Research

Abstract
Perception of Teenagers Towards Condom Use Among High Schools in Juba
By
Sokiri Godfrey
Registration Number SRM 041/2015
A Research Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of
a Diploma in Midwifery
Kajo-Keji Health Sciences Institute
Supervisor: Mr. Charles Edema
November 2018

Abstract
Condom is one of the family planning method that both protect against sexually
transmitted infection and prevent unwanted pregnancy. However, there has been low
usage of condoms during sexual act among teenagers due to the perception teenagers
have towards condom and they engaged in unplanned and unprotected sexual activities
which mostly impact negatively on to their reproductive health. The objective of this
study was to find out views and understanding of teenagers towards the use of condom
among high schools in Juba. The method used was a qualitative explorative design,
which involved convenience sampling and the sample was not predetermined. Data were
until data saturation was reached. The study was conducted in one of the high schools in
Juba. The results of this study shows that teenagers perceived condom use negatively.
Much as they believed that condom offer protection against sexually transmitted
infections and prevent unwanted pregnancy. The study concluded that teenagers
perceived condom use negatively expressing that it reduces sexual pleasure, it may burst
during sexual intercourse and feeling of uncomfortable when using condom. Teenagers
lack knowledge on how to use condom and the importance of using condom. Therefore, I
recommend; Creating awareness on the importance of using condom among teenagers
and there is also need for integrating adolescents’ health services in all department of
health services provision and made condom accessible and other family planning services
available for teenagers.

Perception of Teenagers Towards Condom Use Among High Schools in Juba
By
Sokiri Godfrey
Registration Number SRM 041/2015
A Research Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of
a Diploma in Midwifery
Kajo-Keji Health Sciences Institute
Supervisor: Mr. Charles Edema
November 2018

Dedication
I dedicate this research work to my parents Baku Andrew and Poni Sipora, my brothers
Memensuk Morris and Aki akileo Patrick for their support throughout my training
without them it would not have been possible for me to reached this day and not
forgetting my supervisor Mrs. Edema Charles for his tireless guidance throughout the
research process.

Acknowledgments
To Almighty God, who guided me through this great period and leading me to
accomplish this research work successfully, I also appreciate the school administration
for having made sure that the environment allowed our learning to take place despite all
challenges we had on the way. My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor Mr. Edema
Charles for his kind advice and guidance throughout the process and the school
administration that allowed me to carry out this research in juba not forgetting my fellow
colleagues and friends, thank you so much.
To the principle and D. principle of Kajo-keji Health Sciences Institute thank you so
much for building me up it was not easy I completely appreciate your effort if because of
you we would not reach at destination strong mothers allows look ahead towards the
future her children may the blessing of God never leave your family and your generations
to come

Declaration
I Sokiri Godfrey declare that, this research is my own work and effort and it has not been
submitted anywhere for any award.
Signature: ………………………………....
Date: …………………………………………
Supervisor: ………………………………….
Signature: ………………………………....
Date: ……………………………………….

Certification
I the undersigned, certify that this report is the work of the candidate carried out during
her studies under my direct supervision. I certify that I have read and hereby recommend
for the examination of the research titled Perception of Teenagers Towards Condom Use
Among High Schools in Juba, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
a Diploma in Midwifery at Kajo Keji Health Sciences Institute.
Signature: -----------------------------------
Name: ----------------------------------------
Date: -----------------------------------------

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Table of Contents
Declaration......................................................................................................................... vii
Certification .......................................................................................................................viii
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study....................................................................................1
Background of the Study ...............................................................................................1
Problem Statement .........................................................................................................3
Purpose of the Study......................................................................................................3
Objective of the Study....................................................................................................3
Significance of the Study...............................................................................................4
Definition of Key Concepts ...........................................................................................4
Ethical Consideration.....................................................................................................4
Limitations .....................................................................................................................5
Assumption ....................................................................................................................5
Summary and Transition................................................................................................5
Chapter 2: Literature Review...............................................................................................6
Chapter 3: Research Method................................................................................................9
Research Design.............................................................................................................9
Study Area......................................................................................................................9
Population....................................................................................................................... 9
Sampling....................................................................................................................... 10
Sample.................. ……………………………………………………………………10
Data Collection..............................................................................................................10

