The document discusses musculoskeletal, metabolic, and multisystem dysfunctions. Musculoskeletal dysfunctions affect muscles, bones, and joints, causing pain and limited mobility. Common issues are osteoarthritis, fractures, and back pain. Metabolic dysfunctions involve conditions like diabetes and obesity that can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and other issues. Multisystem dysfunctions impact multiple organs simultaneously, like liver and kidney failure. Symptoms across these conditions include pain, impaired movement, high blood sugar levels, and fluid retention. All reduce quality of life by limiting daily activities.

1. REPLY1
Musculoskeletal system consists of muscles, bones, joints and
associated tissues such as ligaments and tendons; which
performs various functions to allow movement of the body.
Common pathophysiological changes and abnormal findings
associated with musculoskeletal system includes conditions that
affects various body parts:
Joints e.g. osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic
arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis.
Bones e.g. osteoporosis, osteopenia, traumatic fractures and
associated fragility fractures
Muscles e.g. sarcopenia
Spines e.g. back and neck pain
Multiple body areas or systems e.g. regional and widespread
pain disorders; inflammatory diseases; vasculitis with systemic
lupus erythematosus.
Musculoskeletal dysfunction conditions are typically
characterized by persistent pain and limitations in mobility,
dexterity and functional ability, reducing ability to work and
participate in social roles with associated impact on mental
well-being. Symptoms associated with musculoskeletal
dysfunctions include pain, numbness, edema, warmth, spasms of
muscles, stiffness and tenderness. All these alterations in
musculoskeletal dysfunction can be due to injury, infection,
inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions.

2. Metabolic dysfunctions are the group of metabolic
abnormalities that include hypertension, diabetes,
hyperlipidemia, obesity and many other conditions. Common
pathophysiological changes and abnormal findings associated
with metabolic dysfunctions include:
Uncontrolled blood pressure
Presence of insulin resistance with impaired fasting glucose and
impaired glucose tolerance
Excess body fat around the waist and other body parts
Abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels
Symptoms associated with metabolic diseases include high
blood pressure, large waist circumference, over-weight,
symptoms of diabetes such as increased thirst and urination,
fatigue and blurred vision. with high blood sugar level.
Hyperlipidemia is characterized by the symptoms of high
triglyceride level or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol or high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
Multisystem health dysfunctions are the abnormalities in the
anatomical or physiological functioning in multiple organ or
system. Also called as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
(MODS) or multiple organ failure (MOF). This is an altered
organ function in an acutely ill patient requiring medical
intervention to achieve homeostasis. Common
pathophysiological and abnormal findings associated with
multisystem health dysfunctions includes m multiple system
atrophy (MSA) - Degenerative neurological disorder; liver
failure; respiratory failure; kidney failure.

3. Symptoms associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
include MSA leading to loss of involuntary functions, head and
neck infections, chest and pulmonary infections, high fever,
increased heart rate and blood pressure, decreased urine output,
fast breathing, and fluid retention causing swelling in
extremities.
Reference: Falkner, A., & Green, S. Z. (2018). Musculoskeletal,
Metabolism, and Multisystem Complexities. Retrieved August
10, 2020, from
https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs410v/pathophysiology-clinical-
applications-for-client-health/v1.1/
REPLY2
The musculoskeletal system carries the weight of the body and
enables individuals to carry out basic functions such as walking
or carrying loads. An abnormal finding with musculoskeletal
complexities is a weakened system that limits an individual’s
mobility. The common pathophysiology of metabolic
complexities is insulin resistance and obesity which can lead to
other complexities. Symptoms that are associated with
musculoskeletal complexities are pain and tenderness in
affected areas, swelling, loss of movement or stiffness and
weakness. According to the World Health Organization (2019),
back pain is the leading cause of disability in the world.
Therefore, musculoskeletal complexities have the potential to
drastically affect a patient’s quality of life. This also has an
impact on the patient psychologically and the patient might not
be healthy overall to participate fully in life. For instance,
impaired musculoskeletal function means that the patient’s
mobility is limited. Therefore, he or she might have to rely on
loved ones to provide support to carry out activities of daily

4. living such as going to work or engaging in recreational
activities like cycling. Pain forces the patient to be dependent
on medication. Metabolic complexities also have a similar
negative impact on the life of a patient. Common symptoms are
high blood sugar and an increase in the circumference of the
waist. Collins et al. (2018) note that people who suffer from
metabolic complexities have an increased risk of developing
type 2 diabetes. In addition, weight gain might limit the ability
of a person to function optimally in ADLs such as walking since
he or she might run out of breath and need a rest.
Musculoskeletal, metabolic and multisystem complexities vary
but they all have an adverse effect on the patient’s life.
References
Collins, K. H., Herzog, W., MacDonald, G. Z., Reimer, R. A.,
Rios, J. L., Smith, I. C., ... & Hart, D. A. (2018). Obesity,
metabolic syndrome, and musculoskeletal disease: common
inflammatory pathways suggest a central role for loss of muscle
integrity.
Frontiers in physiology
,
9
, 112. Doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00112
World Health Organization. (2019, November 26).
Musculoskeletal conditions
. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditions.