RESEARCH FINAL REPORT

THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF NURSING ANG PUBLIC HEALTH
TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE UPTAKE AND
UTILISATION OF HIV VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING IN
ADOLESCENTS AMONG SECONDARY SHOOLS IN IRINGA MUNICIPALITY.
RESEARCHER: DUMA, JOSHUA
REGISTRATION NUMBER: T/UDOM/2010/00876
SUPERVISOR: MR.KATALAMBULA LK.
A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED FOR PARTIAL FULLIFLMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING DEGREE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA 2013.

i
1. CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certify that he has read and hereby recommend for acceptance by the
University of Dodoma College of Health Sciences a report titled FACTORS INFLUENCING
THE UPTAKE AND UTILISATION OF HIV VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND
TESTING IN ADOLESCENTS AMONG SECONDARY SHOOLS IN IRINGA
MUNICIPALITY. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Nursing.
…………………………………………………………
Mr. Katalambula LK.
(Supervisor)
Date………………………………………………….

ii
2. DECLARATION
I, Duma, Joshua declare that this research report is my own original work. It is being submitted
for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing in the UDOM. It has not been presented and
will not be presented to any other university for a similar or any other degree award.
Signature ………………………………………………….
Date……………………………………………………….

iii
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
My gratitude and thanks goes to God for giving me health and capacity during the whole course
of my studies. I am deeply indebted to Mr. Katalambula LK. For his commitment supervision
during the preparation of the report. I appreciate her constructive criticism and encouragement
from initial development of the proposal to the final completion of this work. Equally, I am
thankful to the academic and non academic members of staff and School of Nursing as this work
could not be possible without their inputs and positive criticism.
I am also thankful all workers in Iringa municipal offices and all teachers in different schools
where I conducted my study by assisting me in one way or another making this work possible. I
also pass my thanks Mr.Tumbwene and Dr. Cecy for their epidemiological and statistical advice
Special acknowledgement and thanks must go to the higher student’s loans board for providing
me with funds throughout the Research time which enabled me to commence and to succeed to
conduct this research.
Lastly I would like to thank my parent for their encouragement throughout three weeks of my
work.

iv
Contents
1. CERTIFICATION .................................................................................................................................i
…………………………………………………………................................................................................i
2. DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................. ii
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:.................................................................................................................... iii
List of figures............................................................................................................................................... vii
List of tables................................................................................................................................................ vii
4. ABSTRACT:........................................................................................................................................ ix
CHAPTER ONE;..........................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................1
1.2. OBJECTIVES:..............................................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Broad objectives....................................................................................................................2
1.2.2. Specific objectives: ...............................................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO ..........................................................................................................................................3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW: ....................................................................................................................3
2.2. Conceptual literature review:........................................................................................................3
2.2.2. Adolescents and HIV/AIDS..................................................................................................3
2.2.3. Knowledge on HIV counseling and testing: .........................................................................3
2.2.4. Voluntary counseling and testing (vct):................................................................................4
2.2.5. Theoretical literature review:................................................................................................5
CHAPTER THREE ......................................................................................................................................7
3. METHODOLOGY: ..............................................................................................................................7
3.1. Research design: ...........................................................................................................................7
3.2. Study area: ....................................................................................................................................7
3.3. Study population:..........................................................................................................................7
3.3.1. Sample size: ..........................................................................................................................7
3.4. Sampling Technique: ................................................................................................................8
3.4.1. Study Variables:....................................................................................................................8
3.4.2. Data Collection: ....................................................................................................................9
3.4.5. Data analysis:........................................................................................................................9
3.5. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................................................9
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................................9

v
4. RESEARCH RESULTS: ......................................................................................................................9
4.1. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA:...............................................................................................9
4.2. ENABLING FACTORS:............................................................................................................12
4.2.1. Accessibility to VCT centers; Distance between home and the VCT centers: ...................12
4.2.2. The amount of money paid between the distances: ............................................................13
4.3. HEALTH SERVICES FACTORS:.............................................................................................14
4.3.1. Privacy of the serostatus: ....................................................................................................15
4.3.2. Number of VCT centers per number of youths:..................................................................16
4.3.3. Experience of health service providers in VCT centers:.....................................................16
4.3.4. Quality of VCT centers:......................................................................................................17
4.4. PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS COUNSELING AND TESTING:...............................................18
4.4.1. The importance of VCT in prevention of HIV transmission: .............................................18
4.4.2. Religious perceptions:.........................................................................................................18
4.4.3. Perception of the people around (society) when students go for VCT: ..............................19
4.5. VISITING VCT CENTERS: ......................................................................................................20
4.5.1. Location of VCT centers:....................................................................................................21
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................22
5. DISCUSSION OF THE STUDY RESULTS:.....................................................................................22
5.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................22
5.2. Discussion on socio demographic data:......................................................................................22
5.3. Accessibility to VCT centers: .....................................................................................................23
5.4. Health services factors:...............................................................................................................23
5.5. Privacy and confidentiality: ........................................................................................................23
5.6. Number of VCT centers per number of youths...........................................................................24
5.7. Perceptions of people around when going for HIV testing and counseling:...............................24
5.8. The importance of VCT in prevention of HIV transmission: .....................................................24
5.9. Quality of VCT centers:..............................................................................................................25
CHAPTER SIX;..........................................................................................................................................25
6.1. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................25
6.2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING ACCESS TO VCT SERVICES BY
ADOLESCENTS IN IRINGA MUNICIPAL:........................................................................................26
6.3. CONCLUSION:..........................................................................................................................26

vi
LIST OF REFERENCES:...........................................................................................................................27
APPENDICES: ...........................................................................................................................................29
Appendix 1: Informed consent....................................................................................................................29
Appendix 2:Dodoso ....................................................................................................................................31
QUESTIONNAIRE: ...................................................................................................................................34

