only paid off older loans and had no positive effect on the economy of
France. The answer to this problem was to increase old taxes and introduce new ones. Louis XVI
tried to decree new taxes to ease financial strain but parliament refused; Louis did not have the
power to institute new taxes. Needing funds to carry out the day to day activities of France, King
Louis XVI's minister of finance, Jacques Necker, was called upon to solve the problem. He
informed Louis XVI to call the Estates General to assembly in hopes that it would agree to an
increase in taxation in return for limited royal reforms. This meeting was the last method Louis XVI
had at his disposal to refill the treasury and when it failed, the absolute government he had grown
accustomed to was in danger of becoming extinct. The Aristocracy maintained great power in the
government when they refused to relinquish their privilege of paying a minimal amount in taxes.
The government needed this money to help stabilize the dwindling economic conditions. They
called a meeting of Notables to try to persuade the aristocracy to help the French

Ap Euro Chapter 19
Chapter 19– French Revolution
1) Describe the 3 estates of France. Who paid the taxes? Who held the wealth and power in France?
The first estate was the top 1% of population which is the government, church, and clergy men.
They experienced special privileges and paid no taxes.
The Second Estate is made up of the 2% of population and included nobility. They experienced
special privileges and were taxed lightly.
The Third Estate was made p of the "common" population. They included lawyers, merchants, and
peasants. They were made up of the Bourgeoisie which is the middle class which is the highest
portion of the third estate.
2) Define liberty and equality.
Liberty is freedom, guaranteed human rights, no censorship, and ... Show more content on
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The Girondists allowed to return to their seats in convention. amnesty was allowed for all prisoners.
The committee of public safety was restructed. The Law of 22 Prairial was repealed. The Paris
Commune was outlawed. There was more influence of the wealthy on society. "The White Terror"
was the execution of those involved in the Reign of Terror. There was a genuine revival of
Catholicism and a return to traditional family life. The Issuance of the Constitution of the Year 111
was a political system based on property. This made the French Revolution a victor for the
Bourgeoiose which is the upper middle class. They got more rights, had property, and the money
price regulation. Onscreen and June 1795 a treaty was signed with Prussian an Spain.
Identify the following people/groups. Who are they? What was their role in the Revolution? What
are they known for? If they are a writer, include the title of their work.
1) Jacques Necker
Jacques Necker was appointed director of finances and replaced Brienne. The Aristocracy and
church plan to weaken French monarchy. On July 11, without consulting leaders, Louis XVI
abruptly dismissed Necker.

2) Louis XVI
All though Louis XVI was well–meaning, he was weak and vacillating. When Louis Xvi first started
his reign, in an attempt to gain popular support, he restored all the parlements and confirmed their
old powers. On June 20th, Louis XVI locked the National Assembly out of their traditional meeting

How Did Congress Respond To Congress?
The governors made sure to issue a emph{Convocatoria} that favored the attendance of delegates
loyal to them citep[][506]{langston2001rules}. These delegates voted in favor of keeping most of
the changes contained in the drafts distributed to the local assemblies in July (e.g. dropping the
concept of ``social liberalism'' from the Declaration of Principles). However, they proposed
additional changes which were unexpected by president Zedillo and his collaborators within the
party. First, the CPN ––in control of the governors after the XIV National Assembly–– became the
most important party organ (replacing the National Assemblies), in charge of selecting the party's
main leaders (i.e. the president of the CEN and the general secretary) and the use of the party's
monies. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, although the July statutes' draft stated that anyone wishing to become a party candidate
could either have previous experience in a party post (e.g. a party committee) emph{or} an
electoral post, the delegates changed the emph{or} for an emph{and} citep[cf.][]
{reforma1996septCandadoOporIY} and created an insurmountable obstacle for almost all the
bureaucrats in the cabinet (recall, from Fig. ref{fig:cabinets} that abuot 60% of Zedillo's cabinet
members had pure bureaucratic careers).

Comparative Politics of the French and Mexican Governments...
Comparative Politics of the French and Mexican Governments
The political systems of today's world vary tremendously as you span the world. Each of these
systems has gone through an evolution based on mistakes of the past and the needs of a stable and
equal government. Most nations throughout the world observe political means through either
Unitary or Federal legislation. The Federal government of Mexico and the unitary government of
France are perfect examples of the differences and similarities of unicameral and bicameral
legislature. When looking at the political systems we must first understand the ideologies behind it.
The main ideology that has help to define the French political system is that of bicameral ... Show
The president is elected for a seven–year term by direct popular vote. The presidential powers
preside over the Council of Ministers, the High Council of the Judiciary, and as the commander of
the armed forces. The president selects the prime minister and appoints cabinet ministers. The prime
minister and the Council of Ministers are responsible only to the National Assembly. The prime
minister power is minute when compared to that of the president. The president can also elect a new
prime minister if he feels the current is not doing his/her job. The French Parliament has two
chambers, with supreme legislative authority abided in the National Assembly. The 321 members of
the senate serve 9–year terms and are indirectly elected by an electoral college. The Senate has the
right to examine and render opinions on legislation. The senate also examines policies initiated by
the National Assembly and has the power to delay the passage of legislation. If the two chambers
disagree on a bill the final decision rests with the National Assembly. The National Assembly gives
5–year terms to its 577 deputies, since they are chosen directly by the people. The national assembly
also has the power to censure the president and prime minister. Members of National Assembly are
elected through single member district plurality, while notables elect the senate through indirect
elections. France enjoys both the

French Revolution Dbq
There are many reasons for the late edification of the French people after the Revolution had started,
one of these being that the more educated people saw the anger of the poor as an opportunity to
justify the total reform of their presently corrupt government. So, what we have are these secret
societies that would meet together and essentially philosophize about what basic human rights are,
and the role of a government in protecting those rights. Many of the men in these groups were well–
educated by the Catholic Church and other forms of schooling, one of the most notable being,
Maximellius de Robespierre. This man would soon be the one to rally the people, bringing them
together and calling them to action. When the king was forced ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On January 21, 1793, it sent King Louis XVI, to the guillotine and his wife, Marie Antoinette, to the
same fate nine months later. The Guillotine After the death of King Lois and Marie Antoinette, there
was a 10–month period of violence and rage; this was labeled the "Reign of Terror". The French
people became so lost in their rage that they forgot what they were fighting for. The Revolution
became more about revenge than an improved resolution to the monarchy. We would see later that
this eventually led them back into a monarchy with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as he conquered
France and its surroundings. This unfortunate turn for violence was a direct result of the poor
education the common people had received. They did not fully understand the Enlightenment ideas
and how to achieve them. Obviously, revolutions are always filled with violence and gore, but one
notable thing about the French Revolution was the extremity of it. They had become so enraptured
by this idea of getting revenge, that they became lost in their hate. They allowed themselves to be
blindly led by the media and those in power, not even knowing that it was

Mr. Willie Brown Research Paper
Mr. Willie Brown was borned March 20,1934 he is an American politician of the Democratic Party.
He served over 30 years in the California State Assembly, he spent 15 years as the speaker, and later
served as the 41 mayor of San Francisco,he was the first African American to do so. Also under the
California term–limits law no Speaker of the California State Assembly will be prermitted to have a
longer tenure than Mr. Willie Brown.
The San Francisco Chronicle called Brown "one of San Francisco's most notable mayors"who was a
celebrity beyond city boundaries". Mr.Brown was born in Mineola, Texas and graduated from
Mineola Colored High School in 1951 he described it as substandard school. When he moved to live
with his uncle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was over the city's most diverse administration with more Asian
Americans, women,Latinos, gays, and African Americans than his predecessors.
To give you a little history about Mr. Willie Brown he was born in a small segeregated town in east
Texas that was marked by racial tensions during Brown's childhood, mob violence periodically
erupted in Mineola, keeping African Americans from voting. His first job was shoeshine boy in
whites only barber shop, he later held other jobs such as janitor,fry cook,and field hand. He learned
his work ethic at a young age from his grandmother these things helped him pay for college. He
eventually made his way though.
In September 1958 Brown Married Blanche Vitero with whom he had three children, Susan, Robin,
and Michael. He has four grandchildren, Besia, Matea Mateo, and Lordes, and a step granddaughter,
Tyler. The couple unfortunately separated in 1976 but they remained married. He also has a
daughter,Sydney Brown, by political

