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輻射及其生物效應
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輻射及其生物效應
1.
輻射及其生物效應 清華大學生命科學系 林泓叡
2.
Deinococcus radiodurans “the world’s toughest bacterium” • Natural habitat unknown extraordinarily resistant to desiccation and radiation Can survive at 30,000,000‐50,000,000 Gy ※human effective dose: 100 mSv/yr Efficient DNA repair system within 12‐24 hours can repair chromosomes fragmented by exposure to radiation
3.
大綱 1.放射性同位素 2.背景輻射 3.突變與癌症 4.線性無閾值假設與毒物激發效應
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活度(activity):單位時間內原子核的衰變數量。 單位:貝克(Bq) 1Bq=1
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Background radiation 背景輻射:環境中所具有的輻射,通常以等效劑量表示。 吸收劑量:單位質量的物質接受的輻射平均能量,單位:戈雷(Gy) 1Gy=1J/kg 有效劑量:吸收劑量考慮射值因素的修正。 等效劑量:考慮射值因素與器官敏感度的修正。 Human confirmed effect: 100mSv/yr ∝ 1 4
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日本原子力管制委員會 http://radioactivity.nsr.go .jp/map/ja/area.html Max: 202.94 mSv/yr
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原能會-全國環境輻射監 測 http://www.aec.gov.tw/g ammadetect.html 石崩山: 0.74 mSv/yr 台北:0.51 mSv/yr 蘭嶼: 0.37 mSv/yr
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台電環境輻射監測-核能一廠 http://wapp4.taipower.com.tw/nsis/web/new_screen_page/001s/intime_grap h_1.asp Max: 0.61 mSv/yr
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台電環境輻射監測-蘭嶼儲存場 http://wapp4.taipower.com.tw/nsis/web/new_screen_page/005l/intime_gr aph_5.asp Max: 0.59 mSv/yr
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One of the most abundant in nature: Radon 222 and Potassium 40
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So, do you still care the biological effect?
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輻射能量與生物效應
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游離輻射與生物效應
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Mutation突變 ※突變只是遺傳變異的其中一個原因,遺傳變異是演化的原動力。 1.自發性突變 DNA複製產生錯誤 可移動的基因片段( e.g. transposons跳躍基因) 2.受激發突變(物理或化學因子) 主要以點突變為主,包含鹼基取代、插入或移除。
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DNA 修復
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Cancer • 未受控制的細胞增生 主要機制來自oncogene(致癌基因)與 tumor‐suppressor(腫瘤抑制基因) Carcinogenesis(癌發生): proto‐oncogene→oncogene tumor‐suppressor inhibited 原因: 細胞的DNA損傷 未受控制的細胞週期 tumor suppressor protein受抑制(e.g. p53) 其他胞外訊號 病毒感染(by turn on the oncogene→transformation)
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只有少於5% 的細胞變異是來自於背景輻射!
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But in fact, the major effect of radiation is not DNA damage… → Create free radicals(自由基)
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Antioxidants 抗氧化劑 Radical inhibitor自由基抑制物
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Linear no‐threshold model (LNT) 線性無閾值假設 • 量化模型描述游離輻射對生物體的影響(以產生癌症為計) • ICRP建議一般人年劑量需低於額外1 mSv,職業工作者需低於
50 mSv • 100mSv 以上的LNT預估,符合流行病學統計結果。 • 劑量在100mSv以下實驗統計結果較不準確,數據也不符合LNT。 (Threshold exists?) • 劑量<10mSv更加偏離預期,對生物影響較具爭議。 →Radiation hormesis(毒物激發效應) (Low‐dose radiation may be beneficial) ※ Effective dose <100mSv/yr : The risks are too low to be detectable and may be nonexistent.
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LNT Model
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車諾比的動物天堂 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HatG5‐ fxcU&list=PL9A034A14A7AA4351
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Birds Adapting to Chernobyl's Radiation
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結論: 1.許多文章或報導的真偽性可由基礎物理或化學知識等加以判斷。 2.了解輻射的物理本質後,其並不如我們平常想的那樣可怕。 3.突變或癌症並不是真正與輻射那麼相關。 4.低劑量輻射對生物體的影響還是熱門的研究主題,且具有極大啟發性。
34.
Deinococcus radiodurans “the world’s toughest bacterium” • Natural habitat unknown extraordinarily resistant to desiccation and radiation Can survive at 30,000,000‐50,000,000 Gy ※
human effective dose : 100 mSv/yr Efficient DNA repair system within 12‐24 hours can repair chromosomes fragmented by exposure to radiation Thanks!!
35.
Supplement slides
36.
放射性衰變 活度(activity):單位時間內原子核的衰變數量。 單位:貝克(Bq) 1Bq=1 0 → , . ≡
N: number of nuclides A: activity λ: decay rate → . T: mean life time
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分子生物學中心法則 DNA (轉錄) mRNA (轉譯) Protein DNA ‐ genetic code(遺傳密碼): A、T、C、G 含氮鹼基 RNA ‐
codon(密碼子): A、U、C、G 含氮鹼基 4 64 (many‐to‐one) Protein – 主要行使生理功能的巨分子。 20 amino acids(胺基酸)
41.
DNA 雙螺旋
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