The Frog Princess Russian Fairy Tale

The Frog Princess. Russian Fairy Tale.
In days gone by there was a King who had three sons. When his
sons came of age the King called them to him and said, "My
dear lads, I want you to get married so that I may see your little
ones, my grand-children, before I die."
And his sons replied, "Very well, Father, give us your blessing.
Who do you want us to marry?"
"Each of you must take an arrow, go out into the green meadow
and shoot it. Where the arrows fall, there shall your destiny be."
So the sons bowed to their father, and each of them took an
arrow and went out into the green meadow, where they drew
their bows and let fly their arrows.
The arrow of the eldest son fell in the courtyard of a nobleman,
and the nobleman's daughter picked it up. The arrow of the
middle son fell in the yard of a merchant, and the merchant's
daughter picked it up. But the arrow of the youngest son, Prince
Iva n, flew up and away he knew not where. He walked on and
on in search of it, and at last he came to a marsh, where what
should he see but a frog sitting on a leaf with the arrow in its
mouth. Prince Ivan said to it, "Frog, frog, give me back my
arrow."
And the frog replied, "Marry me!"
"How can I marry a frog?"
"Marry me, for it is your destiny."
Prince Ivan was sadly disappointed, but what could he do? He
picked up the frog and brought it home. The King celebrated
three weddings: his eldest son was married to the nobleman's
daughter, his middle son to the merchant's daughter, and poor
Prince Iva n to the frog.
One day the King called his sons and said, "I want to see which
of your wives is most skilled with her needle. Let them each
sew me a shirt by tomorrow morning."
The sons bowed to their father and went out. Prince Ivan went
home and sat in a corner, looking very sad. The frog hopped

about on the floor and said to him, "Why are you so sad, Prince
Ivan? Are you in trouble?"
"My father wants you to sew him a shirt by tomorrow morning."
Said the frog, "Don't be downhearted, Prince Ivan. Go to bed;
night is the mother of counsel." So Prince Ivan went to bed, and
the frog hopped out on to the doorstep, cast off her frog skin,
and turned into Vasilisa the Wise, a maiden fair beyo nd
compare. She clapped her hands and cried, "Maids and nurses,
get ready, work steady! By tomorrow morning sew me a shirt
like the one my own father used to wear!"
When Prince Ivan awoke the next morning, the frog was
hopping about on the floor again, and on the table, wrapped up
in a linen towel, the shirt lay. Prince Ivan was delighted. He
picked up the shirt and took it to his father. He found the King
receivin g gifts from his other sons. When the eldest laid out his
shirt, the King said, "This shirt will do for one of my servants."
When the middle son laid out his shirt, the King said, "This one
is good only for the bath-house." Prince Ivan laid out his shirt,
handsomely embroidered in gold and silver. The King took one
look at it and said, "Now this is a shirt indeed! I shall wear it on
the best occasions."
The two elder brothers went home and said to each other, "It
looks as though we had laughed at Prince Ivan's wife for
nothing -- it seems she is not a frog, but a sorceress."
Again the King called his sons. "Let your wives bake me bread
by tomorrow morning," he said. I want to know which one
cooks the best."
Prince Ivan came home looking very sad again. The frog said to
him, "Why are you so sad, Prince?"
"The King wants you to bake bread for him by tomorrow
morning," replied her husband.
"Don't be downhearted, Prince Ivan. Go to bed; night is the
mother of counsel."
Now those other daughters-in-law had made fun of the
frog at first, but this time they sent an old henwife to see how
the frog baked her bread. But the frog was cunning and guessed

what they were about. She kneaded the dough, broke the top of
the stove an d emptied the dough-trough straight down the hole.
The old henwife ran back to the other wives and told them what
she had seen, and they did as the frog had done.
Then the frog hopped out onto the doorstep, turned into Vasilisa
the Wise, and clapped her hands and cried, "Maids and nurses,
get ready, work steady! By tomorrow morning bake me a soft
white loaf like the ones I ate when I lived at home."
Prince Ivan woke up in the morning, and there on the table he
saw a loaf of bread with all kinds of pretty designs on it. On the
sides were quaint figures -- royal cities with walls and gates.
Prince Ivan was ever so pleased. He wrapped the loaf up in a
linen towel and took it to his father. Just then the King was
receiving the loaves from his elder sons. Their wives had
dropped the dough into the fire as the old henwife had told
them, and it came out just a lump of charred dough. The King
took the loaf from his eldest son, looked at it and sent it to the
servants' hall. He took the loaf from his middle son and did the
same with that. But when Prince Ivan handed him his loaf the
King said, "Now that is what I call bread! It is fit to be eaten
onl y on holidays."
And the King bade his sons come to his feast the next day and
bring their wives with them. Prince Ivan came
home grieving again. The frog hopped up and said, "Why are
you so said, Prince Ivan? Has your father said anything unkind
to you?"
"Froggy, my frog, how can I help being sad? Father wants me to
bring you to his feast, but how can you appear before people as
my wife?"
"Don't be downhearted, Prince Ivan," said the frog. "Go to the
feast alone and I will come later. When you hear a knocking and
a banging, do not be afraid. If you are asked, say it is only your
Froggy riding in her box."
So Prince Ivan went by himself. His elder brothers drove up
with their wives, rouged and powdered and dressed in fine
clothes. They stood there and mocked Prince Ivan: "Why did