Compare And Contrast The Two Pivotal Events In American...
In 1776 the British colonies commonly referred to as the "Thirteen Colonies" broke away from their
motherland of Great Britain with Declaration of Independence. From Treaty of Paris in 1793 and
onward the colonies were known as the United States of America. The 19th and 20th centuries
brought the inclusion of 37 states into the Union as the country expanded from the Atlantic Ocean to
the Pacific across the North American landscape. During that same time, two pivotal events in
American History took place. The first event being the Civil War (1861–1865) in which the Union,
comprised of northern states crushed a secessionist rebellion of eleven southern states to preserve
their "peculiar institution" of slavery. The other event was the Great Depression,

The Union Of Notables And Brienne
After Brienne was appointed, the Assembly of Notables was dissolved and Brienne took the edited
reform package to the Parlama. The Parlama approved the first parts of the package, but when it
came to the land tax there was a problem. The Parlama contended that they could not approve a new
tax. That would have to be done by an Estates General. The Estates General was when
representatives from the three estates came together to approve legislation. According to French law
new taxes could only be approved by said assembly. The king did not approve of them stalling on
this very important issue of state and exiled the Parlama from Paris. Eventually the Parlama reached
a compromise and was allowed back. The compromise helped the kingdom a bit, but was nothing
like the reforms needed to restore financial solvency. When the Parlama returned, deliberations
continued. On one occasion King Louis XVI attended one of the meetings. Right in the middle, he
ordered the Parlama to sign the proposal. This was completely unprecedented and a few members
began to protest. However the Parlama reluctantly signed the part of the proposal they were
discussing. They continued to protest though, so the king called the Estates General. In the
meantime, Brienne worked to undermine the authority of the now detrimental Parlama. Before the
May edicts were issued several members of the Parlama found out and were arrested. The May
edicts set up a new court system that reduced the Parlama's power. The

The Violent Revolution Of 1789: The French Revolution
The French Revolution of 1789 has been categorised as one of the most violent revolution of the
18th century.Political tension between the bourgeoisie and the peasants brought an end to France
feudal regime. Economical instability, food shortage and population growth were also amongst the
list of reason why the revolution took place; however, the coronation of Louis XVI in 1775 was the
precursor of the French Revolution.
June 11th Louis XVI coronation was held at the Rheims cathedral. While the crown was placed on
Louis head, peasant families were victims of Frances feudalist society. William Doyle explains that
"three–quarters of the rented land in France was leased to peasants on sharecropping contracts...the
yield of small plots was too ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is one of the main reason why the French Revolution inspired other political movements such
as the American Revolution and the Haitian Revolution; the average man stood up against a higher
authority and gain political

French Revolution Research Paper
The 18th century was extremely important to our everyday lives. The events that occurred in that era
took humanity down a peculiar road that caused essential development to our general way of
thinking. One of the most notable events was the French revolution. The French revolution was one
of the first of its strain, it was one of the first to remove a monarchy. It was a social and political
revolution that shook the west and the world with destruction and chaos spreading new ideas and
creating a melting pot for revolutionists to share and impose actions. The revolution started in 1789
and continued arguably until 1799 during those eleven years a lot had happened with many key
events, and many crucial characters; one of them were, Louis XVI ... Show more content on
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The mistakes that he made were of an amateur politician which he was and created problems of
ultimate trajectories, mistakes such as recalling the parliaments which opened the doors for
commoners to oppose him, financing the American revolution which showed support and gave a
statement saying "its ok" to revolting against a king, locking out the third estate at the general
assembly which ended up creation the national assembly, moving to versailles and forgetting all
about Paris which in turn made people angry, and finally fleeing France altogether which let to
ultimately his doom and the guillotine being a signature way of killing people and political figures.
Louis XVI and his mistakes created his own downfall and in turn was one of the biggest factors of
the french