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Data Analysis Plan.......................................................................................................10
Summary......................................................................................................................11
Chapter 4: Results ..............................................................................................................12
Data Collection ............................................................................................................12
Study Results and Literature Control...........................................................................13
Theme 1: Teenagers are Unease About the Use of Condom ........................................13
Theme 2: teenagers are willing to use Condom When Given knowledge on
how to use......................................................................................................................14
Theme 3: Teenagers Believe Condoms Are Used for Protection and Easy to
Use Compare to Other Family Planning Method..........................................................15
Theme 4 Believe, Misconception and Limitation to Condom Use ...............................17
Summary......................................................................................................................20
Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations ............................................21
Interpretation of Findings.............................................................................................21
Limitations of the Study...............................................................................................22
Recommendations........................................................................................................22
Conclusions.......................................................................................................................23
Appendix 1: CONSENT FORM..................................................................................30
Appendix II: Interview Guide .......................................................................................31

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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study
This chapter presented overview information about the Perception of Teenagers Towards
Condom Use Among High Schools in Juba, problem statement, and purpose of the study,
objective of the study, significance of the study, ethical consideration, limitations and
assumption.
Background of the Study
According to Mosha, Mgimwa and Msuya (2017) there has been low usage of condoms
for protection during sexual acts among adolescents. The same authors further explain
that it is referable to the perception teenagers have on condoms and they engaged in
unplanned and unprotected sexual activities which mostly impact negatively on to their
reproductive health outcome which includes unwanted teenage pregnancy, unplanned
marriages and acquiring sexually transmitted diseases in various developing nations.
In Sub- Saharan Africa, Mayondi et al. (2015) explains that Sub-Saharan Africa has the
highest rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and unintended
pregnancies in the world and the highest rate is in line with teenagers’ perception
towards condom use. A study done in a school shows the belief students have against
condom use, In the findings, most of the students said they do not use condom during
sexual act because the condom is believed to reduce sexual pleasure (Silassie et al.
(2016). According to Teye-kwadjo, Kagee, and Swart (2017), among condom user, males
are believed to have more power on whether to use a condom or not, than females hence
putting the female in a disadvantaged position of not resisting sex without condom.
Rozita and Titus (2017) explain the fact that teenagers are not allowed to discuss about

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condoms made them with perceived condoms as bad things due to the way their cultural
norms restricts them. Furthermore, The same authors explains that parents also play a
role in teenagers perception towards the use of condom, some parents have a negative
view about their children using condoms hence they don’t teach about condoms being
one of the ways to prevent them from sexually transmitted infections(STI) and
unintended pregnancy .
Mosha, Mgimwa and Msuya (2017) said that the factors that determine the perception of
the adolescents towards condom use are opposition from male partners, insufficient
knowledge about condoms, adults’ attitudes towards condoms and sex, gender powered
relations and condoms in availability. Hutchinson et al. (2017) explain that the limited
condom use for protection during sexual act has been tempted by various agents which
includes conflict, lack of finance, and level of parental protection towards girls. Yet, there
is also a belief that HIV positive persons are the only one to use condoms with every
sexual act so teenagers look at condoms as something to be practiced by the sick (HIV
patient) (Nakathingo et al. 2017). Whereas in South Sudan, there is limited information
on perception of teenagers towards condom use. However, a recent study (Obwoya,
Wulifan and Kalolo 2018) found that the urge to increase family size due to loss of lives
during the war, social and cultural practices that other communities believe in large
family size, has led to reduced intake of family planning methods, especially condoms.
Another study shows that the insufficient knowledge on the use of condoms for
protection against sexually transmitted infections has limited the use of condom (Dit and
Bodilsen 2018).