you not bring your wife? You could have brought her in a
handkerchief . Where, indeed, did you find such a beauty? You
must have searched all the marshes for her!"
The King and his sons and daughters-in-law and all the guests
sat down to feast at the oaken tables covered with handsome
cloths. All at once there was a knocking and a banging that
made the whole palace shake. The guests jumped up in fright,
but Prince Ivan said, "Do not be afraid, good people, it is only
my Froggy riding in her box."
Just then a gilded carriage drawn by six white horses dashed up
to the palace door and out of it stepped
Vasilisa the Wise in a dress of sky-blue silk strewn with stars
and a shining moon upon her head -- a maiden as fair as the sky
at dawn, the fairest m aiden ever born. She took Prince Ivan by
the hand and led him to the oaken tables with the handsome
cloths on them.
The guests began to eat, drink and make merry. Vasilisa the
Wise drank from her glass and emptied the dregs into her left
sleeve. Then she ate some swan meat and put the bones in her
right sleeve. The wives of the elder princes saw her do this and
they did the same.
When the eating and drinking were over, the time came for
dancing. Vasilisa the Wise took Prince Ivan and tripped off with
him. She whirled and danced, and everybody watched and
marveled. She waved her left sleeve, and lo! a lake appeared!
She waved her r ight sleeve, and white swans began to swim on
the lake. The King and his guests were struck with wonder.
Then the other daughters-in-law went to dance. They waved one
sleeve, but only splashed wine over the guests; they waved the
other, but only scattered bones, and one bone hit the King right
in the forehead. The King flew into a rage and drove both
daughte rs-in-law away.
Meanwhile, Prince Ivan slipped out and ran home. There he
found the frog skin and threw it into the fire. When Vasilisa the
Wise came home, she looked for the frog skin but could not find
it. She sat down on a bench, sorely grieved, and said to Prince

Iva n, "Ah, Prince Ivan,
what have you done? Had you but waited three more days I
would have been yours forever. But now, farewell. Seek me
beyond the Thrice-Nine Lands, in the Thrice-Ten Kingdom,
where Koshchei the Deathless dwells." So saying, Va silisa the
Wise turned herself into a gray cuckoo and flew out of the
window. Prince Ivan wept long and hard, then bowed in all four
directions and went forth he knew not where to seek his wife,
Vasilisa the Wise. How long he walked is hard to say, but h is
boots wore down at the heels, his tunic wore out at the elbows,
and his cap became battered by the rain. By and by he met a
little man, as old as old can be.
"Good day, my lad," said the little old man. "Where are you
going and what is your errand?"
Prince Ivan told him about his trouble.
"Ah, why did you burn the frog skin, Prince Ivan?" said the
little old man. "It was not yours to keep or do away with.
Vasilisa the Wise was born wiser than her father, and that made
him so angry that he turned her into a frog for three ye ars. Ah,
well, it cannot be helped now. Take this ball of yarn and follow
it without fear wherever it rolls."
Prince Ivan thanked the little old man and followed the ball of
yarn. It rolled on and he came after. In an open field he met a
bear. Prince Ivan took aim and was about to kill it, but the bear
spoke in a human voice: "Do not kill me, Prince Ivan , for you
may have need of me
someday."
Prince Ivan spared the bear's life and went on farther. Suddenly
he saw a drake flying overhead. He took aim with his bow, but
the drake said in a human voice, "Do not kill me, Prince Ivan,
for you may have need of me someday."
He spared the drake and went on. A hare came running by.
Again Prince Ivan snatched his bow to shoot it, but the hare said
in a human voice, "Do not kill me, Prince Ivan, for you may
have need of me someday."
So he spared the hare and went on. He came to the blue sea and

saw a pike lying on the sandy beach gasping for breath. "Ah,
Prince Ivan," said the pike, "take pity on me and throw me back
into the blue sea."
So he threw the pike into the sea and walked on along the shore.
By and by the ball of yarn rolled into a forest, and there stood a
little hut on hen's feet, turning round and round. "Little hut,
little hut, turn your back to the trees and your face to me,
please."
The hut turned its face to him and its back to the trees. Prince
Ivan walked in, and there, sitting in the corner, was Baba-Yaga,
the witch with a broom and a switch, a bony hag with a nose
like a snag. When she saw him she said, "Ugh, ugh, Russian
blood, never met by me before, now I smell it at my door. Who
comes here? Where from? Where to?"
"You might give me meat and drink and a steam bath before
asking questions," retorted Prince Ivan. So Baba-Yaga gave him
a steam bath, gave him meat and drink, and put him to bed.
Then Prince Ivan told her he was seeking his wife, Vasilisa the
W ise.
"I know, I know," said Baba Yaga. "Your wife is now in the
power of Koshchei the Deathless. It will be hard for you to get
him back. Koshchei is more than a match for you. His death is
at the point of a needle. The needle is in an egg; the egg is in a
duck; the duck is in a hare; the hare is in a stone casket; the
casket is at the top of a tall oak tree that Koshchei the Deathless
guards as the apple of his eye."
Prince Ivan spent the night at Baba-Yaga's, and in the morning
she showed him the way to the tall oak. How long he walked it
is hard to say, but by and by he came to the tall oak tree with
the stone casket at the top of it. But it was hard to reach.
Suddenly, up came the bear whose life he had spared, and
pulled the tree out, roots and all. Down fell the casket and broke
open. Out of the casket sprang a hare and scampered off as fast
as it could. The other hare, whose life Prince Ivan had spared,
gav e chase, caught it and tore it to bits. Out of the dead hare
flew a duck, and shot high into the sky. But in a twinkling, the