The French Revolution: Feudalism And Unfair Taxation
Feudalism and Unfair Taxation
Years of feudal oppression and fiscal mismanagement contributed to a French society that was ripe
for revolt. Noting a downward economic spiral in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI brought in a
number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. Each advisor reached the
same conclusion–that France needed a radical change in the way it taxed the public–and each
advisor was, in turn, kicked out.
Finally, the king realized that this taxation problem really did need to be addressed, so he appointed
a new controller general of finance, Charles de Calonne, in 1783. Calonne suggested that, among
other things, France begin taxing the previously exempt nobility. The nobility refused, even after
Calonne pleaded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In response, they issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which insisted that the French return Louis XVI
to the throne. French leaders interpreted the declaration as hostile, so the Girondin–led assembly
declared war on Austria and Prussia.
The Reign of Terror
The first acts of the newly named National Convention were the abolition of the monarchy and the
declaration of France as arepublic. In January 1793, the convention tried and executed Louis XVI on
the grounds of treason. Despite the creation of theCommittee of Public Safety, the war with Austria
and Prussia went poorly for France, and foreign forces pressed on into French territory. Enraged
citizens overthrew the Girondin–led National Convention, and the Jacobins, led by Maximilien
Robespierre, took control.
Backed by the newly approved Constitution of 1793, Robespierre and the Committee of Public
Safety began conscripting French soldiers and implementing laws to stabilize the economy. When
the French army successfully removed foreign invaders and the economy finally stabilized,
however, Robespierre no longer had any justification for his extreme actions, and he himself was
arrested in July 1794 and

Revolutions And The Causes Of The French Revolution
The word Revolution means major changes; structural changes, changes in power, changes in the
thinking of the people, changes in the socio–political institutions or transforming a whole country.
Revolution ranges from quick and short revolutions to slow and long revolutions. Back at the time,
revolutions were considered to be a vicious development to oust an old administration impacting
total changes in the administrative and political institutions. A revolution is any and all instances in
which a state or a political regime is overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular movement in
an irregular, extra constitutional and/or violent fashion revolutions entail not only mass mobilization
and regime change, but also more or less rapid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First and foremost cause of the revolution was the Enlightenment helped an environment in which
revolution was conceivable by its request on improving establishments to conform to principles of
reason and utility. Moreover, it concurred with the ascent of popular conclusion, which undermined
the absolutist idea that political choices obliged no meeting or endured no restriction. In 1789,
France was at the edge of bankruptcy due to two major wars; Seven Years' War and American
Revolution. France went to huge debt because of these wars and lost control of its colonial
possessions in North America. To manage approaching financial indebtedness, the administration
assembled an Assembly of Notables in 1787 to propose another expense collected on all area and the
meeting of warning commonplace congregations. Rehashed imperviousness to change by the
notables and Parliaments constrained Louis XVI to meet the Estates–General, a delegate body made
out of ministry, nobles, and the Third Estate that had not met since 1614. The calling of the Estates–
General in 1789 prompted an open deliberation over the authority of change, and France's battle
against regal dictatorship soon turned into a battle against respectable and administrative benefit.
The Third Estate on June 17 structured a National Assembly with the power to compose a
constitution. This step exchanged power from the ruler to the country and constituted a lawful

Sparta Political System
According to Brand (n.d) the political system of Sparta had many layers in the decision making
process and consisted mainly from the Assembly, the Gerousia and the Euphors. Only male and free
citizens were allowed to be a part of the decision making process and the relevant bodies while at
the same time people who lost their citizenship were not allowed to be members to either the
Assembly, Gerousia or the Euphors (Brand, n.d).
According to Brand (n.d) the Spartan Assembly was the least powerful body followed by the
Gerousia and the Euphors however mostly the Gerousia and the Euphors had significant powers and
members of both bodies they had to be older than 60 years old. Apart from being the most powerful
bodies of public governance in Sparta the requirement for both bodies was that other people would
nominate candidates (Brand, n.d). Additionally according to our readings (Brand, n.d) Sparta had
two kings with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the Metics according to Brand (n.d) was a group that was obligated by Athenian rules
to contribute financially to the Athenian society even though they were not of Athenian descent but
they were mostly immigrants (either from other parts of Greece or different areas such as Egypt).
In general Athens and Sparta were very different as societies. Sparta was a fiercely militaristic
society that valued war craft while Athens obeyed in ideals that were focused in culture, philosophy,
theatre, sciences, art and