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.
Problem Statement
There is low use of condom among teenagers in most of the developing countries, despite
condom availability in health care centers according to Mosha, Mgimwa and Msuya
(2017) and is due to the negative perception towards condom use. Being in the
transitional stage of physiological, emotional and sexual changes, teenagers engage in
sexual activities without using condom putting them to serious health concerns such as
unwanted teenage pregnancies, unplanned teenage marriages, school dropout and
sexually transmitted infections (Mayondi et al. 2015). Mosha, Mgimwa and Msuya
(2017) mentioned factors that influence their perceptions were opposition from male
partners, insufficient knowledge about condoms, adults’ attitudes towards condom and
sex, gender powered relations, condoms in availability and parental protection towards
teenagers. However, In South Sudan, there is limited data on perception of teenagers
towards condom use. So the study intends to explore the perception of teenagers towards
condom use.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of teenagers towards condom use
among high schools in juba
Objective of the Study
The objective of the study was to find out views and understanding of teenagers towards
condom use among high schools in Juba.

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Significance of the Study
The study helps to understand the perception of teenagers towards condom use and the
results of the study provide information to decision makers and may develop health
intervention. It has also help me as student on how to conduct research.
Definition of Key Concepts
Condom: is a thin rubber sheath worn on a man’s penis during sexual intercourse as a
contraceptive or protection against infection. (stevenson.2010, oxford english dictionary,
third edition p363).
Perception: is the way in which something is regarded, understood or interpreted.
(stevenson.2010, oxford english dictionary, third edition p1318).
Teenager; a person aged between 13 to 19 years. (stevenson.2010, oxford english
dictionary, third edition p1827)
Ethical Consideration
The research was approved from Kajo-Keji health science institute and there was a
written letter from the school asking for permission in the study area for the research to
be conducted was submitted and approved.
Finally, Consent was obtained from all the participants assessed before involving them in
the study and the report was written in a general way with no subject identifiers linked to
findings.

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Limitations
in juba, condoms are sensitive subject to discuss freely hence vital information may be
missed from the respondents.
Assumption
The assumption was that teenagers would be freely to give information and the researcher
would continue having access to internet when needed to finish this research.
Summary and Transition
Condom has been in low use among teenagers for protection during sexual acts among
adolescents. This was referable to the perception teenagers have on condoms and they
engaged in unplanned and unprotected sexual activities which mostly impact negatively
on to their reproductive health outcome which includes unwanted teenage pregnancy,
unplanned marriages and acquiring sexually transmitted diseases in various developing
nations. The associated factor to low use of condom includes condom is believed to
reduce sexual pleasure, males are believed to have more power on whether to use a
condom or not, cultural norms restriction, opposition from male partners, insufficient
knowledge about condoms, condoms in availability and level of parental protection
towards girls. Chapter one highlighted the background, problem statement, purpose of the
study, objectives of the study, significance of the study, definition of the key concepts,
ethical considerations, limitations and assumptions. The next chapter is about the
literature review.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter one highlighted the introduction and background of the study. This Chapter
would analyze previous researches that other researchers have done on the origin of
condoms, the perception of teenagers towards condom use and the relevant literatures
that influence their perception.
According to Amy and Theiry (2015) “penile sheath, made from animal gallbladder, was
advocated in the 10th century by the Persian physician Al-Akhawayni. The earliest
surviving condoms made of animal membranes date back to between 1642 and 1646.
Such ‘skin’ condoms became more and more popular for the prevention of venereal
disease, but as early as the 18th century their value as contraceptives was appreciated.
Rubber condoms were available from 1855; since 1930, they are made of latex.”
However, in regards to teenagers, studies have shown that they have mixed feeling
towards condom use. According to Escribano et al. (2017), a study done in Spain had
shown that teenagers believed that condoms reduce sexual pleasure during sex and the
authors further explains that teenagers voiced out that condoms do not provide 100
percent protection. Another study done among high school going teenagers had shown
that students do not like provision of condoms claiming that it increase sexual activities
(De bruin and Soobrayan 2017). whereas in South Africa some female adolescents prefer
to use HIV vaccine and vaginal ring instead of condoms and one of issue pointed out in
the study is that teenager also find it hard to access condoms due to health workers’
attitudes, by being judgmental towards the teenagers hence scares them to come to the
reproductive health unit (Atujuna et al. 2018). However, a study done in Ethiopia had

7
shown that some teenagers had positive attitude towards condoms and others had
negative attitude towards the use of condom and it is greatly influenced by parents’
acceptability (Silassie et al. 2016). This was emphasized by Mabel and Magowe (2017),
that poor parent-teenage communication on sexuality greatly influence the contraceptive
seeking behavior especially condoms. Titus and Rozita (2017) findings had shown that
teenagers lack knowledge of condom use because of culture restriction of the age group
to use condom. According to Francis, Noar and Widman (2016), a survey conducted on
school going teenagers had shown that given the availability of condoms, teenagers have
been using during sexual activities. A study done in the USA had shown that teenagers
who received abstinence-only education are more likely to engage in sex without
condoms compared to those who received education on abstinence and condoms
Shepherd, Sly and Girard (2017). While Nichols et al. (2016) found that teens who had
witnessed their sisters being impregnated as a teenager were not probable to use
condoms and may get pregnant as easily.
In Ghana, a study done by Teye-kwadjo, Kagee, and Swart (2017) had indicated that
males are known to deliver much force in decision making about whether to use
condoms or not. Likewise, a study done in South Sudan had also indicated that males are
known to deliver much force in decision making about whether to use condoms or not
(Dit and Bodilsen 2018). Kalolo and Kibusi (2015) study explains that the intention to
use condoms is seen by how one thinks about condoms either in a positive or negative
direction. Kola (2018) found that the factors that contribute to low use of condoms were
lack of knowledge on how to use and the access to information about condoms. A study

8
done by Mmbaga et al. (2017) in Tanzania showed that initiation of sex and condom use
for adolescents reported an increase on condom use among males compared to females.
While Espada et al. (2016) wrote that the intention to use condoms were predicted by
attitude towards condom use and personal rules. According to Lemoine et al. (2017), the
primary reason for adolescents to use condoms was pregnancy prevention while others
were expressing fears over unplanned pregnancy, it also revealed that they did not regard
the risk of STIs as a concern so many would use condom as a backup contraceptive
method.
Hicks, Kogan and Cho (2016) wrote that African American’s condom use was predicted
by several factors, notably loyalty expectations, criticism from partners, and anger which
lead to inconsistent condom use, however it did not reveal individual risk for STIs as a
factor for condom use inconsistency. Kyilleh, Tabong and Konlaan (2018) wrote that in
Ghana teenagers did not use condoms while engaging in premarital sex was viewed as
normal because it was a way of testing their fertility, assurance of love, assurance for
marriage and maintenance.

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Summary and transition
The literature showed that the origin of condom into medical practice, mixed perceptions
towards condom, factors influencing the use of condom among adolescents and
communities. The next Chapter is about the research methodology
Chapter 3: Research Method
Chapter two summarized the literature on the perception teenagers toward condom use.
This chapter highlights the research design, the population, sample and sampling, data
collection procedure, and finally the data analysis method.
Research Design
Study design; The type of approach and structure used by a study to collect the data to
answer the research question or aim (Collin Rees 2016, p111). Qualitative research is the
type of research where findings are presented in terms of words (Collin Rees2016, p103).
Exploratory study was used which employs qualitative approach.
Study Area
The study was conducted in one of the high schools in Juba payam. Considering
some ethical issues, the researcher did not expose the name of the school.
Population
According to (Collin Rees 2016, p98) population refers to group of people, things or
events that form focus of a study. The population of the study were high school going
teenagers in one of the high school in Juba