drake, whose life Prince Ivan had spared, was at it. The duck
dropped the egg, and down it fell into the blue sea.
At this Prince Ivan wept bitter tears. How could he find the egg
in the sea? But all at once the pike, whose life Prince Ivan had
spared, swam up with the egg in its mouth. Prince Ivan broke
the egg, took the needle out, and set about breaking the poin t
off. The more he bent it, the more Koshchei the Deathless
writhed and screamed, but all in vain. Prince Ivan broke off the
point of the needle and Koshchei fell down dead.
Prince Ivan went to Koshchei's white stone palace. Vasilisa the
Wise came running out to meet him and kissed him deeply. And
Prince Ivan and Vasilisa the Wise went back to their own home
and lived in peace and happiness to a ripe old age.
Russian Tale #1 - (the frog princess)
· Overview/summary of what the fairy tale is
· Plot
· Moral Values
· Characters (female/male) - and their role/importance in the
story
· Themes
· Magic
· Use of animals
· Use of religion
III. Establishing and discussing the COMMON elements:
(Assigned to: TBD)
· Travel and dealing with foreign cultures,
· male and female characters
· magical transformations
· pagan and organized religion elements
· role of animals
· use of colors

IV. Comparisons/Differences: (Assigned to: TBD)
Quick overview of the different types of comparisons that
will be made and discussed. Then, jump into the specific points
of comparison among all of the fairy tales.
A. Use of magic: (Assigned to: TBD)
· How do the fairy tales use magic?
· Are certain objects/types of people common between them?
· Does the magic represent anything?
B. Use of animals: (Assigned to: TBD)
· How do the fairy tales use animals?
· Do they represent good or evil, maybe a mixture of both?
· Are they main characters or just supporting?
· What is their role throughout the tale?
· Do they represent certain traits of man?
Edward Keenan
AWR 201
Full Draft of Research Project
Due: 13 April 2015
What is the proper formula of Nutrition, Hydration and
Supplements an athlete should consume to properly fuel their
body leading up to a sporting event?
Athletes around the world are constantly thinking about
what they are putting into their body and if it will have a
positive or negative affect on their overall performance. There
are obvious foods that will undoubtedly have a negative affect
on their overall health such as all fast-food chains such as
McDonalds, Wendy’s, Taco Bell and Dominos. All athletes
know when they can afford to sneak in a “cheat meal” of food
from those places, but there comes a time in every athlete’s
season where it is time to treat their bodies like a temple.
Nutrition is only one aspect of this process, how to hydrate your
body is a huge component to how your body handles an event

that is over a period of time. All coaches have different theory’s
on what they think their athletes need to drink leading up to
their event and the most popular and obvious way is to drink as
much water as you can before your event. With that being said
there a few unanswered questions like when should you stop
drinking water so your not bloated while in competition or what
other liquids can one intake to give them electrolytes such as
Gatorade and PowerAde? A study was done at a university in
the southeast where 139 student-athletes were questioned on
their overall knowledge and behavior towards hydration. The
results were a simple test to prove that athletes who are not
involved in endurance sports, such as cross-country and track,
do not have a great knowledge of what is helpful with certain
sport drinks. Only 51% of the athletes agreed that sports drinks
are better than water post athletic event due to their ability to
restore glycogen within the muscles. Another 23% believed that
thirst alone is the best indicator of dehydration. Results like
these prove that our athletes today need to be more knowledge
about what they can do to help their body’s recover not only for
their next sporting event but also for their overall health long
term. An additional contributor to modern day athletes diet is
the use of supplements. Athletes of all levels are under the
impression that these vast variety of supplements will half you
becoming stronger, faster and more efficient while partaking in
their respectable sport. The truth is that yes they can help you
in those areas, but this does not mean the more you take the
faster the results will come. Many athletes are destroying their
organs by taking too many supplements at a time. In many
sources released by physicians athletes are taking 3 to 4 times
the recommended amount of supplements and it is causing a
vast variety of different cardiac and liver issues. With all these
components put together and the millions of different theory’s
on how much to eat, drink or take of a certain supplement
athletes are caught in a grey area of what the real truth is on
how they should fuel their body for athletic events.
Our modern day athlete at the varsity college level is under

a lot of pressure to ensure that they have done everything they
can to be at their best physical fitness level when in comes time
to compete. A major factor within an athlete’s preparation is
their food intake and the nutritional value of each item they
consume. College and high school athletes are influenced by
many different coaches, parents and readings on what is the best
type of food to eat when training for an event, and much like
any question with multiply outcomes everyone has a different
theory on how to fuel the body. A study done by Bert Jacobson
and Hugh Gemmell with Graduate Studies and Research at the
University of Oklahoma performed a research on how athletes
receive majority of the information they know on nutrition. 430
varsity college athletes representing eight different sports were
selected to take a survey on the topic. Of the 430 athletes
surveyed, 40% claimed to have obtained their nutritional
knowledge from magazines. With a statistic like this it is
astonishing that coaches and parents could allow their athletes
and children to learn such important information from
magazines that work off of advertisements from different food
companies. The next source of information that is popular are
Coaches which cover roughly 30% of the athletes that surveyed
but after that sources such as high school classes, trainers, and
friends come before parents as information to learn about
nutrition from. One would hope that the number one source
would be parents but clearly that is not the case among these
athletes surveyed.
A common question many athletes have is whether or not
red meat affects ones physical fitness, and also if it increases
body fat. A study was done by Creighton University to test this
red meat theory among female athletes. Although the study was
only performed on 41 female Division I and II athletes the
results were still affective considering the study took place over
each athletes diet in-season and off-season. The athletes were to
record each item of food they ate for every meal over this
period of time and then return the data to the testers to equate to
an end result. The study proved that between the meat eaters