Similarities Between Louis Napoleon's Use Of Realpolitik
Louis Napoleon's argument had a strong popular appeal to the French people because he promised
the French people that if he were to be elected as president, France and the rest of Europe would be
guaranteed stability. Napoleon had faced increasing opposition from the National Assembly. And
over the past few years, Napoleon had increasing support from the Catholic Church, the
government, and the French people. Napoleon used the trust of the French people to show them the
evil interests of the National Assembly, "The [National] Assembly, which ought to be the firmest
supporter of order, has become a center of conspiracies... It attacks the authority that I hold directly
from the people; it encourages all evil passions; it jeopardizes the peace ... Show more content on
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Napoleon seized control of the government in a coup d'etat, while Bismarck "ignored legislative
opposition to the military reforms... Bismarck governed Prussia by simply ignoring parliament"
(Spielvogel 531). Another similarity is that both leaders had achieved an authoritative, almost
Machiavellian fashion of ruling step by step. The notable difference between the two is that
Napoleon spent time gaining the trust of the French people, "For three years, [Napoleon] persevered
in winning the support of the French people" (Spielvogel 526), while Bismarck was appointed Prime
Minister by King William I. Another difference is that while both leaders tried their hand a foreign
policy Bismarck was a lot more involved with other nations in comparison to Napoleon. Napoleon
mostly focused on France, "Napoleon believed in using the resources of government to stimulate the
national economy and took many steps to expand industrial growth" (Spielvogel 526). Bismarck's
main goal was to unify the Germanic nations and create one Germany. Bismarck is mostly known
for what he did in surrounding nations, he "skillfully combined domestic policies with wars with
Denmark, Austria, and France to achieve the creation of the German Empire" (Spielvogel

The General Causes Of The French Revolution
French Revolution, also called Revolution of 1789, the revolutionary movement that shook France
between 1787 and 1799. There are many reasons why the French revolution may would have
started. Such as the cultural, social, financial, political, economic. The French Revolution had
general causes common to all the revolutions of the West at the end of the 18th century. The first of
the general causes was the social structure of the West. The feudal regime had been weakened step–
by–step and disappeared in parts of Europe. The increasingly numerous and prosperous wealthy
commoners, merchants, and manufacturers. The peasants, lots of them owned land, had attained an
improved standard of living and education and wanted to get rid of feudalism so as to acquire the
full rights of landowners and to be free to increase their holdings. Furthermore, higher standards of
living had reduced the mortality rate among adults considerably. The Revolution took shape in
France when the controller general of finances, Charles–Alexandre de Calonne, arranged the
summoning of an assembly of notables. In February of 1787 to propose reforms designed to
eliminate the budget deficit by increasing the taxation of the privileged classes. The assembly did
not want to take responsibility for the reforms and suggested that the Estates–General, which
represented the clergy, the aristocracy, and the Third Estate also known as the commoners. There
were efforts made by Calonne's successors to enforce fiscal

Republican Government Vs Imperial Government
In the United States, the ideas are more fixed about the Imperial and the Republican. People focus
more on the philosophical difference, and then they settle by saying that Republican are fair, just and
upheld by some proto conception of a social contract. Imperial system on another side is brutal,
harsh and ultimately tyranny. The transition from republican to imperial changed everything and
essentially everything did remain the same. The main difference between republican and imperial
government was that the Republican was not able to control the massive empire while the imperial
system could. Roman republic's main problem was that they were unable to control the military, and
this problem led to several political murder and rounds of civil wars. In contrast, the centralized
autocratic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Remember that Rome was indeed an empire long before it was imperial. Perhaps the main
difference that can be seen by the modern viewers between the Republic and the imperial system is
one of the political participation and by extension legitimacy. It is true that the "common man" had
more political powers under the Republican. Reality appears in both systems it was only a few
selected who had the true political powers. The irony was that imperial system acted to favor the
common man compared to the republic ever did. The Roman Republic was made up of a collection
of more documents that collectively acted as a constitution. This particular constitution had novel
features that were designed to inhibit autocratic rule. The two features of the constitution were very
strict term limits and collegiality, whereby each position was being held by at least two people. Most
Republic and Imperial ages Romans made this constitution very sacred, and eventually it allowed
Rome to be the dominant world power. The Roman Republic never operated as a strict Republic but
more as a combination of Republic and

Similarities Between Calonne And Lafayette
Notables called by Louis XVI and Calonne in 1787, and was elected to represent the nobility in the
Estates General in 1789. He was ordered to join the National Assembly by the King where he
quickly became a leader, making the proposal to draft a declaration of rights. After the fall of the
Bastille on July 14, he was appointed commander of the Paris militia, which he transformed into the
Paris National Guard. As commander, Lafayette was responsible for maintaining order and assuring
that successful negotiations with the National Assembly and the King could be conducted. He was
also responsible for the safety of the royal family as they were taken to Paris. Unfortunately,
Lafayette was loyal to both the monarchy and the Revolution and tried

Sources Of Law : Neil Boyd
SOURCES OF LAW:
Neil Boyd said in this book that in any lawmaking, a law is a power with a political compromise. He
further says the law is a prize that various political actors seek within a terrain of social, political,
and economic conflict. It is honest that while describing sources of legal philosophy, three
backdrops such as struggle, compromise, and councils must consider (Boyd 2015 p. 50).
It is Canada's current legal system stems from various European system by explorers and colonists.
Who can forget the well–known Seven Years' War " The Battle of the Plains of Abraham" (1756–
1763) that took place between Britain and France? Britain won the fight and set out a legal structure
for its new settlement in the Royal Proclamation of 1763. Since then, Canada has fallen only under
English law, except for Quebec, that follows French civil law (Boyd 2015 p. 32). The British North
America Act, 1867 is Canada's original and defining source of sound philosophy. It sets out in
sections 91 and 92 the respective powers of federal and provincial governments, and more broadly,
an arrangement of legal governance of the country (Boyd 2015 p. 34). The account states that
Canada found its identity in The British North America Act, 1867 and the Constitution Act, 1982,
with its entrenched Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms(Boyd 2015 p. 36).
Even though much of our legal philosophy inherited from Britain and French customs, new laws
form, old laws change, and the common law and

Did The French Revolution Influence The Enlightenment Idea...
During the late eighteenth century, the people of France began to feel a sense of dissatisfaction
towards the government due to a number of causes. Many scholars argue that the nobility and
bourgeoisie, or middle class, had internal conflicts with each other or that the two classes had
similar interests and formed an educated elite. In addition, France was very poor at the time and
sported a massive financial debt due to the nation's participation in the American Revolution. This in
turn led to famine and popular unrest within the citizens of France. Although many monarchs, such
as Louis XIV and those of Prussia and Austria, opposed the idea of a revolution, the citizens,
influenced by Enlightenment ideas, realized that kings were unnecessary and overthrew ... Show
Due to the enormous national debt, King Louis XIV had no choice but to increase taxes. In 1787, the
minister of finance imposed a tax on all land and formed assemblies to help institute the tax. The
minister persuaded Louis XIV to call an Assembly of Notables, or a group of nobles and clergy, to
gain support for the heavy taxation. The notables advocated for a meeting of the Estates General
since the sizable tax would have a great impact on the economy of the nation. The Estates General
was essentially a legislative body made up of representatives from the three social classes; the last
time it met prior to the 1789 congregation was in 1614. The clergy, nobility, and commoners each
elected their representatives separately and created a list of grievances. Although the spokesmen for
each class had different living conditions,

Saint Dominque And French Revolution
However, when Napoleon Bonaparte attempted to reinstate slavery at the beginning of the 19th
century, there was much objection specifically by Toussaint (de Breda) Louverture. Toussaint
created a new constitution for Saint–Dominque without slavery and placed administrators in charge
over the islands government, commerce, and legislation (Dubois/Garrigus,169). Napoleaon sent
troops to Saint–Dominque, arrested Toussaint and deported him to France; however, this only
furthered intensified the fighting. After much strife, Napoleon eventually gave up and the Haitian
Declaration of Independence was created on January 1, 1804 and later a constitution in 1805
(Dubois/Garrigus,188).
Both Saint–Dominque and French revolution played a part in each others revolution. Saint–
Dominque is a refection of what is going on in France, because it is partially a revolution in France
and against France. The French Revolution started as a debt crisis, turned in to a financial crisis,
which spiraled in to political and social crises of the revolution.
The French were already in debt and then decided to help the American Colonies in their revolt
against the British which led to their debt crisis. The debt got so bad that King Louis XVI was on
the verge of going bankrupt and was forced to call the Assembly of Notables in 1787. The Assembly
of Notables did not work out because the king asks the Assembly to give up the majority of their
privileges, but refused to offer a reason why. This secrecy