vii
List of figures
Figure 1: conceptual model ..........................................................................................................................5
Figure 2Relationship status.........................................................................................................................12
Figure 3 shows the number of students and their corresponding distances from VCT centers ..................13
Figure 4 shows the amount of money paid between homes and VCT centers............................................13
Figure 5 shows the percentages of students who responded to the question of health centers and the
provision of health education......................................................................................................................14
Figure 6 shows the responses of students on the Qualities of VCT centers................................................17
Figure 7 Religious distribution of respondents...........................................................................................19
Figure 8 Percentages on the perception of people about visiting VCT centers ..........................................20
Figure 9 Shows the percentages of students who have gone to VCT centers for services .........................21
Figure 10 Location of VCT centers VCT centers.......................................................................................22
List of tables
Table 1 Age respondents.............................................................................................................................10
Table 2Gender of respondents ...................................................................................................................10
Table 3Class level.......................................................................................................................................11
Table 4 Religious respondents....................................................................................................................11
Table 5 shows the serostatus of the respondents.........................................................................................15
Table 6 shows the number of VCT per number of youths..........................................................................16
Table 7 shows the response of students on the experience of health services providers in VCT centers...16
Table 8 shows the results of response on the importance of VCT on prevention of HIV transmissions....18

viii
3. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:
VCT………….Voluntary Counseling and Testing
HIV…………..Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS…………Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HBM………….Health Belief Model
UN…………….United Nations
CDC………….Centers for Diseases control and Prevention.
BSN………….Bachelor of Science in Nursing

ix
4. ABSTRACT:
Voluntary counseling and testing is a HIV/AIDS method which has been found to be one of the
tools to induce behavior change and reduce HIV infections. However, the VCT service has not
effectively been utilized by adolescents in secondary schools.
The main objective of this study was to assess the factors affecting the utilization and uptake of
VCT among adolescents of secondary schools in Iringa municipal.
Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among Secondary schools in Iringa municipal
to assess and explore factors affecting the uptake and utilization of voluntary counseling and
testing (VCT) among adolescents in secondary schools. A total of 302 students of different ages
were given questionnaires to respond. Among all respondents 47.35% (N=143) were females and
52.65% (N=159) were males.
Results of the study indicates that majority 60.6%, 183 students said have never gone to VCT
centers for services, while the rest 119 students (39.4%) said they have gone at least once to the
VCT centers for services. 59.00%, N=177 said the centers have no required quality, 69 students
(23.00%) said the centers are of required quality. And majority of them responded that there is
privacy in service delivery process (45.03%, N=136), 93 students (30.79%) said they don’t know
whether there is privacy provided during services or not while the remaining 24.10% (N=73)
said there is no privacy during services.
Lack of confidentiality and privacy contributes to the low utilization of VCT centers among
adolescents, also poor qualities of centers contributes.

1
CHAPTER ONE;
1. INTRODUCTION
HIV testing among Adolescents and adults aged between 13-49 years old is one among the
routines of the Health care system and the most important strategies recommended by CDC for
the reduction of HIV. (CDC White house, 2008).Globally approximately 1.8 million adults and
children had died of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-related illnesses by the end
of 2010 (UNAIDS 2010 cited in The Stephen Lewis Foundation 2012:1). In the same year
(2010), it was estimated that there were 34 million people living with HIV globally, with the
bulk, 22.9 million, residing in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, young people bear the brunt of the
epidemic as “50% of people infected with HIV after infancy are under the age of 25 while in
developing countries 60% of all new HIV infections occur among 15 to 24 year olds” (Key
Global Statistics on Young). HIV and AIDS represent more than just a health crisis. It is a social,
cultural, economic and developmental crisis of significant proportions to which national
governments and the international donor community have responded by implementing and
funding a number of interventions. Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) is one such
intervention. VCT affords individuals who test positive for HIV an opportunity to access
treatment, care and support services timorously (Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
2008; WHO 2007).Besides, VCT is a crucial step towards the use of anti-retroviral that greatly
improves the quality of life among the HIV infected. There is thus need to understand the
acceptability of VCT and the factors that influence the uptake of testing for HIV (Ngule, Caesar
Weka, 2011). As a primary HIV prevention strategy, VCT presents an opportunity for HIV
negative individuals to adopt and maintain risk reduction behaviors, including safer sex, in order
to avoid contracting the HIV. As a secondary prevention strategy on the other hand, VCT affords
people living with HIV the opportunity to adopt risk reduction behaviors, in this case, to protect
their sexual partners and themselves from re-infection. This is particularly important for
adolescents because, as Centre for Disease Control (2011) asserts, behaviors are established in
early life and persist into adulthood. Despite all the efforts that have been made by Organizations
and government in reducing the prevalence of HIV infected adolescents in developing countries
by introducing VCT but still the prevalence is high. Many researches that have been done

2
showing factors influencing the uptake of VCT among adolescents in different areas but no any
documentations that shows the same research conducted among adolescents in Iringa municipal.
1.2. OBJECTIVES:
1.2.1 Broad objectives:
To assess the factors influencing the uptake and utilization of Voluntary Counseling and testing
among adolescents of secondary schools in IRINGA municipality.
1.2.2. Specific objectives:
To analyze individual and demographic (age and sex) factors that affects Adolescents from
utilizing VCT services.
To assess social and economic factors that influencing adolescents from VCT uptake and
utilization.
To identify health services and other enabling factors that influences the uptake of VCT among
adolescents.
To identify what are the perceptions of youths/adolescents towards HIV testing and counseling.

3
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
2.2. Conceptual literature review:
2.2.2. Adolescents and HIV/AIDS:
Young people aged between 10 and 24 years account for over 50% of all HIV infections
occurring worldwide (UNAIDS 2010:10). Preventing HIV among young people is particularly
urgent in sub-Saharan Africa where, in many countries, youths comprise over 30% of the
population and general HIV prevalence rates are high (UNAIDS 2001:32). Several cultural,
biological and environmental factors place young people; especially adolescents aged 10 to 19, at
an increased risk. Young people often begin their sexual lives at an early age (UNAIDS
2001:33). HIV prevalence rates among youth reflect the realities of these risks. Altogether, HIV
rates are high among youth with HIV infected females being disproportionately affected, with a
ratio to infected males in excess of 4:1 in some populations (UNAIDS 2001:33).
2.2.3. Knowledge on HIV counseling and testing:
Knowledge of HIV status helps HIV-negative individuals make specific decisions to reduce risk
And increase safe sex practices so that they can remain disease free. For those who are HIV
infected, knowledge of their status allows them to take action to protect their sexual partners, to
access treatment, and to plan for the future. (TMHIS).
Globally, generation of young people is the largest the world has ever known as 1.8 billion of
the world’s population is between 15 and 24 years of age (United Nations 2011). Approximately
87% of these young people live in the developing world. A similar picture exists in South Africa,
where young people younger than 18 years made up 40% of the entire population by 2007 (South
Africa Department of Health National Strategic Plan). Coupled with their numeric strength,
adolescents are faced with multiple sexual and reproductive health-related problems, which place
them at high risk of HIV infection. According to the UNAIDS 2010, there are disparities with
regard to HIV risks in terms of age and gender. Ten million young people aged 15–24 years and
almost 3 million children under 15 years are living with HIV (Mgosha P Charles)

