FROM COVID TO CLIMATE CHANGE - FOOD SECURITY IN THE CARIBBEAN
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Food Security and Climate Change in the Caribbean
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FROM COVID TO CLIMATE CHANGE - FOOD SECURITY IN THE CARIBBEAN
- 1. FROM COVID TO CLIMATE CHANGE: FOOD SECURITY IN THE CARIBBEAN Diana Wilson Patrick General Counsel and Bank Secretary Caribbean Development Bank October 4, 2023
- 2. CDB’s Areas of Operations Assist BMCs to optimise the use of their resources, develop their economies and expand production and trade Promote private and public investment, encourage the development of financial upturn in the Region and facilitate business activity and expansion Mobilise financial resources from both within and outside the Region for development Provide technical assistance to BMCs Support regional and local financial institutions and a regional market for credit and savings Support and stimulate the development of capital markets in the Region
- 3. BUILDING PRODUCTION RESILIENCE BUILDING SOCIAL RESILIENCE BUILDING ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE CDB’s Strategic Pillars
- 4. Supply side food security determined by product, stock, and trade. Physical Availability of Food Household level food security. Economic and Physical Access to Food Cooking practices, food preparation, diet, and nutrition. FoodUtilization Is food security interrupted by climatic, political, economic, or social factors? Stability of the three dimensions over time Dimensions of Food Security
- 5. Food Sovereignty Localization of Systems Indigenous Knowledge Resilience and adaptation in the face of climate change “Food Sovereignty: the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture system.” Culturally Appropriate Diet
- 6. 57% in August 2022 46% in February 2022 Persons in the Region facing moderate to severe food insecurity ACHIEVING THE SDGs HAITI 4.9 MILLION (50% of the population acutely food insecure) Food Insecurity in the Caribbean
- 7. USD 5 Billion (in 2020) Annual Food Import Bill: • Haiti (USD 3.161 Billion) • Jamaica (USD1.2 Billion) • Trinidad & Tobago (USD 1.08 Billion) • Bahamas (USD 555.6 Million) • Barbados (USD 407.6 Million) Top 5 Food Importing Countries in the Region Caribbean Food Import Bill 0 50 100 150 200 250 2002-2004 2005-2007 2008-2010 2011-2013 2014-2016 2017-2019 Value of food imports in total merchandise exports (%) (3-year average) Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Grenada Guyana Haiti Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago
- 8. 52 % 48 % In 2020, FAO estimated that 52% of the Caribbean population was unable to afford a healthy diet (up from 37% in 2017). ABLE TO AFFORD UNABLE TO AFFORD Access to a Healthy Diet
- 9. Local, predominantly small-holder agriculture with limited investment, technology, diversification and scale Nutrition transition from locally grown to imported processed foods Under performing agricultural sectors and high rates of overweight, obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases Enhanced vulnerability to natural disasters and economic downturns Food Security – Key Issues
- 10. “The Caribbean is ground zero for the global climate emergency” Secretary-General of the United Nations, Antonio Guterres Climate Change Considerations
- 11. “An integrated approach to managing landscapes- cropland, livestock, forests and fisheries - that addresses the interlinked challenges of food security and climate change through green and resilient practices” Increased Productivity Enhanced Resilience Reducing Emissions Climate Smart Agriculture
- 12. 1 Community-Based Agriculture and Rural Development Project (Haiti) Essex Valley Agricultural Development Project (Jamaica) Climate Smart Agriculture and Rural Enterprise Programme (Grenada) Resilient Rural Belize Programme (B-Resilient) (Belize) 2 3 4 CDB - Climate Smart Projects
- 13. FOOD SOVEREIGNTY CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIPS Food sovereignty as a transformative concept to ensure the livelihoods of poor rural communities. Sustainable, climate smart agriculture as a pillar to address climate change and increasing susceptibility to natural disasters. The imperative of collaboration and the transformative power of partnerships. 1 2 3 Conclusions CONCESSIONAL FINANCING The role of financial leadership and the necessity of access to concessional funding. . 4
Editor's Notes
- Opening Slide – Title Slide
- Basic CDB Graphic reflecting what CDB does in and for its BMCs (Article 2). Reminder: standardize this exactly with what Diana will say in the lecture and what is written in the second paragraph of the final draft of the paper.