and non-meat eaters there was no difference in change of body
fat percentage over the course of the study therefor concluding
that whether you eat red meat or not it will not affect your
overall performance in athletics. But an interesting take away
from this study is that throughout all the females tested overall
they had low good quality proteins which include meat, poultry,
eggs, dairy and fish. Proving that for at least these selected
females, they are not fueling their body’s properly for athletic
competition as far as good quality proteins are concerned.
Another interesting outlook on how to fuel your body is through
a vegetarian diet. This concept has been growing quickly among
college female athlete due to the thought that it keeps your body
pure. A proper vegetarian diet that provides “meet energy
requirements and careful meal planning with a variety of plant-
based protein-rich foods- such as soy products, meat substitutes,
legumes, nuts, and grains - can provide adequate
protein”(Madali). These diets obtain calcium from orange juice,
soy and tofu (Madali).
With the information I have gathered here on an athletes
nutrition I can conclude that there are some myths within
common assumptions. It seems that an athlete, especially a
female, will not be dramatically affected by going on a no red
meat diet. This is helpful to know because athletes put a lot of
pressure on themselves when it comes to eating and maintaining
weight throughout a season. Also it is clarified that a vegetarian
diet is possible to maintain on an athletes schedule. It will not
take anything away from an athletes overall performance.
A huge contributor to an athlete’s performance is how they
hydrate their body not only right before an event but weeks
leading up to it. Everyone is told that water should be consumed
at a maximum and Gatorade and other sport drinks should be
consumed less frequently before an event and more so after one.
Some teams go to the extent of controlling an athletes alcohol
consumption throughout an entire season. Majority of college
teams go through what is called a “dry season” meaning no one
on the team is prohibited to consume any alcoholic beverage

throughout the seasons entirty. A study involving roughly
twelve thousand college athletes was done on how alcohol
affects different tasks they have to deal with throughout a
normal week. 68% of the athletes claimed they were hung over
after drinking and that also lead to 39% stating they missed
class due to drinking the night before (Nelson & Wechsler).
Student-athletes do not have the option of falling behind in their
academics due to the fact that they can be put on academic
probation and be held back from competing for an entire season.
When the athletes that chose not to drink were surveyed 61%
said they made that decision because they didn’t want to let
someone down (Nelson & Wechsler). This is an obvious answer
due to so many athletes being on team-oriented sports. No one
wants to have a bad game or event and let the team down
because they had to go out drinking a couple nights before. This
not only hurts you physically but also mentally.
A very common set back during an athletic event is muscle
cramping. This can happen anywhere on the athlete’s body at
any given moment and can be as severe as the athlete needing to
go the hospital for treatment. Studies have shown that muscle
cramping is easily related to lack of body fluids and large
amounts of body sweat. A study was performed on college
football players during an hour-long practice in eighty-degree
weather. The study was to collect data on the amount of sweat
lost over the duration of practice. As the results were collecting
is was averaged over all positions that each played lost roughly
two pounds of sweat per hour, this statistic varies slightly
depending on the fat level of the player (Assessment of
Hydration). With water loss that high it seems that drinking as
much water as possible before an event is the best way to keep
the body as close to 100% as possible throughout the duration
of the event.
Works Cited
Batson, John P., Trina Sease, Michele Stanek, and Mark J.
Leski. "Sports Nutrition in Collegiate Athletes." Medicine &

Science in Sports & Exercise 36.Supplement (2004): S348.
Web.
Jacobson, Bert H., and Hugh A. Gemmell. "Nutrition
Information Sources of College Varsity Athletes." Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research 5.4 (1991): 204-07. Web.
Jonnalagadda, Satya S., Nichols, Phillip E., Christine A.
Rosenbloom, and Marvin Trinkaus. “Knowledge, Attitudes, and
Behaviors Regarding Hydration and Fluid Replacement of
Collegiate Athletes.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition
and Exercise Metabolism, 2005, 15, 515-527
Mandali, Swarna L. "Coaching the Vegetarian Athlete." Journal
of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 82.2 (2011):
44,47,56. ProQuest. Web. 22 Mar. 2015.
Nelson, Toben F., and Henry Wechsler. "Alcohol and College
Athletes." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33.1
(2001): 43-47. Web.
Poule, K. A. ASSESSMENT OF HYDRATION STATUS OF
COLLEGIATE ATHLETES 33.5 (2001): n. pag. ProQuest. Web.
Word Count: 1800
Francisco Perez
AWR 201
Final Research Project Draft
04/13/2015
Italian Cuisine in America perspective
Italian food is one of the most popular ethnic foods in America.
It has merged with America’s traditional cuisine increasingly
fast for several reasons and benefits. “Many say the trend
toward Italian food started in the late nineteenth century as
Italian immigrants began to make their homes in America.” This
also started because of soldiers returning to America from Italy
after WWII and bringing back their culture for foods and all
these fascinating ingredients. Italian immigrants that were able
to cook were hired by enterprising restaurateurs who opened