4
In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, young women aged 15 to 24 are eight times more likely than
their male counterparts to be living with HIV and in South Africa, six girls aged 15 to 19,
compared to two boys in the same age group, are living with HIV (UNAIDS).
In many countries, young people actively seek VCT. The Kara Clinic in Zambia, for instance,
Reports an increasing number of youth seeking VCT, especially in the context of premarital
testing (Chama and Kayawe,). In Uganda, approximately 15 percent of clients of the AIDS
Information Centre (AIC) are between the ages of 15 and 19. In Zambia, 15 percent of clients at
the Hope Humana VCT site in Ndola are 10 to 19 years old.
Tanzania was estimated to have about 2.2 million adults living with HIV/AIDS, among which
15% are in 15–24 year age groups and 60% of all new infection occurs in this age group. The
overall prevalence of HIV infection among blood donors in 2004 was 7.7% while that in the
Ante-natal clinic was 8.4%.(Seif Shekalage), 59% of women age 15-49 and 43 percent of men
age 15-49 have ever been tested for HIV, and 55 percent of women and 40 percent of men have
been tested at some time and have received the results of their HIV test. Three in ten women and
25 percent of men were tested for HIV in the year preceding the survey and received the results
of their test. (TDHS). Many countries have been trying to take many different approaches in an
attempt to slow the spread of HIV infection and minimize its impact on the individual, family
and society. Among these strategies include; voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), provider
initiated counseling and testing (PICT), family care and partner testing and counseling based on
index care, condom promotion and provision, detection and management of sexually transmitted
infections, All these strategies emphasizes on behavior change and risk reduction behavior which
both adult and youth have shown to have positive response to VCT (Longin R Balongo).
2.2.4. Voluntary counseling and testing (vct):
VCT is a client-initiated process which takes place when an individual, for one reason or the
other, makes a conscious decision to visit a facility offering VCT, to test for HIV. According to
the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2004), VCT is client-centered in that
counseling provided during this process is designed to enable the client to make an informed
decision to test and to be aware of the implications of testing for HIV. In this process, the client
has the opportunity to assess his or her personal risks and make lifestyle-related decisions and
changes based on information provided. The emphasis is also on the uniqueness of the client’s

5
needs, which means that the counseling must be tailored accordingly, depending on the “client’s
unique situation and capacity to deal with stress and trauma” (Indian Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare 2004:1).
2.2.5. Theoretical literature review:
In my study, also conceptual models will be used to support my study objectives. One is the
framework that was developed by Andersen in 1990s and focuses on factors influencing
utilization of Voluntary Counseling and Testing services. According to Andersen an individual
access to and use of health services is considered to be a function of two characteristics which
are; Predisposing factors which is based on the following factors: Individual/demographic,
education, ethnicity, social interactions and culture, Another is enabling factors which explains
the following in details; Personal/Family: The means and know how to access health services,
income, a regular source of care, travel, extent and quality of social relationships, also
Community: This includes Available health personnel and facilities, and waiting time, Apart
from that another conceptual framework is adopted from social psychologists Hochbaum, Rosen
stock and Kegels working in the U.S. Public Health Services, The Health Belief Model (HBM)
that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors, The HBM is based on the understanding
that a person will take a health-related action such as the uptake VCT in this case .Factors that
has been involved in the HBM and explains the importance of the uptake of VCT among
adolescents, these are Individual perception, Modifying factors, and likelihood of action.
According to HBM the seriousness of the condition or the perceived susceptibility may influence
the uptake of VCT among the youths also socioeconomics, knowledge, and perceived threat of
the conditions explains the modifying factors of the HBM, all these affects the uptake of VCT
among youths according to the model.
Figure 1: conceptual model

HIV testing among adolescents is the practice that helps to identify those who have been infected
(HIV positive) and those who are not infected (HIV negative) so that those who will test positive
will be starting Medications and preventing themselves from passing the viru
the other side those who will test negative to protect themselves and their partners from being
infected with the virus. Globally approximately 1.8 million adults and children had died of
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
2010 cited in The Stephen Lewis Foundation 2012:1). As a primary HIV prevention strategy,
VCT presents an opportunity for HIV negative individuals to adopt and maintain risk reduction
behaviors, including safer sex, in order to avoid contracting the HIV. As a secondary prevention
strategy on the other hand, VCT affords people living with HIV the opportunity to adopt risk
reduction behaviors, in this case, to protect their sexual partners and themselves from re
infection. This is particularly important for adolescents because, as Centre for Disease Control
(2011) asserts, behaviors are established in early life and persist into adulthood. Despite all the
efforts that have been made by Organizations and government in redu
infected adolescents in developing countries by introducing VCT but still the prevalence is high.
Many researches that have been done showing factors influencing the uptake of VCT among
6
g adolescents is the practice that helps to identify those who have been infected
will be starting Medications and preventing themselves from passing the viruses to others., on
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-related illnesses by the end of 2010 (UNAIDS
n order to avoid contracting the HIV. As a secondary prevention
reduction behaviors, in this case, to protect their sexual partners and themselves from re
n. This is particularly important for adolescents because, as Centre for Disease Control
efforts that have been made by Organizations and government in reducing the prevalence of HIV
g adolescents is the practice that helps to identify those who have been infected
ses to others., on
d illnesses by the end of 2010 (UNAIDS
n order to avoid contracting the HIV. As a secondary prevention
reduction behaviors, in this case, to protect their sexual partners and themselves from re-
n. This is particularly important for adolescents because, as Centre for Disease Control
cing the prevalence of HIV

7
adolescents in different areas but no any documentations that shows the same research conducted
in adolescents among secondary schools in Iringa municipal.
CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY:
3.1. Research design:
A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to assess the factors influencing
the uptake and utilization of Voluntary Counseling and testing among adolescents of secondary
schools in IRINGA municipality.
3.2. Study area:
This study conducted in Iringa municipality, one of the seven districts of Iringa region in
Southern highlands zone which is geographically located at latitude of 7.77°S 35.700°E and
longitude of 35.69°E 7°46’S.
3.3. Study population:
A study population is an aggregate of elements sharing some common set of criteria (Burns &
Grove 2001:366). The population is described in terms of the target population, inclusion
criteria, and sampling method. Students’ being between 13-22 years old is an inclusion
criterion, The exclusion criteria for the study will be students who will be either below or above
13–22 years age group, student's who will not provide consent to participate in the study The
study population in this research involved students of secondary schools in all levels aged
between 13-22 years in ten (10) selected secondary schools owned by both government and
private owners.
3.3.1. Sample size:
The sample size was determined by using single population proportion formula with the
following assumptions;

