Transportation in relation to space

1. Copyright©1998-2021,Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity,
Hempstead,NY
,11549USA.
Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu
Y
oumayusethefigureswithinforeducationalpurposesonly.Nomodificationorredistributionpermitted.
Formoreinformation: https://transportgeography.org/
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
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Transportationandthe
SpatialStructure
CHAPTER2

2. UsageConditions
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published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.
• DONOTCOPY
,TRANSLATEORREDISTRIBUTETHISDOCUMENT
.
• Thecontentsof this documentcanbefreely usedfor personal orclassroomuseONL
Y
.
• Althoughthematerialcontainedinthisdocumentisfreelyavailable,it isnotpublicdomain.Itscontents,inwholeorinpart (including
graphicsanddatasets),cannotbecopiedandpublishedinANYform(printedorelectronic)without consent.
• If youhaveaccessedthisdocumentthroughathirdparty(suchasacontentfarm),keepinmindthatthispartyisillegallyredistributing
this content. Pleaserefer to the true source(https://transportgeography.org/) instead of the third party.
• Permission to useanygraphicmaterial herein in anyformof publication, suchasanarticle, abookor aconference presentation, onany
mediamustberequestedpriortouse.
• Informationcitedfromthisdocumentshouldbereferredas:Rodrigue,J-Petal.(2020)TheGeographyofTransportSystems,Hofstra
University,DepartmentofGlobalStudies&Geography, https://transportgeography.org/.

3. Tableof Contents
• 2.1–TheGeographyofTransportationNetworks
• 2.2–TransportandSpatialOrganization
• 2.3–Transportand Location
• 2.4–InformationT
echnologiesandMobility
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4. TheGeographyof
TransportationNetworks
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
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Chapter2.1

5. TypesofNetworksandFlows
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Physical/ structural
Relational/ virtual
Distribution
Continuous/Discontinuous
Symmetrical/Asymmetrical
Balanced/ Imbalanced

6. NetworkOptions
A B
C D
M
a
x
i
m
u
mconnectivity
C D
Hightravelcosts:AC,B
D
A B
C D
LEASTCOSTTOUSE LEASTCOSTTOB
U
I
L
D
A B
H
Y
B
R
I
D
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Compromise

7. NetworkStructures
CENTRALIZED D
E
C
E
NTRALIZ
E
D D
IS
TRIBU
TE
D
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

8. StructuralComponentsofTransport Networks
Flow
ModeA
ModeB
N
O
D
E
FEEDER
Link
H
U
B
G
A
T
E
W
A
Y
C
O
RRID
O
R
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
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9. CentrifugalandCentripetal Networks
CENTRIFUGAL CENTRIPET
AL
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10. Point-to-PointandHub-and-Spoke Networks
H
u
b
POINT-TO-POINT HUB-AND-SPOKE
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11. Hub
DetourLevelinaHub-and-Spoke Network
A
B C
D
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1

12. ImpactsofIntegration ProcessesonNetworksandFlows
Internationalborder
BEFOREI
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N AFTERI
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
NETWORK
FLOWS
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13. F
E
A
H
C
D
B
Topologyofa Network-LinksandNodes
L
I
N
K
Unidirectionallink
Bi-directionallink
N
O
D
E
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published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

14. PolesoftheGlobal Economy
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15. TheLayersof Connectivity
Locational
Infrastructural
Transport
DemandPull
Functional
Spatial
Logistical
Shipper
Customer
Accessibility
Locational
Logistical
Efficiency
Flows
Fluidity
Network
sLinks
Infra
structural
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Relations

16. TheRelevanceof Connectivity
Econom
ic
Network
Spatial
Capacity,Reliability, Resilience
Hinterlands,Policy,
Development, Inequalities
Interactions, Costs,
Opportunities
Effect Issue Stakeholders
BCO(importersandexporters),
Producers,Retailers,
Wholesalers
T
erminals,Modes,Shippers,
Logisticsserviceproviders,
Infrastructure managers
Civilsociety, Governments
Connectivity
Node
Connector
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17. AccessibilityandConnectivity
Accessibility Connectivity
Trafficpotential
(passengersand freight)
Market/ Hinterland
Space/Time
Tradeorcommercial policy
Transportationnetwork(modes
andterminals)
Gateways,hubsandlinks
Capacity,reliability, resilience
Logistics(transport) policy
Focus
Structure
Performance
Governance
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18. TheThreeTiersof Connectivity
T
erminals(networks)
Distribution (supply chains)
Productionandconsumption(trade)
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19. Top25Gateways,GlobalGatewaysIndex, 2010
0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0%
JohorBahru
T
okyo
NewYork
Bangkok
Hamburg
Antwerp
Kaohsiung
KualaLumpur
Tianjin
Rotterdam
Qingdao
Ningbo
Guangzhou
Busan
LosAngeles
Dubai
Shenzhen
HongKong
Singapore
Shanghai
Containers
3.0%
AirCargo
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20. Typesof Bottlenecks
I
nfrastructur
e
Bottlenecks
Chronic
T
em
porary
Direct
Indirect
• Climate
• Under-investment
• Physicalrestrictions
• Weather
• Constructionandaccidents
• Demandsurge
• Dis-investment
• Customs
• Security
• Compliance(quality,safety)
• Competitionpolicy
• Fiscalpolicies
Capacity
• Productivityofmodesandterminals
• Laborskills
• Coordination
• Availabilityofconveyances
• Laborshortages
Regulatory
Bottlenecks
Operational
Bottlenecks
Efficiency
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21. MainTransportationBottlenecks
CapacityBottlenecks
OperationalBottlenecks
InstitutionalBottlenecks
SkillsBottlenecks
Lackofterminalorconnectorcapacity.
Lackorabsenceofintermodal options.
Lackoflogistical services.
Lackoflogisticalperformance(cost,time
andreliability).
Lackoflaborflexibility.
Lackofqualifiedlabor.
Lackoftraining programs.
Lackofclearmandateandjurisdiction.
Lackofcoordinationand cooperation.
Distribution-BasedBottlenecks
Lack of terminal or connector capacity.
Lack or absence of intermodal options.
Lackofqualified labor.
Natural or man-made disruptions.
Lackofinvestmentandmaintenance.
Transaction-BasedBottlenecks
Integration-BasedBottlenecks
Lackoflogistical services.
Lackoflogisticalperformance(cost, time
andreliability).
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Customsclearancedelays.
Cabotagerestrictions.
Competitionandfiscal policies.
Lackofclearmandateandjurisdiction.
Lackofcoordinationand cooperation.

22. TransportationandLocation
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Chapter2.3

23. FactorsinUrbanLocation
Connectivity Proximity Accessibility
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24. Location
BasicLocationFactors
Site
Accessibility
Socioeconom
i
c
Environment
Land,utilities,visibility,transportation
(localaccess),amenities
Labor,materials,energy,
markets,suppliers/
customers
Capital,subsidies,
regulations,taxation,
technology
©GTS
Micro(local)
Meso(regional)
Macro(national)
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25. FactorsAffectingLocationDecisions
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CountryFactors RegionFactors LocalFactors
•Governmentrules,attitudes,politicalrisk,
incentives
•Culture&economy
•Marketlocation
•Laboravailability, attitudes, productivity,
andcost
•Availabilityofsupplies,communications,
energy
•Exchangeratesandcurrencyrisks
•Attractivenessofregion(culture, taxes,
climate, etc.)
•Labor,availability&costs
•Costsandavailabilityofutilities
•Environmentalregulationsofstateand
town
•Governmentincentives
•Proximitytorawmaterials&customers
•Land/construction costs
•Sitesizeand cost
•Air,rail, highway,andwaterwaysystems
•Zoning restrictions
•Nearnessofservices/ supplies needed
•Environmentalimpactissues

26. MainLocationFactorsforDistribution Activities
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Influences Factors
Productionandtransport
economics
Capacityandcongestion
Marketstructureandtrade
strategy
Supplychainmanagement
Policyandregulation
• Relativeavailability andcostoflandandlabouratportorinlandlocation
• Dangerof diminishingreturnssuchascongestion,energyandemptymovements.
• Congestionintheportandaccessinfrastructure.
• Qualityandcapacityofhinterland connections.
• Availability ofinlanddistribution centres,customclearance,containerdepotsandlogistics facilities.
• Tradestructureoftheregion:physicalgeography,resourceendowment,centrality/ intermediacy,mixofforeignandlocallysourcedinputs,regionalspecialisations,
historyofthe region.
• Degreeofvertical cooperationandintegrationbetweenportandinlandtransportoperators
• Strongportcompetitiondrivingnewinitiativesto extendtheircargobase,eitherbysecuringhinterlandsorbyanchoringtenantsat theport.
• Supplychainstrategyoflocalshippersanddistributors(e.g. pushvspull,highorlowinventory,primary/secondarydistributionneeds).Integrationofinlandterminals
withinsupplychainmanagementpractices(e.g. actingasstock buffers).
• Dominanceofmerchantvscarrierhaulageinthe region.
• Economicdevelopmentstrategiesof publicsectoragenciesleadingto favourablelandusepolicy,zoning, financialincentives.
• Policiesrelatedtoforeigntradezonesandcustomsprocedures.
• Cargosafetyandsecurity procedures.

27. ResourceandMarket Orientation
Heavierinput, shorter
distanceto assembly
Lighteroutput,longerdistanceto market
Lighterinput,longerdistancetoassembly
Heavieroutput,
shorterdistanceto market
Market
Market
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Rawmaterials Manufacturing
Resource
Orientation
Market
Orientation

28. InformationTechnologiesand
Mobility
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Chapter2.4

29. OrganizationalFormsinHuman Societies
Agricultural(FirstWave)
• Hierarchybasedon heredity
• Feudalstructures
Industrial(SecondWave)
• Verticallyoriented bureaucracies
• Democraticrepresentation
Information(ThirdWave)
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• Networkedbureaucracies
• Multilateralconsensus

30. GlobalMediaSystems
1630s
Newspapers Emergedwiththeprintingpress and
movabletypes(17thcentury). Many
specializations(generalandfinancial).
News
agencies
1835
Providenewstothemedia(Reuters,
Bloomberg,AssociatedPress,Agence
FrancePresse).
Magazines
1730
Periodicals(weekly,monthly)focusingon
specifictopics(events,politics,people,
fashion,technology).
Radio
1920
Mediaaccesstotheprivatehome.First
radioshows:tosellradiosandconsumer
goods(“soapoperas”).Rapiddiffusionof
news/ portable.
TV/
Cable
1945/ 1980
Visualaccesstotheprivatehome.
Richercontent.Specializationof
channels(cable).
M
ovies
1910
“Theatreforthemasses”.Quickandlow-
costdiffusionofentertainment.Current
news(pre shows).
Globaldigitalinformationexchange.
Mediarichenvironment.Videostreaming
(1995)andvideoondemand(1998).
Internet
1990
Mobilephones/
Smartphones
1983/ 2001
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Portabletelecommunication/ Portable
mediaaccess.Multifunctionaldevice
(camera,recorder, GPS).

31. TheMythoftheDematerializationoftheEconomy
PlatformCorporation
• Focusoncore competencies
• Outsourcinglowadded value
activities
E-Commerce
• Lessenthefootprintofretail
stores
• Developinganetworkof
distributioncenters
AssetManagement
• Manageexistingassetsmore
efficiently.
• Developingplatformsconnecting
thesupplyanddemandof
services.
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Applefocusesonproductdesign
andretailing(AppleStore).Relies
onamassivenetworkoforiginal
equipmentmanufacturers.
Amazonownsanetworkofe-
fulfillmentcenters(distribution
centers)processinglargevolumesof
cargo(orders).Italsooperatesparcel
deliveryservices.
Uberlinksuserswithindividualcar
ownerswillingtoprovideataxiservice.
Airbnblinksuserswithpropertyowners.

32. TheSubstitutionandGenerationEffectsofInformationTechnologieson
Mobility
VirtualActivity Substitution Generation
Telecommuting Commutingtrips
DistanceLearning Tripstoeducationalinstitutions
OnlineBanking Tripstofinancialinstitutions
SocialMedia Tripstosocialevents
Teleconferencing Tripstoconferencevenues
VirtualEntertainment Tripstoeventvenues
ElectronicDocuments
Logisticsanddeliveriestonew
destinations
E-commerce
Monitoring
Tripstostores
Storedeliveries
Professionalandworktrips
Newdiscretionaltripsdueto
timesavings
Couriertrips,Maildeliveries Flows
Passengers Freight
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33. OnlineRetailSalesasShareofTotalRetailSales,2012
0
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2 4 6 8 10 12
India
Mexico
Turkey
Russia
Brazil
Japan
China
France
Germany
Australia
USA
UK

34. TheDigitalizationof Mobility
Digital
Physical
Services
Entryandinteractionwithinformation systems
Real-timelocational information
Communicationbetweenelementsofthe
information system
Dataexchangebetweenelementsofthe
information system
Systemtosettle transactions
Receive,storeandretrievelarge databases
Encrypttransactionsandeventsina ledger
AccessDevices
GeospatialServices
ConnectivityNetworks
OpenDataExchanges
IntegratedPayments
CloudServices
Blockchain
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35. Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

36. FormsofDigitalization inFreight Transportation
• RFID.
• Sensors.
Goods
• Sensors.
• Navigation.
• Routing.
• Vehicleautomation.
Conveyances
• Sensors.
• Trafficmanagement.
• T
erminalautomation.
Infrastructure
• Electronicdata
exchange.
• Blockchain.
Businessprocess
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37. MobilityasaService (Digitalization)
Device/
Users
Corporations
PublicAuthorities
MobilityPlatform
ICTServiceProviders
TransportationServiceProviders
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38. DigitalFreightPlatform
FreightPlatform
ICTServiceProviders
Operators
BtoCO
PublicAuthorities
TransportationServiceProviders API-ApplicationProgrammingInterface
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published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

39. KeyInformationTechnologyDriversinFreight Distribution
FreightVisibility(Tracking)
• Improvethereliabilityofsupplychainmanagement.
• Statusandlocationsofshipments(vehicles,rail cars,
containersandindividual loads).
• MobilecommunicationsandGlobalpositioningsystems(GPS).
• Radio-frequencyidentification(RFID)tagsandbar codes.
AssetManagement
• Maximizeequipmentutilization.
• Equipmentlocation(tractors,trailers,rail cars,containers,
ships).
• RealTimeLocatingSystems(GPSandRFIDtags).
• Statusmonitoringofvehicleandcargoconditions.
EfficiencyImprovements
• Improveproductivityandreducedataerrors.
• Verificationandexchangeofshipmentinformation.
• Non-intrusiveinspectionandinformationtechnologiessuchas
opticalcharacterreaders(OCR),RFIDtagsandbio-metrics(to
identifydrivers).
FreightInformationExchange
• Informationexchangeusingweb-basedtechnologiesand
electronicdatainterchange (EDI).
• Real-timeterminalinformation systems.
• Blockchains.
RegulatoryCompliance
• Pre-screenshipmentsanddirectlow-riskfreighttoquick
clearance.
• Enhancesecurityatinternational borders.
• Electronicpre-notificationofshipment information.
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