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Sampling
Sampling means alternative ways of drawing and selecting people, objects or events that
form the source of data in the study (Collin Rees 2016, p114) this research used non-
probability convenience sampling method.
Sample
Sample size refers to number of elements in the population to be selected for the study
(Basavanthappa second edition 2007 p566), in this study the sample size was not
predetermined. The researcher continued interviewing until a point of data saturation was
reached. Data saturation is the point in data gathering when no new information or issues
are uncovered and participants are repeating similar material already identified by others
(Collin Rees 2016, p38). Simply a point at which the researcher can stop gathering
further data.
Data Collection
Data was collected through an interview guide. An interview is a person to person
method of collecting research data using a verbal means of collecting responses to
questions in person, telephone, online, or an instant messaging method (Collin Rees 2016
p 71).
Data Analysis Plan
After collecting the data from the participants, data was analyzed by data transcription,
data coding, generation of themes and literature control.

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Data transcription is an intermediary process between data coding and data tabulation
(Basavanthappa second edition 2007, p448) this process helps in presentation of all
responses and observations on sheet. Data coding is a method of data analysis in
qualitative research where the large amount of text gathered through interviews and/or
observation is broken down into smaller headings or description. (Colin Rees 2016, p22)
each of this separate unit of meaning is allocated a category label or ‘code’ by the
researcher. Theme generation is identifying a central issue or idea when many examples
of a particular thing are found (Litchman 2013, p19).
Summary
The research design used in this research was exploratory study that employed a
qualitative approach; the target population included teenagers in one the high schools in
Juba, and the sample comprised of teenagers in one the high schools in Juba. Data
analysis was done after the collection of the data and it included transcription of data,
data coding, theme generation and literature control. Themes were generated by putting
similar ideas together for meaning. The results of this study are presented in Chapter four

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Chapter 4: Results
This chapter handles the analysis of the findings during the study. It focuses on the
interpretation, recommendation and conclusion about the findings. The topic of the study
is perception of teenagers toward condom use among high schools in Juba, within the age
of 13 -19 years, therefore the aim of this study is to explore the perception of teenagers
regarding condom use in juba.
Data Collection
A total of fifteen (12) teenagers in the stated age bracket participated in the study. The
data was collected using interview guide over a period of two days and data collection
was stopped. This was done until data saturation was achieved. The main question was
“How do you feel about condom use?” and with some probing questions to help
clarifying and maintaining the interview on course. The data was transcribed into one-
word document, and then identification repeating ideas was done by color coding. These
repeating ideas were then analyzed qualitatively through open coding for meaning and
themes and subthemes were generated based on the meanings.
The main themes that emerged from the study were: teenagers are uneasy about condom
use; teenagers are willing to use condom when given knowledge on how to use, teenagers
believe condoms are used for protection and easy to use compare to other family planning
method and believe and misconception to condom use.

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Study Results and Literature Control
Theme 1: Teenagers are Unease About the Use of Condom
Many opinions were stated by the teenagers in regards to condom use, some of them had
discomfort while using condom and others declined to use condom at all as reflected in
their statements below.
“You will not be comfortable”.
“I feel bad when I hear teenagers using condom because they are not good”.
“I don’t feel good; I feel bad”.
“I don’t feel well”.
“I will not accept to use condom”.
“If a friend advises me, I will not use condom”.
“Me I will not use if am advised because they are very bad in our culture”.
“I don’t know the age which can use this but for me I don’t like them”.
The sub themes emerge from this theme are discomfort and denial.
According to Escribano et al. (2017), a study done in Spain had shown that teenagers
believed that condoms reduce sexual pleasure during sex and the authors further explains
that teenagers voiced out that condoms do not provide 100 percent protection.