- Slide reflecting CDB’s resilience mission, which reflects the three resiliencies (social, production and environmental) best associated with CDB’s agriculture and food security work. Here is an example of what it would be good to get across: (i) Building Social Resilience by building the adaptive, coping, and transformative capacities of individuals, communities, and institutions to sustain well-being and improve quality of life. Interventions in this sector target (i) improving access to quality, inclusive and equitable education and training; (ii) supporting sustainable agriculture and rural development and increasing food production; and (iii) improving access to safe, reliable, and sustainable water and sanitation. (ii) Building Production Resilience by promoting economic diversification, increasing productivity, reducing costs, and introducing new goods. Interventions here target (i) increasing the provision of quality, reliable, safe, and resilient infrastructure; (ii) enhancing the economic infrastructure which supports domestic production; and (iii) promoting private sector development (inclusive of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises) – especially in the agricultural sector. (iii) Building Environmental Resilience by promoting environmental sustainability through policies that centre climate change response and mitigation. Here, CDB targets (i) developing, building, and implementing climate smart agriculture projects; (ii) enhancing local, national, and regional resilience to natural hazards; and (iii) mobilizing commercial resources to enhance financial preparedness.
- Definition of food security and its 4 dimensions. Food Security: “when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet dietary needs for a productive and healthy life”. (Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1996).
- Food sovereignty – overarching concepts Relevant text from the paper: This Declaration, which was produced in 2007 at a gathering in Mali of more than 500 representatives from over 80 countries, furnishes us with a comprehensive understanding of what food sovereignty means: (i) putting healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods at the centre of food policy, (ii) putting those who produce, distribute and consume food at the heart of food systems, (iii) promoting the localization of food, farming, pastoral and fisheries systems, (iv) providing for local control over resources such as land, water, seeds, livestock and biodiversity, and (v) respecting local and indigenous knowledge and skills. Altogether this means working with nature through diverse, agrological production and harvesting methods that maximize ecosystem functioning and increase resilience and adaptation, especially in the face of climate change. On a more societal level, the Nyéléni Declaration also calls for a new social relationship free of oppression and inequality between men and women, peoples, racial groups, social classes, and generations. In the Caribbean, the need to move towards ‘food sovereignty’ is driven by the realization that the region’s current reliance on imported foods is a touchstone issue. The region’s high vulnerability to global events, for example the war in Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic, has recently compounded to create profound disruption of regional food supply chains. Meanwhile, the increasing regularity and severity of natural disasters like hurricanes and droughts, alongside existing barriers to intra-regional trade, mean that taking action on this issue is an immediate and overriding priority.
- NB: SLIDE TO BE COMPLETED Slides reflecting graphically and in numbers the stark food insecurity situation in the Caribbean. Information to show: The scale of this impact is substantial. FAO estimated in 2021 that 68 percent of people in the Caribbean faced moderate or severe food insecurity in the years 2018-2020. Meanwhile, a 2022 CARICOM / World Food Programme survey estimated that 4.1 million people or 57% of people in the English and Dutch-speaking Caribbean face moderate or severe food insecurity (an increase of 1.3 million or 46% in 6 months between February and August 2022). A small improvement was registered in May 2023 with only ~3.7 million or 51% of the population being moderately or severely food insecure, but the regional outlook remains dark: the latest Integrated Food Security Phase Classification analysis found that 4.9 million people (just under half of the total population) in Haiti are experiencing high levels of acute food insecurity as of March 2023. Manifestly, the enduring issue of food insecurity in the Caribbean has entered a new and more troubling phase as half of the regional population are suffering moderate to severe food insecurity on a year to year basis. Speak about SDGs