8
ேୀ௓మ௉ሺଵ଴଴ି௉ሻ
ఌమ
Where by:
N = Sample size
Z= Standard normal deviation of 1.96 corresponding to 95% confidence interval
P= the proportion (60%)
ɛ= the marginal error (5%).
Therefore on calculation;
N=
ଵ.ଽ଺²×଺଴ሺଵ଴଴ି଺଴ሻ
ହ²
N=369 students
3.4. Sampling Technique:
To get a representative sample population for the survey, a multi-stage sampling technique was
employed in order to select the study units were used to determine the sample proportion. Since
the municipal has many schools, therefore ten (10) schools selected from different wards, then
within those schools list of students aged between 13-22 years were taken to participate in the
study.
3.4.1. Study Variables:
The dependent variable of the study was VCT service uptake and utilization. Independent
variables included Socio-demographic variables, (age, sex, religion, class level, and ethnicity)
Sexual behaviors, HIV risk perception, distance, costs, and social economic factors.

9
3.4.2. Data Collection:
A total of 302 students were included in the study. The students were selected
Proportionally considering all class levels and both sexes in a random way. A structured self
administered questionnaire. The questionnaire prepared in English translated in Swahili.
3.4.5. Data analysis:
The data were entered into a pre-drafted coding sheet on Epi info software, version 7,
3.5. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Ethical clearance sought from University of Dodoma UDOM, Dean School of Nursing and
public health. Students who participated in the study were informed about the study. Then for
those students who aged below 18years their consent asked from their teachers so that they could
sign or allow them to participate in the study and for those who are aged 18 years and above
asked to verbalize that they were ready to participate in the study. All information obtained from
each respondent was treated as confidential. Participants provided with identification codes
instead of using their actual names in the questionnaire provided.
CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESEARCH RESULTS:
The findings from the study are presented according to the sequence in the questionnaire and are
presented in Tables, charts, figures and descriptions to present the findings:
4.1. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA:
Three hundred and two (302) students (adolescents) between 13 and 22 years of age completed
the self-administered questionnaires under my assistance. All respondents completed the

10
questionnaires, making a 100% response rate. The table below illustrates the age distribution of
respondents;
Table 1 Age respondents
Total respondents were 302 (N=302)
Age (years) frequency percent
13-16 years 63 20.86%
16-19 years 138 45.70%
19-22 years 101 33.44%
Total 302 100.00%
:
Among all respondents 47.35% (N=143) were females and 52.65% (N=159) were males, as
shown in the table below:
Table 2Gender of respondents
All students who responded to questionnaires were literate as the study included all students
from form I to form VI. The table below shows the number of students in each class level:
SEX Frequency percent
Female 143 47.35%
Male 159 52.65%
Total 302 100.00%

11
Table 3Class level
Class level frequency percent
Form five 62 20.53
Form four 44 14.57
Form One 2 0.66
Form Six 67 22.19
Form Three 87 28.81
Form Two 40 13.25
Total 302 100.00
Table 4 Religious respondents
Religion Frequency percent
Christian 202 66.89%
Hindu 9 2.98%
Muslim 75 24.83%
Others 16 5.30%

12
Total 302 100.00%
Relationship status:
Among respondents 302, 102 students (33.89%) were in relationships i.e. having partners and
199 students (66.11%) were single i.e. not having partners
Figure 2Relationship status
.
4.2. ENABLING FACTORS:
4.2.1. Accessibility to VCT centers; Distance between home and the VCT centers:
Figure below shows the response of students on distances between their homes and the VCT
centers as most of them (N=116, 38.41%) said they do not know the exact distance between their
homes and the VCT, 67 students (22.19%) stay 5-10 kilometers away from centers, other 67
having partners
34%
single
66%

13
students (22.19%) stay less than 5 kilometers from VCT while 52 students (17.22%) stay more
than 10 kilometers away from the VCT centers.
Figure 3 shows the number of students and their corresponding distances from VCT
centers
4.2.2. The amount of money paid between the distances:
Students asked whether they pay for bus fare between the their homes and VCT and 196 students
(64.90%) said they do not pay when travelling between homes and the VCT centers, the rest
35.10% (N=106) said they pay fare charges between 200 shillings and 1500 shillings as the
figure below illustrates:
Figure 4 shows the amount of money paid between homes and VCT centers
67 67
52
116
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Less than 5 kilometers 5-10 kilometers more than 10 kilometers I don't know
Numberofstudents(N)
Distances

4.3. HEALTH SERVICES FACTORS
Respondents asked whether the health centers they visit provide education concerning VCT,
majority 54% (N=161), 8.72% (N=26) said the health services they visit provide VCT services
and 47.2% (N=111) said they don’t know if the health centers they visit provide VCT serv
The figure below shows the results:
Figure 5 shows the percentages of students who responded to the question of health centers
and the provision of health education
73
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
200-600 sh.
Numberofstudents
14
HEALTH SERVICES FACTORS:
ked whether the health centers they visit provide education concerning VCT,
161), 8.72% (N=26) said the health services they visit provide VCT services
and 47.2% (N=111) said they don’t know if the health centers they visit provide VCT serv
The figure below shows the results:
shows the percentages of students who responded to the question of health centers
and the provision of health education
10
17
700-900 sh 1000-1500 sh
Amount (shillings)
ked whether the health centers they visit provide education concerning VCT,
161), 8.72% (N=26) said the health services they visit provide VCT services
and 47.2% (N=111) said they don’t know if the health centers they visit provide VCT services.
shows the percentages of students who responded to the question of health centers
1500 sh

4.3.1. Privacy of the serostatus
Among the VCT service users, w
provided, the majority of them responded that the
serostatus results (45.03%, N=136),
privacy provided during services or not while the remaining 24.10% (N=73) said there is no
privacy during services.
Table 5 shows the serostatus of the respondents
8.72%
47.20%
Do the health service providers in VCT centers ensure you privacy of
the serostatus?
I don't know
No
Yes
Total
15
serostatus:
Among the VCT service users, when asked if confidentiality of the counseling process is
provided, the majority of them responded that there is privacy in service and in providing
(45.03%, N=136), 93 students (30.79%) said they don’t know whether there is
ided during services or not while the remaining 24.10% (N=73) said there is no
shows the serostatus of the respondents
54%
8.72%
Yes
No
I don't know
Do the health service providers in VCT centers ensure you privacy of
Frequency
93
73
136
302
hen asked if confidentiality of the counseling process is
and in providing
said they don’t know whether there is
ided during services or not while the remaining 24.10% (N=73) said there is no
Yes
I don't know
Frequency Percent
30.79%
24.17%
45.03%
100.00%

4.3.2. Number of VCT centers per number of youths:
Students asked if the number of VCT centers is enough to satisfy the number of youths present,
the response was as follows; Total of 299 students responded to the question, 31 students
(10.37%) said the numbers of centers are
students (54.52%) said the numbers of centers are not e
youths(NO), and 105 students (35.12%) said they don’t know whether the number of VCT
centers are enough to satisfy the number of youths.
didn’t respond to the question.
Table 6 shows the number of VCT per number of youths
4.3.3. Experience of health service providers in VCT centers:
Respondents asked if they think that the service providers in VCT centers have enough
experience in their work, the response has been shown on the
Table 7 shows the response of students on the experience of health services providers in
VCT centers
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Yes
31
Numberofstudents
16
Number of VCT centers per number of youths:
s follows; Total of 299 students responded to the question, 31 students
numbers of centers are enough to satisfy the number of youths
umbers of centers are not enough to satisfy the number of
, and 105 students (35.12%) said they don’t know whether the number of VCT
centers are enough to satisfy the number of youths.(I don’t know). Among all those,
f VCT per number of youths
Experience of health service providers in VCT centers:
experience in their work, the response has been shown on the
the response of students on the experience of health services providers in
No I don't know
163
105
Response
s follows; Total of 299 students responded to the question, 31 students
of youths (YES), 163
the number of
, and 105 students (35.12%) said they don’t know whether the number of VCT
those, 3 students
the response of students on the experience of health services providers in

4.3.4. Quality of VCT centers:
The majority of respondents (59.00%,
students (23.00%) said the centers are of required quality while the rest (18.00% N=54) said they
don’t know whether the centers are of required quality or not. The figure below illustrates the
results:
Figure 6 shows the responses of students on the Qualities of VCT centers
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Yes
23.00%
Percentages
Do you think the service providers at the VCT centers have enough
experience
I don't know
No
Yes
Total
17
Quality of VCT centers:
59.00%, N=177) said the centers have no required quality, 69
ers are of required quality or not. The figure below illustrates the
shows the responses of students on the Qualities of VCT centers
No I don't know 4.5
59.00%
18.00%
Responses of students
Do you think the service providers at the VCT centers have enough
Frequency
20
128
151
299
said the centers have no required quality, 69
ers are of required quality or not. The figure below illustrates the
Frequency Percent
6.69%
42.81%
50.50%
100.00%

18
4.4. PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS COUNSELING AND TESTING:
4.4.1. The importance of VCT in prevention of HIV transmission:
Regarding the perception of the importance of having VCT as one among the ways of preventing
HIV transmission, majority N=207, 68.54% said VCT is important for prevention of HIV
transmission, 87 students (28.81%) said VCT is not important for prevention of HIV
transmission while the remaining 8 students (2.65%) said they do not know whether VCT is
important in prevention of HIV transmission or not.
Table 8 shows the results of response on the importance of VCT on prevention of HIV
transmissions
Is VCT important in prevention of
HIV transmission?
Frequency Percent
I don't know 8 2.65%
No 87 28.81%
Yes 207 68.54%
Total 302 100.00%
4.4.2. Religious perceptions:
According to everyone’s religion students asked whether their religions allows them to go for
HIV testing, and the following are the responses:

Figure 7 Religious distribution of respondents
4.4.3. Perception of the people around (society) when students go f
Among students who participated in this study 115 (38.08%) said people take them bad when
they are going for testing and counseling for HIV, 35.43% N=105 said people take them Good
when they are going for HIV testing while the remaining number of s
students said they don’t know how people take them when they are going for HIV testing. The
figure below illustrates the results:
8.72%
19
Religious distribution of respondents
Perception of the people around (society) when students go for VCT:
when they are going for HIV testing while the remaining number of students 24.49%, N=80
figure below illustrates the results:
90.94%
8.72% 0.34%
Yes
No
I don't know
or VCT:
tudents 24.49%, N=80
Yes
I don't know

Figure 8 Percentages on the perception of people about visiting VCT cen
4.5. VISITING VCT CENTERS:
Students asked whether they have ever gone to VCT to seek for services
students said have never gone to VCT centers for services, while the rest 119 students (39.4%)
said they have gone at least once to
results:
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
Good
35.43%
percentages
20
Percentages on the perception of people about visiting VCT centers
VISITING VCT CENTERS:
Students asked whether they have ever gone to VCT to seek for services, majority 60.6%, N=183
said they have gone at least once to the VCT centers for services. The figure below shows the
Bad I don't know
38.08%
24.49%
Responses
ters
, majority 60.6%, N=183
the VCT centers for services. The figure below shows the

21
Figure 9 Shows the percentages of students who have gone to VCT centers for services
4.5.1. Location of VCT centers:
The respondents asked where they prefer for the VCT centers to be located so that there could be
an easy access of services, majority 48.68% (n=147) said the centers should be located in the
hospitals, 25.83% (n=78) said schools would be a proper place for the location of VCT centers,
19.21% (n=58), 5.63% (n=17), and 0.66% (n=2) said the centers should be located in home
compounds, super markets, and Church respectively..
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00%
Yes
No
percentages
Responses

Figure 10 Location of VCT centers
CHAPTER FIVE
5. DISCUSSION OF THE STUDY
5.1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents a discussion based on the major findings from the study. Findings that are
discussed include demographic characteristics, health services, and other factors that influence
VCT uptake and utilization.
5.2. Discussion on socio demographic data:
There were more males than females who participated in the study.
respondents were males and this confirms the fact that more
these schools as the study done in Ethiopia 2013 show
schools (Science Journal of Public Health, 2013)
The respondents who participated in this study were 13 to 22
chosen because young people aged 10 to 24 accounts for over 50% of all HIV
occurring worldwide (UNAIDS 2010:10)
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
Hospital Schools
percentages
22
Location of VCT centers VCT centers
STUDY RESULTS:
demographic data:
males who participated in the study. 52.65% (159
s confirms the fact that more males than males are enrolled in
as the study done in Ethiopia 2013 shows more males than females are enrolled in
Science Journal of Public Health, 2013)
rticipated in this study were 13 to 22 year old. This age group was
chosen because young people aged 10 to 24 accounts for over 50% of all HIV infections
(UNAIDS 2010:10). Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to HIV
Schools Home
compounds
super markets Church
locations
52.65% (159) of the total
males than males are enrolled in
emales are enrolled in
year old. This age group was
infections
. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to HIV

23
because of the strong influence of peer pressure and the development of their sexual and social
identities, Adolescents should be counseled to delay their sexual debut and practice abstinence
(FMOH and Federal HAPCO 2007). The majority fall in the group of 16-19 years. This indicates
that age is an important demographic factor that should be given great attention in designing
important prevention interventions for HIV infections. Most of the participants 66% as shown in
the figure 5 were single.202 students (66.89%) were Christians, 75 students (24.84%) and the
remaining are included in the group of Hindus (2.98%) and Others religions (5.3%) as table 4
illustrates. Among them 90.94% their religions allow them to go for testing, 8.72% of the
respondents said their religions do not allow them to go for testing, this shows religion is one
among the factors that facilitate the youths to go to check their health status through VCT though
other religions hinders them to go for testing as figure 7 shows.
5.3. Accessibility to VCT centers:
The respondents mentioned different distances to the VCT services as 67 students (22.19%) stay
5-10 kilometers away from centers; other 67 students (22.19%) stay less than 5 kilometers from
VCT while 52 students (17.22%) stay more than 10 kilometers away from the VCT centers
(fig.6). And some of them said they pay fare charges when going to VCT centers as figure 7
shows among them (35.1%) pay between 200-1500 shillings as their charges, as compared by the
study done in Ethiopia (Abraham Alimayehu Gatta, 2011) that distance is a barrier to utilization
of services. Respondents suggested that the VCT services should be within the hospitals and
schools by 48.68% and 25.83% in hospitals and schools respectively.
5.4. Health services factors:
8.72% of respondents said the health centers they visit do not provide counseling and testing
services while 47.20% said they don’t know if those health centers provide such services (Fig.8)
as compared with the study done in Dar- Es- salaam, Tanzania that showed only 6% of those
who visit health centers had been provided with counseling and testing services. (Ndunguly A
Sobbo, 2004).This implies that if these health centers would be all offering the VCT services
adolescents would most of them be going for services.
5.5. Privacy and confidentiality:
Among the VCT service users, when asked to rate the confidentiality of the counseling process,
the majority of them 45.03% (N=136) responded that there is privacy in service delivery and

24
24.17% (N=73) said there is no privacy and confidentiality in services provided in VCT (table
9), this study is supported by the study done in Uganda that showed 63% of VCT users said there
is privacy in the services provided, this shows that in Iringa there is poor privacy and
confidentiality in VCT services compared to other areas. Health services providers in VCT
centers should be well trained to maintain privacy and confidentiality of results so as many
adolescents would go for services.
5.6. Number of VCT centers per number of youths:
Out of 299 students who responded to the question if they think the number of VCT centers are
enough as compared to the number of adolescents present in the area (fig.10), majority 54.52%
(n=163) said the centers are not enough to satisfy and 10.37% said the number of centers is not
enough to satisfy the number of youths present, this implies that one among the factors that
hinders adolescents to go for VCT is the lack of enough centers for them to go for services.
5.7. Perceptions of people around when going for HIV testing and counseling:
115 respondents (38.08%) said people take them wrongly when they are going for VCT and the
other 105 students (35.43%) said people around take them good when they are going for VCT
services. Similarly some students claim that because their parents are already stressed with life, it
would be unfair to stress them further with positive HIV results, so they do not allow them to go
for testing (Baggaley & Boswell 2002:10).This explains how people around can take them
whether positively or negatively can influence the utilization and uptake of VCT among these
adolescents.
5.8. The importance of VCT in prevention of HIV transmission:
Tab.13 shows the response of students when asked if VCT services are important in prevention
of HIV transmission, majority about 207 (68.54%) said yes, VCT is important in prevention of
HIV transmission and 28.81% responded by saying there is no importance of VCT in HIV
transmission. These findings are supported by the fact that about half of people did not know the
functions of VCT centers and there was inadequate sensitization as one of the preventive
measures against HIV/AIDS infections (TCMA annual report, 2002).As most of the students
know the importance of VCT as one among the prevention of HIV transmission but do not go for
services, this means more education should be employed on the utilization of VCT centers.

25
5.9. Quality of VCT centers:
Out of 302 who responded to questionnaire only 117 students (39.4%) as shown in figure 17 had
gone to VCT centers for services. But even some those who had never gone to VCT centers
responded to the questions on the quality of quality of centers and most of them as shown in
fig.12. 59% (n=117) said the centers are of no quality, and the remaining regarded the centers as
of good quality compared with the study done in Ethiopia showed 69.36% said the centers are of
good quality (Central Statistic Agency. 2006), this indicate that in Iringa most of the centers have
no quality to satisfy the youths around in turn this could one among the facilitating factors as to
why most of adolescent do not go for testing and counseling.
CHAPTER SIX;
6.1. CONCLUSION
This study assessed the factors that influence the utilization and uptake of VCT in adolescents
among secondary schools in Iringa municipal. From the results and discussion the findings show
that:
The study population (adolescents) has enough knowledge concerning HIV/AIDS less
knowledge on VCT utilization.
Lack of privacy and confidentiality in providing results contributes to low utilization of
VCT centers.
The services being not satisfactory also the quality of centers being low is contributing to
the poor utilization of VCT among adolescents.
Most religions support the uptake and utilization among their believers.
Also there are some barriers that prevented them from accessing VCT services. These
barriers included poor access of VCT services due to distance, lack of VCT services in
the schools, cost in travelling between their homes and VCT centers untrained personnel
within the VCT services.