restaurants to provide soldiers the foods they brought from back
home and introduced these new meals to families around the
city. Also, Italians have always had this tradition of cooking
their family’s meals for many years, and slowly America has
embraced them. Authentic Italian food accounts for one-third of
Italian food purchased in the United States and the other two-
thirds of foods are foods that have Italian names, but are not
authentic Italian products. (Janice Mancuso)
America has a culture and cuisine shaped by mostly its
immigrants, a massive melting pot from different countries, one
of them Italy and the massive wave of 5 million Italians who
arrived between 180 and 1910 who came with the idea to
reshape American dining forever. Like mentioned before, after
WWII Italian cuisine began making products like Chef
Boyardee. which led to the rising popularity of Italian
restaurants thanks to American travelers coming back from
Italy. (Rose, Laura)
Italian’s eating goes far beyond pizza, pasta and meatball
sandwiches. Italians like to use fresh tomatoes, garlic, olive oil,
dark leafy greens and whole grains on almost all their meals
making it one of the world’s healthiest cuisines. Those simple
ingredients can come a long way including a numerous of health
benefits like weight loss and better blood-glucose control to a
lower risk of chronic conditions ranging from cancer to
depression. “While it’s tough to say which ingredients pack the
greatest health punch, experts agree that Tomatoes, Anchovies,
Garlic, Olive Oil and basil are the five Italian most nutritional
foods. “ Due to all the health benefits we can conclude Italians
live a longer life than most Americans. Which means it is a
process for most Italians to eat their food unlike here in
America. Italians start off a typical meal with antipasto,
followed by a pasta course, then a meat, seafood, or vegetable.
Next they eat a salad, a fruit, cheese and finally a sweet dessert.
Clearly Americans don’t follow any of these patterns which
cause The United States to be one of the most obese countries in
the world. (Paturel Amy)

how are Italians so healthy when they eat things that Americans
do too? Well to simply answer that question they follow the
Mediterranean Diet. What is it? It is more focused in the
southern European region which focuses on the eating habits of
some countries including Italy. This diet became popular in the
1990s when it was widely recognized and followed all around
the world by nutritionists and conscious people. So why do so
many people follow this diet? “Studies have been carried out
which compare the health risks of developing certain diseases,
depending on people's diets. People who adopted the
Mediterranean diet have been compared with those who have an
American or Northern European diet.” It has been proven that
this diet reduced the number of strokes in people who have type
2 diabetes. Not only is this diet proven to be effective but it is
also good for the brain, helps protect your bones, lowers the
chances for a cardiovascular risk, and finally following the
Mediterranean diet could slow aging process. That sounds pretty
fascinating if you ask me. (Nordqvist Christian)
A question one might come up with is, How Italian people
manage to stay slim when eating so many different kinds of
pizza and pasta? To clarify that, we’ve might of heard about the
French diet and lifestyle help protect Frenchwomen and men
from obesity epidemic that plagues the U.S. Believe me the U.S
is plagued with obesity, but what about other countries like
Italy where obesity is rare despite the abundance of pasta and
other strong dishes? Studies show that a Mediterranean style
diet has many health benefits, reducing heart disease and
cancer, to living a longer life. On a recent trip to Italy by
Kathleen Zelman she toured around northern Italy and 12 days
later toured further down around the Amalfi coast. She wanted
to find out what the Italian diet secrets were and she wrote a list
to publish in her article.
The first thing she noticed was that Italians dine leisurely; they
relax and socialize while dining for hours, over lunch/ dinner
and coffee. She noticed Italians walk around through town
before and after dinner, to talk and keep alive a cherished

tradition. While eating lunch one day Kathleen noticed that it
was obvious the typical Italian diet was very different from
what you see on American Italian menus. They eat lots of rich
fruits, vegetables, beans, fish, poultry, whole grains, and they
eat very little red meat. The second secret she found was that
Italians stop eating when they are full, yes this does sound
obvious but it is true. Stephano Gumina, PhD says “We eat by
our stomachs, not by our heads, and since we dine leisurely, we
get the signal that we are full and can just enjoy a coffee and
the company.” They also live a very active lifestyle, with lots of
walking or bike riding especially if they live in urban areas of
the country. He also argued the difference between Americans "
We eat small portions, do not eat after dinner, never in front of
the television, computer, or while sitting sedentary reading a
book, and no junk food." Returning back to the list Kathleen
also noticed that Italians balance quality over quantity,
“Mamma” Agata a famous restaurant owner who teaches
cooking classes balances an eating plan very simple, not too
much fat, enough carbohydrates, lots of fish, chicken, turkey,
and just a little red meat. Mamma also states "People think
Italians eat a lot every day but they are wrong, because while
we do eat a big family meal on Sunday, the rest of the week we
eat small portions of healthy foods, such as pasta, vegetables,
lean meat, fish, and cheese," she says. "But we never drink soda
[or eat] chips, junk foods, or mayonnaise." When Kathleen
traveled down south she began to notice a pattern change, the
fresh fish, herbs, artichokes, and lemons contribute to a
delicious and healthy cuisine. Pasta is served with little oil, or
tomato sauce and vegetables, and always in small portions.
Agata explains that their cooking is simple and genuine.
Starting with fresh ingredients, harvested from their own
gardens because they don’t buy precooked foods and they eat
lots of vegetables. Finally the last “secret” that Kathleen found
was that it was easier if people didn’t diet just ate healthier. An
article by Agata says that "People think Italians eat a lot every
day but they are wrong, because while we do eat a big family

meal on Sunday, the rest of the week we eat small portions of
healthy foods, such as pasta, vegetables, lean meat, fish, and
cheese," she says. "But we never drink soda [or eat] chips, junk
foods, or mayonnaise." (McCatchey, Kathleen)
According to an article by Caroline McClatchey pasta is now
known to be the world’s favorite food. A global survey done by
the charity Oxfam named pasta as the world’s most popular
dish, ahead of meat, rice and pizza. Having Venezuela be the
largest consumer, after Italy. One might ask how pasta became
so popular. Well there are several reasons one It's because it is
cheap, versatile and convenient. “"You can create lots of
different dishes with it. It tastes good and it's filling. It also has
a long shelf life, so you can keep it in the larder until you need
to put a meal together." It is also known to be a cultural
phenomenon, and has been around as early as 1295. It has been
used by Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Chinese and everyone around
the globe. While some may believe pasta is the greatest dish
ever created, some think otherwise. Food critic Giles Coren,
who described pasta as “overrated gloppy stuff” that is only
appealing to children. He says pasta is the kind of food that you
search for when there is nothing left in the fridge, it’s poor
people’s food and unsophisticated. (McClatchey, Caroline)
Not only is pasta the world’s most famous food but Italian
cuisine overall has become a global sensation. 20 years ago
Italian food was considered fairly low-class but very lovable
with its pizzas and its marinara sauces, says food writer John
Mariani. Italian food got a boost from chefs using better
ingredients in the early 1990’s when the Mediterranean diet
came along. But Italian food started growing in the late 1700’s
when the first pizzeria was opened by Pietro Colicchio in
Naples. He later gave ownership to Enrico Brandi and then
passed it on to this daughter Maria Giovanna who married the
man who made pizza famous, Raffaele Esposito. The first
pizzeria to open in the United States was G. Lombardi’s in 1905
on Spring Street in New York, where its popularity grew rapidly
due to the Neapolitans who migrated to the U.S and could not

make in their home kitchens. By 1930’s Most Italian
neighborhoods in the eastern coast had pizzerias. Mostly a large
number of taverns and a few freestanding. By 1950’s, when
take-out was available sales soared through the roof in special
cardboard boxes created for the purpose. By this time most
American’s did not know what pizza was until after WWII when
they began to recognize fast foods like hamburgers, hot dogs,
and French fries. By the late 1960s a pizzeria owned by Rose
and Jim Totino in Minneapolis was the top-selling frozen pizza
in the United States which was later bought by Pills Bury for
$20 million. (Mariani, John)
So because Italian Cuisine has become part of the United States
traditional cooking, Americans have made their own kinds of
foods that they consider Italian thanks to the ingredients and the
way these foods are cooked. What are some of those Italian
dishes that aren’t really made in Italy? Well here is a few;
Spaghetti and meatballs does not exist in Italy, although it is so
popular in Italian-American food, you will not find these in
Italy. Another excellent example is Fettuccine Alfredo wish is
considered to be the funniest story of an Italian dish that
doesn’t exist in Italy. One of the most popular dishes which is
unknown in Italy and suffice it to say there is not even an
Italian restaurant who sells this in Italy. Other foods include,
Pepperoni pizza, Garlic Bread, Chicken pasta, Caesar Salad, and
parmesan cheeses on pizza are NOT Authentic Italian dishes. In
fact food is better in Italy than anywhere else in the world.
(Alessia, Gargiulo)
A film director, Grace Lee follows food companies that are
remixing their recipes to make foods more authentic. What does
it mean for food to be authentic? Well food critic Hing says
authenticity is a subjective and ever-shifting matter. Hing and
Lee made a video showing Mexicans eating unauthentic
Mexican food from Taco Bell. This video was ultimately funny,
which makes food in particular, such a useful way to think
about the spread of culture, and all these attendant anxieties.
Lee also says that “Even within cultures, there are debates about

the proper way to serve different foods, but once any piece of
culture moves into a different context, it is fundamentally
changed, even when all the actual ingredients stay the same.”
(Demby, Gene)
Works Cited
Demby, Gene. "Off The Menu: Realness Is A Matter Of Taste."
NPR. Code Switch, 14 Mar. 2015. Web.
Gargiulo, Alessia. "17 Italian Foods That Aren't Italian at All."
Swide. N.p, 6 Sept. 2013. Web.
Mancuso, Janice. "A Brief History of Italian Food in America."
Lagazzettaitaliana. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2015
Mariani, John F. "How 'Italian Food' Became a Global
Sensation." NPR. , 24 Mar. 2011. Web. 28 Mar 2015
McClatchey, Caroline. "How Pasta Became the World's
Favourite Food." BBC News. N.p., 15 June 2011. Web. 28 Mar
2015
Nordqvist, Christian. "What Is the Mediterranean Diet? What
Are the Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet?" Medical News
Today. MediLexicon, 2 Jan. 2015. Web.
Paturel, Amy. "Italian Cuisine: One of the World's Healthiest
Varieties." Healthy Dining Finder. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar.
2015.
Rose, Laura. “How Italian food became as American as apple
pie.” Olive Oil Times. N.p., 25 April. 2011. Web.
Zelman, Kathleen M. "Italian Diets Secrets." WebMD. N.p., 9
July 2007. Web. 28 Mar 2015

Works Cited
Gargiulo, Alessia. "17 Italian Foods That Aren't Italian at All."
Swide. N.p, 6 Sept. 2013. Web.
Mancuso, Janice. "A Brief History of Italian Food in America."
Lagazzettaitaliana. N.p., n.d.
Web. 18 Mar. 2015
Mariani, John F. "How 'Italian Food' Became a Global
Sensation." NPR. , 24 Mar. 2011. Web. 28 Mar 2015
McClatchey, Caroline. "How Pasta Became the World's
Favourite Food." BBC News. N.p., 15 June 2011. Web. 28 Mar
2015
Nordqvist, Christian. "What Is the Mediterranean Diet? What
Are the Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet?" Medical News
Today. MediLexicon, 2 Jan. 2015. Web.
Paturel, Amy. "Italian Cuisine: One of the World's Healthiest
Varieties." Healthy Dining Finder. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar.
2015.
Meagan Murray
AWR 201
First Draft
Due: April 13, 2015
Food Media’s Influence on Diet
Many nutritionists today would agree that the standards for
messages presented in food media and other food-related
commercials have dropped drastically in the last few decades.
Food advertisements are now operating on a system that
specializes on certain groups of people to attract more
consumers. That seems fair; after all, the purpose of a