Ford Essay
Microeconomics of the Ford Motor Company
Final Paper – ECO201 14EW1
Karen J. Cassady
Southern New Hampshire University
Abstract:
(Brief Summary of paper aprox 150 words) to be added for final draft.
Introduction
The purpose of this paper will be to explain how the supply and demand as well as the elasticity of
demand exists for the automobiles produced by the Ford Motor Company. The early history of the
company through the present will be highlighted in an effort to show how the firm became a global
leaders in the production of automobiles.
Ford Motor Company The firm that I have chosen for this paper is the Ford Motor Company. The
Ford Motor Company has become one of today's largest most profitable ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The roaring twenties saw many improvements and additions at Ford. By 1919 the Model T held
40% of the domestic market ("Ford Crises of 1920–1921," 2007). Throughout the 30s and 40s, Ford
continued to set the standard for the automotive industry. The company's first new V–8 engine was
debuted in 1932. (Ford Richmond Assembly Plant – Operation during the 1930s) In 1940, while
Europe and Asia had gone to war and the United States still struggled with economic depression, the
Richmond Branch produced about 100 cars each day. Soon this became a Mercury assembly plant,
so five models of Mercury's including sedans, coupes, and convertibles comprised about one–
quarter of Richmond's output. Sales of Ford's 1941 models were among the best ever due largely to
the demand created by WWII. (Ford Richmond Assembly Plant – Ford's Conversion to War
Production)
The 50s and 60s saw Ford transition from a family owned company to one that would be publically
traded. On January 18, 1956, when the Ford Foundation began to sell its stock in the company. The
price was $64.50 per share. (Stock Tools & Information)
The 70s and 80s were difficult times for the once mighty company. After setting a U.S. sales record
in 1978, Ford saw its volume plunge more than 45 percent in the next three years. Its market share
dropped from 25.5 percent to 19.7 percent in the same span. The losses came large and quick: $1.5
billion in

The Financial Crisi of the French Revolution
"How Serious Was The Pre–Revolutionary Financial Crisis Between 1786–88, And How Significant
Was The Clash Between The Notables And Calonne In Failing To Solve It?"
On the twentieth of august 1786 Charles Alexandre de Calonne, comptroller–general of the royal
finances, informed King Louis XVI that the state was on the verge of a financial meltdown. Whilst
not having exact details to the financial figures to show the full extent of the problem, it is never the
less recognized that France was in serious financial difficulty. What then did Calonne propose to sort
this financial mess out? How was he to convince the King and the Notables that France was in
financial danger and to give backing to his solutions? This essay will ... Show more content on
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Calonne raised approximately over 420 million livres from 1783–87. Yet he could hardly go on
borrowing for short term investments when clearly what was needed were long term plans to help
France recover. What was then the comptroller–general to do in sorting out this dire financial
situation? Especially when so many options were closed to him. Calonne himself even stated to
Louis:
"I shall easily show that it is impossible to tax further, ruinous to be always borrowing and not
enough to confine ourselves to economical reforms the only effective remedy to take, the only true
means of managing finally to put the finances truly in order, must consist in revivifying the entire
State by recasting all that is vicious in the constitution."2
Put simply, Calonne had come to realize that the financial problems of France were so extraordinary,
that they were beyond financial problems. What Calonne proposed to do was to rework the entire
state: all institutions had to be revamped in order to save France from her financial crisis. He
believed that the state needed comprehensive organization – as a result he felt it necessary to reform
the economy, the government and possibly society in France. Calonne states in his document to
Loius:
"The disparity, the disaccord, the incoherence of the different parts of the monarchy is the

Representative Huffman Research Paper

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