1. (Circulatory System)
ORGAN SYSTEM FOR
INTERNAL TRANSPORT

2. Overview: Transport and Exchange
 Every organism must exchange materials
with its environment
 Exchanges ultimately occur at the cellular
level
 In unicellular organisms, these exchanges
occur directly with the environment
 For most cells making up multicellular
organisms, direct exchange with the
environment is not possible
 Internal transport and gas exchange are
functionally related in most animals

3. Open and Closed Circulatory
Systems
In an open circulatory system, there is no
distinction between blood and interstitial fluid,
and this general body fluid is more correctly
called hemolymph
In a closed circulatory system, blood is
confined to vessels and is distinct from the
interstitial fluid
Closed systems are more efficient at
transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and
cells

4. Heart
Hemolymph in sinuses
surrounding organs
Heart
Interstitial
fluid
Small branch vessels
In each organ
Blood
Dorsal vessel
(main heart)
Auxiliary hearts Ventral vessels
(b) A closed circulatory system(a) An open circulatory system
Tubular heart
Pores

5. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 Definiton
It is a fluid-filled network of tubes (or
vessels) through which materials move
between the environment and the cells
of a multicellular animal.

6. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 Characteristic
It connects all parts of an organism in
a way that allows individual cells to
thrive as well as for organisms to
function as a unit.
It is an entirely closed system.

7. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 Function
Transport materials needed by cells
Oxygen
Glucose
Remove waste materials from cells
Carbon dioxide
urea

8. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 Main Component
Pump (heart)
Continuously circulates blood
Network of tubes
Arteries- blood away from heart
Veins- blood back to the heart
Blood
Fluid that fills the circulatory system

10.  It is the main organ of the
Circulatory System, which
is located between lungs
and diaphragm.
 It is so powerful that it can
pump blood
10, 000 liters of blood
daily.

11. Parts of the Human Heart
 Heart is actually
made up of two
pumps placed side
by side:
- onto your right
- onto your left
pericardium-
protective
membrane which
surrounds the whole
muscular organ

12. Heart Wall
 Three layers of tissue
: This serous membrane of
smooth outer surface of heart
: Middle layer composed of
cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for
heart contracting
: Smooth inner surface of
heart chambers

13. Four Chambers of the Heart
1.Right and Left atria
(sing.,atrium)
- the upper thin walled
chamber
- collecting chambers
of the heart
a. Right atrium(RA)-
collects venous
unoxygenated blood
from your body
b. Left atrium(LA)-
right
atrium
left
atrium

14. 2. Right and Left
ventricles
- lower thick-walled
chambers
- the pumping chambers
of your heart
a. Right ventricle(RV)-
pumps blue venous
blood out of your heart
and into the lungs for
oxygenation
b. Left ventricle(LV)-
pumps oxygenated
right
ventricle
left
ventricle

15. Heart Valves
1.Tricuspid valve-
between the right
atrium and right
ventricle
2. Bicuspid or
mitral valve-
between the left
atrium and left
ventricle

16. 3. Pulmonary
semilunar valve-
between the right
ventricle and the
pulmonary artery
4. Aortic Semilunar
Valve- between
the left ventricle
and aorta

17. A muscular wall, or
septum, divides
your heart into its
right and left side.
Superior Vena
Cava(SVC)-
located at the
upper part of your
heart and brings
blood from your
head and arms.
Inferior Vena
Cava(IVC)-
located at the
lower part of your

18. Pulmonary
Artery(PA)- carries
deoxygenated
blood from the
right ventricle of
your heart to the
lungs.
Pulmonary
Vein(PV)- brings
back oxygenated
blood from the
lungs to the left
atrium of your
heart.
Aorta- it is the

21. From lungs
After passing through the capillaries of the lungs, the blood
which is now oxygenated returns to the heart in the pulmonary
veins.

22. The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein.

23. Blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

24. To rest of body
Contraction of the left ventricle pushes blood through the aortic
semilunar valve into the aorta. Blood travels to all regions of the
body where it feeds cells with oxygen picked up from the lungs
and nutrients from the digestive tract.

25. Deoxygenated blood returns from the rest of the
body through the superior and inferior vena cava.

26. The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood.

27. Blood then enters the right ventricle through the
tricuspid valve.

28. To lungs
Contraction of the right ventricle pushes blood through the
pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries in
which it travels to the lungs.
Then cycle repeats again....