commercial is to do just that: bring in more business. However,
food-based commercials now use targeting and subliminal
negative messaging as methods to gain more customers, and that
is not at all an enlightened form of advertising. Many
commercials that are directed to a child-based crowd manipulate
the minds of the young viewers, which is not a positive sort of
thing to be exposed to at such a young age. Other commercials
are directed towards women, more specifically, women on the
heavy side. These commercials prey on the image that general
media has created of attractive women; that is, in order to be
considered attractive in today’s superficial society, they must be
thin. Diet commercials enhance the negative effect of this body
image by advertising their opinion that confidence can only
come with losing weight, which enforces a negative attitude
about food everywhere. One positive thought from my research
is that much of the information in food commercials is
stretched, falsely represented, or simply not true. Unfortunately,
that is not a well-known fact about food media. Most people
will believe anything they see on television or hear on the radio,
which is why food media has such a strong influence on the
overall dieting preferences of the population that is exposed to
their commercials.
Murray 2
Due to the unbroken contact with technology that has evolved in
modern society, the public is constantly exposed to
advertisements. As dietitian Mary Story explains in her article,
“The American population spends more time watching
television than it spends in any other activity except sleep and
work.” (Story 738). In such an environment, it can be difficult
to avoid media. A study conducted at The University of
California-Davis showed that over a fifth of recorded
commercials are food oriented (Elsevier np). This roughly 20%
may be some of the most dangerous and subconsciously
negative commercials aired. This is because different types of
food advertisements are designed in such a way as to attract its
main group of consumers. That way, they have statistically

better chances of accumulating more business from the viewers.
What these companies do is appeal to the product or image
presented in the commercial, and advertises it in such a
manipulative way that it becomes the desire of the viewer.
Food commercials share a common tactic called targeting. That
is, orienting the aspects of their commercial to appeal to their
desired audience. The most extreme of the commercials that
utilize this approach are directed at children, possibly because
they are more easily manipulated than adults. A study conducted
by registered dietitian Krista Kotz showed that of the 52.5 hours
of their observed Saturday morning children’s shows, which,
according to Kotz, is one of the highest volume of child
viewers, there were almost 1,000 total commercials, over half of
which were food related. That is a much higher ratio of food
advertisements than found in the average volume of
commercials. That drastic increase in percentage in itself is
concerning, and then she goes on to add the fact that they
discovered “that commercials broadcast during children's
Saturday morning
Murray 3
programming promote foods predominantly high in fat and/or
sugar, many of which have relatively low nutritional value.”
(Kotz 1296). Children do not concern themselves with the value
of nutritional information, which is why they tend to fall victim
to the yummy treats advertised in these commercials. The only
information provided to them from the advertisement is that the
food tastes good, and that is the only concern of the susceptible
child. Atkins also explains that, again on Saturday mornings,
“children might be exposed to as many as 50 toy and food
commercials that are carefully designed to teach and persuade
them.” (Atkins 107). These commercials may seem happy and
carefree, but the reality is that they are lies, meticulously
designed to appeal to their naïve audience.
In addition to the appalling findings of Kotz and Atkins that
reveal the manipulative nature of child-targeted food
commercials, studies have shown that these commercials may

also be responsible for changes in food preferences of the child
viewers. This concern prompted Dina Borzekowski to conduct a
study and determine the validity of the disturbing claim. She
exposed one group of preschoolers to a cartoon that lacked any
commercials, and another group to a cartoon that included
commercials, and determine if there was any correlation
between the exposure of commercials, and the desire for the
product. Statistical analysis of the study revealed that the
children “exposed to the videotape with embedded commercials
were significantly more likely to choose the advertised items
than children who saw the same videotape without
commercials.” (Borzekowski 42). Unfortunately, that provides
evidence to the claim that food commercials designed for
children do, in fact, have influence on the development of their
food preferences. In theory, this tricky method of advertising
could be used to the
Murray 4
younger generation’s advantage by encouraging the
development of healthy eating habits. However, a majority of
these commercials advertise snacks with high sugar content,
which causes the viewers to become “more likely to choose
candy and sugar drinks and less likely to choose fruit and
orange juice when offered a snack.” (Borzekowski 43). The
power of persuasion that children are exposed to in these
commercials only encourages an escalation in their vulnerability
to other commercials with similar designs. By the time that their
brain is fully developed and tainted with the preferences that
were designed for them by commercials, they could be zombies
to the power of manipulative food media.
Another aspect of children’s minds that targeting food
commercials have altered is the child’s ability to manipulate
their own parents to the extent that they will purchase the
product advertised. Gene H. Brody has conducted multiple
studies to better establish the information on this topic. He
claims that food “commercials are designed to influence
children who in turn are assumed to influence the consumer