26
6.2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING ACCESS TO VCT SERVICES
BY ADOLESCENTS IN IRINGA MUNICIPAL:
• School adolescents should be provided with a VCT service at their schools, with trained
peer educators to increase access to the same service for the school age population.
• More VCT centers should be put in place so that could easy accessible to adolescents.
• The personnel within the centers should be well trained to provide efficiency services to
convince more adolescents to go for services.
• Quality of counseling centers should be considered the most important factor for all
counselors, as this could motivate adolescents’ VCT service seeking.
• Adolescents and parental VCT information sharing should be encouraged and
strengthened, in order for the parents and other people around can learn and understand
the importance of having HIV testing so that when adolescents want to go for VCT there
should be no barriers or to be taken in a wrong way.
6.3. CONCLUSION:
The findings of the study clearly indicate a need for a more accessible voluntary HIV counseling
and testing services for adolescents. Accessibility can be achieved through provision of VCT
services within the school compounds and using other adolescents as counselors for the VCT
services.

27
LIST OF REFERENCES:
Adolescent Development and Participation Unit Program Division. 2006. Adolescent
development in East Asia and the Pacific: realizing their potential: a summary of trends,
programming and policy experiences. Learning Series 2:1-6, 19-28.
Alemu, K. 2003. Sexual behavior of Urban and rural out of school youths towards
STD/HIV/AIDS and factors associated with these behaviors in Dera Woreda comparative cross
sectional study MPH thesis. Department of Community Health, Addis Ababa University:50.
UNAIDS. Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT);P 12:2000
UNAIDS. The impact of voluntary counseling and testing: A global review of the benefits
andChallenges, 96 p, 2000.
UNAIDS. WHO/UNAIDS Technical Consultationon Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing:
Modelsfor Implementation and Strategies for Scaling of VCT Services 29 p, 2002.
Abebe A, Mitike G.2009. Perception of High schoolstudents towards Voluntary HIV counseling
and testing using Health Belief Model in Butajira.Ethiopian Journal of Health development.
23(2): 148-153
Abiy, A. 2006. Perception of high school students towards voluntary HIV counseling and testing,
using health belief model in Butajira, SNNPRMPH thesis. Department of Community Health,
Addis Ababa University: 25.
Anthony M, Dinah W, Philomena N, Ngugi M, Haniel N,Amos N, Njagi I. 2012. Sources of
VCT information and reasons for use and non use of VCT services by young people in selected
rural locations in Kenya. International journal of social sciences tomorrow: Vol 1, Num 2: 1-8.

28
Baggaley, R & Boswell, B. 2002. Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and young
people: a summary overview. Family Healthy International (FHI) 3:15-16.
Mgosha P, Eliningaya S, Anth M, Longin R, Seif S, Hassan M, Ashaterabi L, Michael J. 2009.
Evaluation of uptake and attitude to voluntary counseling and testing among health care
professional students in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania BMC Public Health. 2009; 9: 128.
Published online 2009 May 9. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-128
Michael, D. Study on factors affecting accessibility acceptability of VCT service for HIV/AIDS
in Bahir Dartown, North West Ethiopia, Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia.2001.
UNAIDS. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2008. Geneva: Joint
United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS: 2008.
Shangula, MN. 2006. Factors affecting voluntary counselling and HIV testing among pregnant
woman in Tsumeb District, Oshikoto Region, Namibia. Unpublished Thesis submitted in partial
fulfilment of a Masters of Public Health degree. University of the Western Cape, South Africa
Shemshedin O, Jemal H., 2009.VCT uptake and associated factors among teachers in Harari
Administrative region. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development.23(3):199-205
USAID/Family Health International. 2004. VCT TOOLKIT. HIV voluntary counseling and
testing: a reference guide for counselors and trainers:1-4, 45-49. USAID, Addis Ababa.
WHO UNAIDS UNICEF (2011) Global HIV/AIDS response: epidemic update and health
sector progress towards universal access. Progress Report.
Wringe A, Isingo R, Urassa M, Maiseli G, Manyalla R, et al. (2008) Uptake of HIV voluntary
counselling and testing services in rural Tanzania: implications for effective HIV prevention and
equitable access to treatment. Trop Med Int Health 13: 319–327

29
Zandile, M. (2004). How to Establish Voluntary Services. Voluntary Counseling and HIV
Testing Guidelines. South Africa: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Zenebu, Y. 2005. Determinant of voluntary counseling and testing utilization among youth in
Jijjiga town, Ethiopia. An MPH thesis presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis
Ababa University.
Abebe A, Mitike G.2009. Perception of High school students towards Voluntary HIV counseling
and testing using Health Belief Model in Butajira.Ethiopian Journal of Health development.
23(2): 148-153
Anthony M, Dinah W, Philomena N, Ngugi M, Haniel N,Amos N, Njagi I. 2012. Sources of
VCT information and reasons for use and non use of VCT services by young people in selected
rural locations in Kenya. International journal of social sciences tomorrow:Vol 1, Num 2: 1-8
Ministry Of Health and Social Services (2006). National Progress Report on HIV/AIDS.
Windhoek: Namibia.
APPENDICES:
Appendix 1: Informed consent
THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA.
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

30
SCHOOL OF NURSING AND PUBLIC HEALTH,
P.O. Box 259 DODOMA TANZANIAFAX: +255-026-2323000
TEL: +255-262323003 E-mail: heatlhs@udom.ac.tz
Website address: www.udom.ac.tz
______________________________________________________________________
INFORMED CONSENT FORM
ID NO { }
CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE IN A RESEARCH STUDY
PURPOSE: Assessment of factors affecting the utilization and uptake of VCT of adolescents
PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATOR: DUMA, JOSHUA
PROCEDURES: No invasive procedures will be done.
RISKS: The study will not harm you in any way.
BENEFITS: The obtained information will assist health policy makers and the stakeholders on
the government to improve those factors influencing the uptake of VCT in adolescents in among
secondary schools.
CONFIDENTIALITY: Will be ensured as no names will be allowed to be written in a tool that
will be used for data collection.
THE RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE/ NOT TO PARTICPATE
Participant has the right to participate or withdraw from the study.
CONTACT INFORMATION:
In case of any doubt, contact; DUMA, JOSHUA

31
Phone no; 0656506676 email; Dotowakwanza@yahoo.com
To show that the participant agree to participate the study she or he should sign in space below.
Signature of participant ------------------- date --------------
Appendix 2:Dodoso
DODOSO LA KUANGALIA MAMBO YANAYOATHIRI VIJANA WA SHULE ZA
SEKONDARI KWENDA KUPIMA VVU NA KUPATA USHAURI NASAHA JUU YA
MAAMBUKIZI YA UKIMWI MANISPAA YA IRINGA.
Weka alama ya tiki kwenye mabano kulingana na jibu lako:
1. Umri wako ni kati ya miaka?
13-16 ( )

