Trauma or Perforation in tympanum

2. Trauma is a blasting force, a blunt injury
to the head, or sudden changes in
atmospheric pressure can cause the tympanic
membrane to perforate and middle ear
ossicles to fracture.
Sudden changes in atmospheric pressure like
airplane takeoff or landings.
During normal conditions as nose blowing,
heavy lifting, and sneezing
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3. during these changes
in pressure , the
Eustachian tube does
not ventilate
because of occlusion or
dysfunction of ET, a
negative pressure
develops in middle ear
Cause for tympanic
membrane to rupture
or damage to the
middle and inner ear.
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4. • Pain
• Hearing loss
• Fullness of ear
• Vertigo
• Nausea
• Disorientation
• Edema of affected area
• Hemorrhage in the external or middle ear.
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5.  History
 Physical examination
 Otoscopic examination may reveal a
retracted, reddened, and edematous
tympanic membrane.
 Audiometric tests
 MRI & CT Scan
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6.  Keep ear clean
 Pain management:- Analgesics
 Antibiotics
 Tympanoplasty
Nursing diagnosis:-
Risk for infection R/T broken skin, pressure necrosis,
chronic disease, or surgical procedure
Acute pain R/T fluid accumulation, inflammation or
infection
Fear R/T hearing loss and lack of information
Deficient knowledge regarding surgery R/T to lack of
exposure to information due to no prior experience .
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