14
Theme 2: teenagers are willing to use Condom When Given knowledge on how to
use
Some of the teenagers explained that it would be good if teenagers were guided and given
education on how to use condoms, they said they will be willing to use condom during
sexual encounter, though some expresses the feeling of comfort whereas, others said that
people report feeling of comfort when using it
“due to the type of education for me using condom is good, because in Kajo-keji my
teacher said if student is having a condom it is a characteristics of good students”.
“It’s good to use condom when given advice with friend”.
“If you are in school I will advise teenagers to use condoms and also tell the dangers of
it because it is not 100% perfect”.
“If a friend advice, I will use because I also want to be in school”.
“Yes, I will use when they teach about condom and natural family planning”.
It’s good to use condom when given advice with friend”.
“I feel happy when people are using”.
“My mother is a nurse so she uses to bring a box for me at home and say I know you will
use this”.
“My uncle is a doctor so he says condoms are very important for me”.
The sub themes generated under the theme health education, advice and comfort

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This was emphasized by Eshetu, Zakus and Kebede (2017) that teenagers who were
exposed to safe sex education were willing to use condoms during sexual encounter as
opposed to those who had no education on safe sex practice. However, a study conducted
on school going teenagers had shown that given the availability of condoms, teenagers
have been using during sexual activities (Francis, Noar and Widman 2016),
Theme 3: Teenagers Believe Condoms Are Used for Protection and Easy to Use
Compare to Other Family Planning Method
Teenagers expressed that condom is good it can protect one against sexually transmitted
infections, prevention of unplanned pregnancy, if you can’t control your sexual desire to
avoid becoming pregnant or contract sexually transmitted diseases. They also expressed
that condom is easier to use compared to other family planning types available as
reflected in their responses below.
“Condom is 1 type of family planning and why many teenagers use condom because
natural family planning type is hard to use”.
“Once you can’t control the demand and feel like to have intercourse and you are not
sure of the partner health then you can use condom”.
“It is important because our parents say we use it for protection”.
“For me I will use because it protects me”.
“You can use it and all of you go to different direction safely”.
“If a friend advice, I will use because I also want to be in school”.
“Sometimes they use condoms to prevent pregnancy”.

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“If the girl knows her period days well you use during danger days to avoid pregnancy”,
“Condom is said to be drug for controlling STD/STIs”.
“It is good to use condom when you don’t know about natural family planning method
because it is difficult”.
“condoms are very important for me to avoid getting problems like sickness or
pregnancy”.
“I don’t feel bad because if you have a child who is young and don’t want to conceive so
you can talk with your husband and use it”.
I will use because I don’t want to be pregnant but also I fear HIV”.
“It is good to use condom when you don’t know about natural family planning method
because it is difficult”.
“If the girl knows her period days well you use during danger days to avoid pregnancy”.
The sub themes generated under the theme are; condom is a preferred method and easy to
use, condom is use when one can’t control sexual desire, condom is use for protection
against sexually transmitted infections and prevention of unplanned pregnancy
This is in line with study done by Lemoine, Peter and Guiahi (2016) that indicates,
condom use was primarily focused on pregnancy prevention after carrying out testing for
sexually transmitted infections, condoms were used as a backup measure for preventing
pregnancy. According to Espada et al. (2016), when assessing the knowledge of
teenagers on condom use and sexually transmitted infection prevention directly influence
the frequency of teenagers using condom, they too found that personal rules determined
frequency of safe use among teenagers, most teenagers controlled their behavior when it