32
16-19 ( )
19-22 ( )
2 .Jinsia yako ni: Me ( ) Ke ( )
3. Dini yako ni?
Mkristo ( )
Muislam ( )
Budha ( )
Nyingine ( )
4. Unasoma kidato cha ngapi? Kwanza ( ) Pili ( ) Tatu ( ) Nne ( ) Tano ( )
Sita ( )
5. Una mpenzi? Ndio ( ) Hapana ( )
6. Ulishawahi kwenda kupima virusi vya UKIMWI (VVU)? Ndio ( ) Hapana ( )
7. Kuna umbali gani kati ya nyumbani unapoishi na kituo cha upimaji na ushauri nasaha wa
virusi vya UKIMWI (VVU)?
Chini ya kilometa 5 ( )
Km 5-10 ( )
Zaidi ya km.10 ( )
Sijui ( )
8. Je,unalipa nauli nauli kutoka nyumbani na Kituo cha upimaji na ushauri nasaha wa VVU?
Ndio ( ) Hapana ( )
Kama unalipa ni shilingi ngapi? (Taja kiasi )__________
9. Je, unadhani kwenda kupima virusi vya UKIMWI (VVU) na kupata ushauri nasaha
kunasaidia katika kupunguza maambukizi ya VVU? Ndio ( ) Hapana ( )
10. Je ungependa vituo vya upimaji na ushauri nasaha viwekwe wapi?

33
Shuleni ( ) (b) Hospitali ( ) (c) Madukani ( ) (d) Kanisani ( ) (e)Jirani na
nyumbani ( )
11. Ukienda kituo cha upimaji wa VVU na ushauri nasaha ungependa kusubiri majibu ya
vipimo kwa muda gani? (a) Saa moja ( ) (b) siku 1 ( ) (c) Wiki 1 ( )
12. Kazi ya mzazi wako ni:
Mama: (a)Ameajiriwa ( ) (b) Amejiajiri ( )
Baba: (a) Ameajiriwa ( ) (b) Amejiajiri ( )
13. Je katika vituo vya afya unavyoenda kutibiwa/kupata huduma ya afya wanatoa ushauri
nasaha kupima VVU ? Ndio ( ) Hapana ( ) Sijui ( )
14. Je unaridhika na huduma inayotolewa katika kituo cha upimaji na utoaji ushauri nasaha
juu ya VVU? Ndio ( ) Hapana ( )
15. Je vituo hivyo vina ubora unaotakiwa? Ndio ( ) Hapana ( )
16. Je dini yako inaruhusu kwenda kupima VVU? Ndio ( ) Hapana ( )
17. Je watu katika jamii yako wanakuchukuliaje ukienda kupima VVU na kupata ushauri
nasaha? Vizuri ( ) Vibaya ( ) Sijui ( )
18. Je unadhani idadi ya vituo vya utoaji ushauri nasaha na upimaji VVU inatosheleza
idadi ya vijana waliopo? Ndio ( ) Hapana ( ) Sijui ( )
19. Je watoa huduma katika vituo hivyo huwa wanawahakikishia usiri wa majibu ya
vipimo vya VVU? Ndio ( ) Hapana ( )
20. Je unadhani watoa huduma katika vituo vya upimaji VVU na kutoa ushauri nasaha
wana uzoefu wa kutosha katika huduma hiyo? Ndiyo ( ) Hapana ( )
APPENDIX 3:

34
QUESTIONNAIRE:
QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE UPTAKE AND UTILISATION
OF HIV VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING IN ADOLESCENTS AMONG
SECONDARY SHOOLS IN IRINGA MUNICIPALITY.
PLEASE PUT A TICK (_) MARK IN THE APPROPRIATE
COLUMN ACCORDING TO YOUR RESPONSE.
Demographic information:
1. Age in Years.
a) 13 -16 ( )
b) 16 – 19 ( )
c) 19 – 22 ( )
2. Sex
Male ( )
Female ( )
3. Religion
a) Hindu ( )
b) Muslim ( )
c) Christian ( )
d) Others ( )
4. Class level:
Form One ( )
Form Two ( )
Form Three ( )
Form Four ( )
Form five ( )

35
Form six ( )
5. Do you have a partner? Yes ( ) No ( )
6. What is the distance between your home and the VCT centre?
Less than 5 km
a) 5-10 km
b) More than 10 km
c) I don’t know
7. Do you usually pay for trip between home and the VCT centers? Yes ( ) No ( )
If you pay, how much do you pay per trip? (Mention the amount)___________
8. Have you ever gone to a VCT Centre for services? a) Yes ( ) b) No ( )
9. Where would you prefer voluntary counseling and testing services to be situated?
a) School ( ) b) Hospitals ( ) c) Shopping centre ( ) d) Church compound ( ) e) on
your own compound ( )
10. When you go for a test in a VCT how long would you like to wait for your results?
a) One hour ( ) b) One day ( ) c) 24 hours ( )
11. Parents’/guardian’s occupation:
Mother:
a) Paid employment ( ) b) Self-employment ( ) c) Casual laborer ( )
Father:
a) Paid employment ( ) b) Self-employment ( ) c) Casual laborer ( )
12. Are the health centers you visit provide education concerning Counseling and testing?
a) Yes ( )
b) No ( )
I don’t know ( )

36
13. Do you think the number of VCT centers present in your area is enough to satisfy the number
of youths? (a) Yes ( ) (b) No ( ) (c) I don’t know ( )
14. Do the health service providers in VCT centers ensure you privacy of the serostatus when
you go for testing? (a) Yes (b) No (c) I don’t know ( )
15. Is VCT important for prevention of HIV transmission?
Yes ____ No____ I don’t know_____
16. Are the VCT centers you know/visiting satisfying?
Yes____ No_____ I don’t know____
17. Are the VCT centers of required quality?
Yes____ No_____ I don’t know____
18. Is your religion allows you to be tested for HIV?
Yes____ No____ I don’t know_____
19. How do people around take you when you are going to be tested for HIV?
a) Bad___ b) Good___ c) I don’t know_____
20. Do you think the service providers at the VCT centers have enough experience in such
services? Yes____ No____ I don’t know____

RESEARCH FINAL REPORT

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (11)

Similar to RESEARCH FINAL REPORT

Similar to RESEARCH FINAL REPORT (20)

RESEARCH FINAL REPORT