29. BLOOD
VESSELS

30. BLOOD VESSELS
 Are hollow tubes that carry blood
through in a never ending stream.
 Responsible in carrying blood between
the heart, different tissues and organs of
the body
 Have the ability to expand to allow more
blood to flow
 Can also contract to help control blood
flow

31. BLOOD VESSELS
Three types:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

32. BLOOD VESSELS
 Arteries
Elastic, muscular tubes that carry the
blood away from left ventricle to the
capillaries
Have thicker walls
3 layers thick:
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Arteries that connect to the capillaries
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
•All arteries carries oxygenated blood
except pulmonary arteries

33. BLOOD VESSELS
 Capillaries
Smallest working unit in the blood
vessel that connects arterioles and
venules
Walls are only one cell thick to
facilitate exchange of nutrients and
oxygen
Forms a network called capillary bed
Have sphincters that regulates the
flow of blood.

34. Fig. 42-15
Precapillary sphincters Thoroughfare
channel
Arteriole
Capillaries
Venule
(a) Sphincters relaxed
(b) Sphincters contracted
Arteriole Venule

35. Capillary Exchange
35
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venule
arteriole
water
oxygen
glucose
salt
water
wastes
osmotic pressure
blood pressure
to heartfrom heart
Arterial end
Blood pressure is higher
than osmotic pressure.
Net pressure out. amino
acids
carbon
dioxide
Venous end
Osmotic pressure is higher
than blood pressure.
Net pressure in.
plasma
protein
smooth
muscle fiber
Tissue fluid

36. BLOOD VESSELS
 Veins
Carry blood from capillaries to heart
Veins that connects to capillaries are
called venules
Are not thick as arteries
Have also three walls
Contains valve unlike arteries

37. Fig. 42-10
Artery Vein
SEM
100 µm
Endothelium
Artery
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Capillary
Basal lamina
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Valve
Vein
Arteriole Venule
Red blood cell
Capillary
15µm
LM

38. Circulation

39. CIRCULATION
 Pulmonary circulation
Carries the blood to and from the
lungs

40.  Right heart
Oxygen-depleted blood from the body leaves the
systemic circulation when it enters the right heart, more
specifically the right atrium through the superior (upper) vena
cava and inferior (lower) vena cava. The blood is then pumped
through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into
the right ventricle. Blood is then pumped through the

41.  Arteries
From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through
the pulmonary semilunar valve into the left and right
pulmonary arteries (one for each lung) and travels
through the lungs.

42.  Lungs
The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to
the lungs, where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up
oxygen during respiration. Arteries are further divided in
to very fine branches called the capillaries.

43.  Veins
The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs
through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left
heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then
enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the
bicuspid valve, also called the mitral or left

44.  Left heart
The blood is then distributed to the body
through the systemic circulation before returning
again to the pulmonary circulation.

45. CIRCULATION
 Systemic Circulation
 refers to the part of the circulatory
system in which the blood leaves the
heart, services the body's cells, and
then re-enters the heart

46.  Arteries
 Oxygenated blood enters
the systemic circulation
when leaving the left
ventricle, through the
aortic semilunar valve.
The first part of the
systemic circulation is
the aorta, a massive and
thick-walled artery. The
aorta arches and
branches into major
arteries to the upper body
before passing through
the diaphragm, where it
branches further into
arteries which supply the

47.  Capillaries
 Arteries branch into small
passages called
capillaries. The capillaries
merge to bring blood into
the veinous system.

48.  Veins
 After their passage
through body tissues,
capillaries merge once
again into venules, which
continue to merge
into veins. The venous
system finally coalesces
into two major veins:
the superior vena
cava (roughly speaking
draining the areas above
the heart) and theinferior
vena cava (roughly
speaking from areas
below the heart). These
two great vessels empty

49.  Arteries
 Oxygenated blood enters
the systemic circulation
when leaving the left
ventricle, through the
aortic semilunar valve.
The first part of the
systemic circulation is
the aorta, a massive and
thick-walled artery. The
aorta arches and
branches into major
arteries to the upper body
before passing through
the diaphragm, where it
branches further into
arteries which supply the

50. CIRCULATION
Other types of circulation:
 Coronary Circulation
Blood circulation in the heart
 Renal Circulation
 involves the blood flow through the
kidneys
 Portal circulation
Refers to the blood flow involving the
liver