17
comes to condom use as some will employ and others do not use condom as respect to
having serious conduct. Similarly, Cleo, Blair and Hagger (2018) also confirm that, rules
and intention to use condom influenced the condom seeking behavior of an individual.
Theme 4 Believe, Misconception and Limitation to Condom Use
Teenagers expressed some limitations towards condom use such as fear of condom
bursting as well as what their parents and the community will say when they hear
teenagers are using condom, fear of being call a prostitute, cultural and religious forbid,
victimization, misconception related to condom use, limited access to condom by the
teenagers, lack of knowledge and awareness and blame by parents and friend as reflected
in the statements below;
“If my parents hear they will quarrel or even if you get the bad parents, they will beat
you”.
“other people they use it and it will burst and you contract HIV”.
“There is misunderstanding with the girls, they may reject and say maybe condom will
burst”.
“In our culture they say condoms are used by prostitutes, people working in the bar even
other family planning types are not allowed by some men”.
“they say use of condom will affect woman in reproductive system”.
“They say teenagers cannot use condom because boy’s organs are small”.

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“Some girls say if you use condom you are doing the condom only not her so I will not
use”.
“If I am a virgin and use condom for first time, me as a girl, I fear that condom can get
stuck in my private part and it will be dangerous.
“Even in the village elder people say this thing is for kawaja not for us”.
“When you come with condoms girls ask do you think I am HIV positive?”.
“In the village they say this thing is for people in the town only”.
“because in the village this thing you only hear them but you cannot see it open like
this”.
“My parents will say this child is spoiled and it is against the culture”.
“In our culture they say condoms are used by prostitutes” while in some culture they
believe that sex is for conception so condom is not necessary, and also in our community
you meet a man if you want to get pregnant and finish”.
“Use of condoms is good but other people grow in a Christian background so they say
use of condom is sin”.
“If you go to clinic they sell for condom because the need money but in the hospital they
say you are young to use condom as a teenager”.
“for me it is good to go together with my boyfriend and we can be given in the hospital”,
“In the community people are ignorant”.
“I don’t know what my parents will say because I never use it one day”.
“so I think it is good to know that this people also need help”.

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“Some parents can understand when you use condom but some will not understand so
they will say no”.
The sub themes emerged were; fear to use condom, fear of being blamed, fear of being
called a prostitute, misconception about condom, victimization, culture forbid, religious
believe, limited access to condom, Lack of knowledge and awareness and Parents
influence.
Escribano et al (2017) indicates that some of the limitations to condom use among
teenager were lack of negotiation skills, perceived feelings, negative aspects of condom
and disruption of sexual experience, however parents also influence the decision of
teenager toward condom use. (Nichols et al 2016) this is confirmed by Selassie et al.
(2016) indicates that some teenagers had positive attitude towards condoms and others
had negative attitude towards the use of condom and it is greatly influenced by parents’
acceptability. Other study has shown that how worth the individual viewed themselves
influenced the intention to use condom (Girma et al 2017). Hicks, Kogan and Cho
(2016) had shown different limitation to condom use such as loyalty expectations,
criticism from partners, and anger which lead to inconsistent condom use.
According to Atujuna et al. (2018), some of the limitations to condom use were HIV
vaccine and vaginal ring preference instead of condoms and teenagers also find it hard to
access condom
Titus and Rozita (2017) findings had shown that teenagers lack knowledge on condom
use because of culture restriction of the age group to use condom.

20
Summary
The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of teenagers towards condom use
among high schools in Juba. The result of this study shows that teenagers have negative
feelings toward condom use. they expressed feeling of unease when using condom
during sex. Likewise, they believed condoms do not provide 100% protection and there is
fear that condom may burst during intercourse and fear of condom remaining inside the
girl genital. Others expressed denial to use condom because it is against the culture.
However, some teenagers said condoms use is good and emphasized that it would be
good if they were given more knowledge regarding condom use because they believed
that condoms offer protection against sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis,
gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, prevent themselves from unwanted pregnancy and they also said
that condoms are used when it is hard to control sexual desire because condoms are easier
to use compared to other family planning types. So the fear to use condom could have
come due to lack of knowledge on how to use condom. Teenagers also expressed believe,
misconception and limitation to condom use which includes; Fear of being blamed and
called a prostitution, misconceptions about condoms, victimization, Culture and religious
forbid, limited access to condom, lack of knowledge and awareness and parents
influence.
The next chapter is about the interpretation of the findings, discussion, and the
recommendations.