behavior of their parents” (Brody 436). Little research has been
conducted on this phenomenon, so not much is known of the
validity of this process. Despite the shocking lack of
information, it can be assumed that children will tend to use
food commercials as a means to justify the purchasing of some
advertised snack. Assuming that a child grows up with major
success in this tactic, they can be expected to continue the
power of manipulation that these commercials afforded them at
a young age, a future that contains obvious negative results for
the overall success of the young viewer.
Another group of manipulative food-based commercials are
those that predicate on the negative body images that general
media has instilled into the minds of practically
Murray 5
everyone that is exposed to them. These commercials are
directed more to women than any other audience. This is due to
the fact that media has made a majority of women feel as if they
must be thin to be considered attractive. That message alone is
obviously negative, as it encourages an unsatisfied lifestyle;
however, in some cases, these commercials prompt women to
eat and live healthier. The overall message tries to convince its
viewers that they could always lose more weight, which is not
conducive to a positive attitude. Doeschka Anschutz conducted
an experiment to determine the severity of the effect of diet
commercials on restrained eaters and see if there is a correlation
between the viewing of the commercials and positive or
negative effects on the viewers. The study revealed that “highly
restrained students exposed to commercials with slim models
and diet-related products ate less food, whereas less restrained
eaters ate slightly more after seeing these commercials,” which
suggests that there is a correlation between exposure to the
commercials and negative resulting eating habits (Anschutz 48).
It seems as if these commercials not only fail to produce a
healthy body image, but also encourage the destructive behavior
of restrained eaters. Why then would an advertisement that
delivers a message such as this be allowed on television? Claire

V. Wiseman’s article, in summary, explains the survival of
negative advertisements such as those mentioned in Anschutz’s
study. Wiseman’s opinions and observations provide the basic
secrete to their survival: these advertisements continue to be
aired because they manipulate their viewers into believing that
their product is necessary to attain healthy eating habits. Sadly,
this is the case with most all dieting commercials. They
subconsciously cause the viewer to believe that they are not
attractive, and would be so much happier if they were to
Murray 6
purchase the advertised dieting plan. The viewers are overcome
with feelings of inadequacy, which fuels the success of
demented dieting commercials.
The prevailing opinion of the effect of dieting commercials
is negative, due to the insecurities that they establish in the
minds of their viewers. Another negative aspect of dieting
commercials is that they are not entirely factual. They feed lies
to their viewers, causing them to believe that the product will
create a more positive and confident body image. That is just
not true. The entire basis of these commercials is to make its
viewers feel unattractive so that they will purchase the product,
yet they advertise a polar opposite effect. The commercials also
tend to boast on the simplicity of their product, and that it is so
easy to loose weight while participating in the advertised diet
plan. Also a lie. It is well known that losing weight is no easy
task, even with the addition of some fabulous diet program.
These are just used as reels to encourage viewers to purchase
their product. Another false interpretation of the commercials is
established due to the fact that the commercials do not present
the viewers with the potential long term effects of their
program. It is well known that most people who manage to lose
weight on a dieting program tend to gain it back within a year
or so. The failure to mention this information to the public
provides a false sense of hope that if they are to purchase the
product and have success with it, they will magically be able to
keep the weight off. A study conducted by Cortney Warren

showed that women exposed to these commercials developed
significant increases in both depression and restrained eating
behavior.
VII. Validity of food commercials
VIII. What message are these commercials really sending?
A. They do not agree with recommended healthy diets
B. Why is this?
C. Why it needs to be stopped**need better sources
The purpose of this paper, believe it or not, is not to
attempt to convince the reader that all food media and food-
related commercials and advertisements are evil, because they
are not. The information gathered was analyzed in such a way to
provide more information on the messages of common types of
commercials, and enlighten the public on the unknowns of food
media. It has been clearly determined that most food-based
advertisements contain some degree of manipulation over their
viewers. That is a difficult thing to praise. Altering the
purchasing patterns of various foods, the development of food
preferences, and peoples view on dieting plans is a pretty
impressive thing to accomplish in thirty seconds. It may not be
entirely positive, but it is evident that food commercials have a
high magnitude of influence over the food choices made by their
viewers.
Word count: 1959

Works Cited:
Anschutz, Doeschka J., Tatiana Van Strein, and Rutger C. M. E.
Engles. “Exposure to Slim Images in Mass Media:
Television Commercials as Reminders of Restriction in
Restrained Eaters.” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 1.S
(2011): 48. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.
Atkins, Charles, and Gary Heald. “The Content of Children’s
Toy and Food Commercials.” Journal of Communication 27.1
(1977): 107-110. Web. 11 Apr. 2015.
Borzekowski, Dina L.g, and Thomas N. Robinson. “The 30-
Second Effect.” Journal of the American Dietetic
Association 101.1 (2001): 42-43. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.
Brody, Gene H., Zolinda Stoneman, T. Scott Lane, and Alice K.
Sanders. “Television Food Commercials Aimed at Children,
Family Grocery Shopping, and Mother- Child Interactions.”
Family Relations 30.3 (1981): 436. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/584039.
Elsevier Health Sciences. “TV Bombards Children With
Commercials For High-fat And High-sugar Foods.”
ScienceDaily. 2009.
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091104181155.ht
m.10 Apr. 2015
Kotz, Krista, and Mary Story. “Food Advertisements during
Children’s Saturday Morning Television Programming: Are
They Consistent with Dietary Recommendations?” Journal of
the American Dietetic Association 94.11 (1994): 1296-1300.
Web. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.
Story, M., and P. Faulkner. “The Prime Time Diet: A Content
Analysis of Eating Behavior and Food Messages in Television
Program Content and Commercials.” American Journal of
Public Health 80.6 (1990): 738. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.
Warren, Cortney S., Jaine Strauss, Juliette L. Taska, and
Stephen J. Sullivan. “Inspiring or Dispiriting? The Effect
of Diet Commercials on Snack Food Consumption in Hiog

School and College-aged Women.” International Journal of
Eating Disorders 37.3 (2005): 267. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.
Wiseman, Claire V., Faith M. Gunning, and James J. Gray.
“Increasing Pressure to Be Thin: 19 Years of Diet Products
in Television Commercials.” Eating Disorders 1.1 (1993):
52-61. Web. 11 Apr. 2015.

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