51. BLOOD

52. Blood Composition and Function
 In invertebrates with open circulation, blood
(hemolymph) is not different from interstitial
fluid
 Blood in the circulatory systems of
vertebrates is a specialized connective
tissue
 Blood consists of several kinds of cells
suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma
 The cellular elements occupy about 45% of
the volume of blood

53. Blood: Homeostasis Functions
 Transports substances to and from
capillaries for exchange with tissue fluid
 Guards against pathogen invasion
 Regulates body temperature
 Buffers body pH
 Maintain osmotic pressure
 Clots prevent blood/fluid loss

54. Plasma
 Blood plasma is about 90% water
 Among its solutes are inorganic salts in the
form of dissolved ions, sometimes called
electrolytes
 Another important class of solutes is the
plasma proteins, which influence blood pH,
osmotic pressure, and viscosity
 Various plasma proteins function in lipid
transport, immunity, and blood clotting

55. Cellular Elements
 Suspended in blood plasma are two types of
cells:
 Red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport oxygen
 White blood cells (leukocytes) function in defense
 Platelets, a third cellular element, are
fragments of cells that are involved in clotting

56. Composition of Blood
56
B lood
Pla sma 46-63% Formed Ele me nts 37-54%
Pla sma Pro te in 7 % W ater 92% O ther So lute s 1% Pla te lets RBC 99.9%W BC
A lb umin
Fib rino ge n
G lob ulin
Re gula tory Pro te ins
Eg. Elec tro lytes
M onoc ytes
Basop hils
Eosinop hils
N eatrop hils
Lymp hoc ytes

57. Fig. 42-17
Plasma 55%
Constituent Major functions
Water Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Ions (blood electrolytes)
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
regulation of
membrane
permeability
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance
pH buffering
Clotting
Defense
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
Separated
blood
elements
Cellular elements 45%
Cell type FunctionsNumber
per µL (mm3) of blood
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
5–6 million Transport oxygen
and help transport
carbon dioxide
Leukocytes
(white blood cells)
5,000–10,000 Defense and
immunity
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Platelets Blood clotting250,000–
400,000

58. RED BLOOD CELLS
 Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are by far
the most numerous blood cells
 They transport oxygen throughout the body
 They contain hemoglobin, the iron-
containing protein that transports oxygen
Erythrocytes

59. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 There are five major types of white blood
cells, or leukocytes: monocytes,
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and
lymphocytes
 They function in defense by phagocytizing
bacteria and debris or by producing
antibodies
 They are found both in and outside of the
circulatory system

60. PLATELETS
 When the endothelium of a blood vessel is
damaged, the clotting mechanism begins
 A cascade of complex reactions converts
fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot
 A blood clot formed within a blood vessel is
called a thrombus and can block blood flow
• Platelets are fragments of cells and function
in blood clotting

61. Collagen fibers
Platelet
plug
Platelet releases chemicals
that make nearby platelets sticky
Clotting factors from:
Platelets
Damaged cells
Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
5 µm
Fibrin clot
Red blood cell
Fig. 42-18-4

62. Stem Cells and the Replacement of
Cellular Elements
 The cellular elements of blood wear out and
are replaced constantly throughout a
person’s life
 Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all
develop from a common source of stem
cells in the red marrow of bones
 The hormone erythropoietin (EPO)
stimulates erythrocyte production when
oxygen delivery is low

63. Fig. 42-19
Stem cells
(in bone marrow)
Myeloid
stem cells
Lymphoid
stem cells
Lymphocytes
B cells T cells
Erythrocytes
Platelets
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes

64. DISORDERS AND
DISEASES OF THE
HUMAN
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM

65. ATHEROSCELEROSIS

66. ATHEROSCELEROSIS
 What is atherosclerosis?
 Hardening and narrowing of the
arteries due to growing plaques
These plaques can behave in three different
ways:
•They can stay wihin the artery wall
•They can grow in a slow manner
eventually causing significant blokage
•They can rupture, allowing blood to clot.