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Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations
In this chapter we present the interpretation of the findings, limitations of the study,
recommendations and conclusion. The purpose of this study was to explore the
perception of teenagers towards condom use among high schools in Juba. The result of
this study revealed that teenagers have negative feelings toward condom use. they
expressed feeling of unease when using condom during sex. Likewise, they believed
condoms do not provide 100% protection and there is fear that condom may burst during
intercourse and fear of condom remaining inside the girl genital.
Interpretation of Findings
Teenagers said they are uncomfortable about condom use because they fear condoms
may burst, condoms are not allowed in the culture, and condoms reduce sexual pleasure.
This is in line with a study done by Escribano et al. (2017) that indicates teenagers
believed that condoms reduce sexual pleasure during sex and the authors further explains
that teenagers voiced out that condoms do not provide 100 percent protection.
However, some teenagers explained that guidance and education on condom use would
help increase the frequency of condom use during sexual act. This is confirmed by
Eshetu, Zakus and Kebede (2017) that teenagers who were exposed to safe sex education
were willing to use condoms during sexual encounter as opposed to those who had no
education on safe sex practice.
Despite the fact teenagers were uncomfortable with condom use, they had knowledge
about condoms being used for protection against STIs, including HIV/AIDS, prevention
of unwanted pregnancy and when it was hard to control sexual desire or use natural

22
family planning type. This finding is supported by study done by Espada et al. (2016)
when assessing the knowledge of teenagers on condom use and sexually transmitted
infection prevention directly influence the frequency of teenagers using condom, they too
found that personal rules determined frequency of safe use among teenagers, most
teenagers controlled their behavior when it comes to condom use as some will employ
and others do not use condom as respect to having serious conduct. However, they also
expressed some limitations to condom use which includes Fear of being blamed and
called a prostitute, misconceptions about condoms, victimization, Culture forbid,
religious believe, access to condom, lack of knowledge and awareness and parents
influence. This is in line with Titus and Rozita (2017), findings had shown that teenagers
lack knowledge on condom use because of culture restriction of the age group to use
condom.
Limitations of the Study
The limitations that were foreseen in chapter were overcame and no other
limitations were encountered in the process.
Recommendations
The findings of this study indicate that teenagers perceived condom use negatively
expressing that it reduces sexual pleasure, it may burst during sexual intercourse and
feeling of uncomfortable when using condom. Much as some of the teenagers expressed
feeling of uncomfortable when using condom, they believed that condom offer protection

23
against sexually transmitted infections, prevent unwanted pregnancy. Therefore, I
recommend
Creating awareness on the use of condom and creating adolescent friendly health services
centre which should be acceptable, affordable accessible by the teenagers and
communication on sexuality issues at home by the parents.
Advocating and supporting girl child education and integration of reproductive service in
high schools.
Conclusions
The study concluded that teenagers perceived condom use negatively expressing that it
reduces sexual pleasure, it may burst during sexual intercourse and feeling of
uncomfortable when using condom. Much as they expressed feeling of uncomfortable
when using condom, they believed that condom offer protection against sexually
transmitted infections, prevent unwanted pregnancy and if one can’t control his or her
sexual desire can also use condom.

24
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Appendix 1: CONSENT FORM.
Dear respondent,
I am Sokiri Godfrey a third year student doing diploma in Midwifery in kajo-keji health
sciences institute. I am carrying out a research on Perception of teenagers towards
condom use, I hereby request you to participate willingly in providing information about
this research topic. You have the right to withdraw from the study if you don’t feel like to
continue, any information given will be treated confidential and is only used for academic
purposes.
Thank you.

31
Appendix II: Interview Guide
‘How Do You Feels About Condom Use’ as A Central Question Followed by Probing
Questions?

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