67. ATHEROSCELEROSIS
 What are its
causes?
 Smoking
 High cholesterol
 High blood
pressure
 Diabetes
 Abdominal obesity
 Stress
 Not eating fruits
and
Vegetables
 Excess alcohol
intake
 Not exercising
regularly

68. ATHEROSCELEROSIS
 What are the treatments for
atherosclerosis?
 Lifestyle changes
 Medication
 Bypass surgery

69. ATHEROSCELEROSIS
 How can we prevent atherosclerosis?
 Avoid Smoking
 Avoid stress and depression
 Eat fruits and Vegetables
 Exercise regularly

70. HEART FAILURE

71. HEART FAILURE
 What is heart failure?
 Condition wherein the heart is unable
to to provide sufficient pump action to
maintain blood flow required by the
body

72. HEART FAILURE
 What are its symptoms?
 Heart failure on the left side of the
body
 Breathlessness
 Frothy spit with cough
 Heart failure n the left side of the body
 Swollen ankles
 Swollen legs
 Enlarged liver
 Enlarged stomach

73. HEART FAILURE
 What are its symptoms?
 Heart failure on both sides of the body
 Dizziness and/or confusion
 Nausea
 Constipation
 Loss of appetite

74. HEART FAILURE
 What are its
causes?
 Diabetes
 Obesity
 Smoking
 Hypertension
 Heart attack
 Depression
among heart
disease patients
 Inherited heart
disease
 Congenital heart
defects
 Anemia
 Faulty heart
valves
 Heart arrhythmias

75. HEART FAILURE
 What are the treatment for heart failure?
 Medications
 ACE inhibitors
 Diuretics
 Digoxin
 Surgery
 Pacemaker that uses heartbeat
 Surgery that reshapes scarred left
ventricle
 Exercise training

76. HEART FAILURE
 How can we prevent heart failure?
 Give up smoking
 Eat sensibly
 Exercise regularly
 Consume alcohol within recommended
level
 Get at least 7 hours of sleep
 Avoid mental stress

77. SEPSIS

78. SEPSIS
 What is sepsis?
Condition when the body is fighting a
severe infection

79. SEPSIS
 What are its symptoms?
Chills and severe shaking
Very fast heartbeat
Low blood pressure
Dizziness and decresaed urination
Skin rashes
Fever
May develop pain in the joints of the
wrists, elbows, back, hips, knees and
ankles

80. SEPSIS
 What are the causes of sepsis?
Bacteria
Viruses and fungi
Pneumonia
Urinary tract infection
Appendicitis
Infection that develop after surgery

81. SEPSIS
 What are the treatment for this?
Medications given intravenously
IV salt solution
If result show an infection in the
abdomen, either drainage of the
infection by the placement of tubes or
surgery may be necessary

82. SEPSIS
 How can we prevent sepsis?
 Following recommended immunization
schedules may reduce risk in children
 Hospital-related infections leading to
sepsis may be decreased by strictly
following hand washing and hygiene
protocol.

83. ANEMIA

84. ANEMIA
 What is anemia?
 Condition wherein the blood does not
carry sufficient amount of oxygen due to
iron defficiency

85. ANEMIA
 What are the causes of anemia?
Blood loss
Decreased or faulty red blood cell
production
Destruction of red blood cells

86. ANEMIA
 What are its symptoms?
Easy fatigue and loss of energy
Rapid heartbeat
Dizziness
Leg cramps
Insomnia

87. ANEMIA
 What are the treatments for anemia?
Creating a check-up schedule with
doctor
Follow doctor’s medication
Supplement your oxygen
Schedule blood transfusion at the
advice of your doctor

88. ANEMIA
 How can we prevent anemia?
Check if your at risk
Eat a diet rich in iron and vitamin C
Take iron supplement to make sure
your getting enough
Avoid excessive dieting and over-
exercising
Avoid donating blood

89. STROKE

90. STROKE
 What is a stroke?
 happens when blood flow to a part of the
brain stops. A stroke is sometimes called
a "brain attack."
 If blood flow is stopped for longer than a
few seconds, the brain cannot get blood
and oxygen. Brain cells can die, causing
permanent damage.

91. STROKE
 What are the causes of stroke?
Blood supply to brain is interrupted or
reduced
A blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or a
leaking or burst blood vessel
(hemorrhagic stroke)

92. STROKE
 What are the treatment for stroke?
Medical treatment
Aspirin
Stroke recovery and rehabilitation

93. STROKE
 How can we prevent stroke?
Healthy diet
Antiplatelet therapy
Control of sugar
Avoid smoking
Management of high blood pressure

94. STROKE
 What are its symptoms?
Sudden numbness of the face, arm or
leg, especially on one side of the body
Sudden trouble seeing in one or both
eyes
Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or
loss of balance and coordination
Sudden severe headache with no
known cause
Sudden confusion or trouble in