- The Food Import Bill and the cost of production. Here we could have recourse to this graph (above, generated by user via FAOSTAT) or graphically represent the following – (i) the expansion in the food import bill and (ii) the five countries who drive food imports into the region. Relevant information if we do the latter: the annual food import bill has been measured by CARICOM as approximately USD 5 billion in 2020. Prior to 2020, the “collective food import bill in the region was US$3 billion in 2016: US$5 billion in 2018 and US$4.78 billion in 2019” – this is up from USD 2.08 billion in 2000 and USD 3 billion in 2012. For the period 2018 – 2020, the top five (5) food importing countries in the region were: Haiti (USD 3.161 billion); Jamaica (USD 1.2 billion); Trinidad and Tobago (USD 1.08 billion); Bahamas (USD 555.6 million) and Barbados (USD 407.6 million) Other options of what to reflect: CDB’s BMCs spend more than half of the value of total merchandise exports on food imports as of 2019. According to FAOSTAT (below): (i) Haiti, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines imported food equivalent to 100 percent or more of total exports, while Jamaica, Barbados, Bahamas and Saint Kitts and Nevis import food equivalent to between 50 and 100 percent of total exports. Food is also overwhelmingly sourced from or through the United States, so that the food import bill puts tremendous pressure on many Caribbean countries’ foreign exchange. Even without inflation in food prices, this has the knock-on impact of stifling investment in domestic agriculture and economic growth in other sectors. Furthermore, Caribbean economies’ blend of food insecurity and imbalanced reliance on global food supply chains leaves the region vulnerable to any and all fluctuations in global production, prices, or supply. This is because even food produced on island relies on imported primary inputs, and therefore any shock which impacts the global market is reflected in domestic food production.
- In 2020 FAO estimated that 52 percent of the Caribbean population was unable to afford a healthy diet (up from 37 percent in 2017
- Food Security and SIDS: this slide should emphasize the shared characteristics of SIDS, and how they have a particular and severe experience confronting food insecurity, battling for food sovereignty and securing the right to food.
- Factoring in Climate Change: Here, we use the graphic of the probability of a hurricane strike from the paper, while reflecting the uncomfortable truths on the right side of the slide. Without regional action to mitigate or adapt, climate changes damages in the Caribbean are projected to grow from 5% of GDP in 2025 to more than 20% of GDP by 2100 Other relevant text from the paper: Natural disasters occur with shocking regularity in the Caribbean, upending food security by wiping out infrastructure, discouraging investment, and disrupting food production, supply, and transit. The scale of economic damage caused by these natural disasters can be overwhelming. For example: (i) in 2017, Hurricane Maria caused economic damage in Dominica equivalent to between 225% and 253% of its GDP only two years after Tropical Storm Erika caused damage equivalent to 92% of GDP; (ii) In 2010, an earthquake hit Haiti causing economic damage equivalent to 96% of GDP; and (iii) in 2004, Hurricane Ivan caused economic damage to Grenada equivalent to 200% of GDP. Additionally, some countries are more vulnerable than others, with Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Jamaica and St. Lucia each having a 15% or more probability of a hurricane striking in a given year. Climate change damages in the Caribbean are projected to grow from 5% of GDP in 2025 to more than 20% of GDP by 2100, assuming no regional action is taken to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Tropical storms and hurricanes, through extreme winds and excess rainfall, already cause significant economic losses with shocking regularity across Caribbean countries, while annually 40% of the region is impacted by mild droughts and 10% by severe droughts. These sorts of weather events are on course to become more common and more destructive in the coming years. All this has led UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres to declare in August 2022 that “the Caribbean is ground zero for the global climate emergency”. Accordingly, the region has no choice but to factor in climate change to its agricultural, national, and region-wide strategies. Adelle Thomas, April Baptiste, Rosanne Martyr-Koller, Patrick Pringle and Kevon Rhiney, ‘Climate Change and Small Island Developing States’ (2020) 45 Annual Review of Environment and Resources at 8 UN News, The Caribbean is ‘ground zero’ for the global climate emergency: Guterres (3 July 2022) < The Caribbean is ‘ground zero’ for the global climate emergency: Guterres | UN News >
- Climate Smart Agriculture. The World Bank and FAO understand this to mean simultaneously achieving three outcomes: (i) increased productivity: producing more and better food to improve nutrition security and boost outcomes, especially of 75 percent of the world’s poor who live in rural areas and mainly rely on agriculture for their livelihoods; (ii) enhanced resilience: reducing vulnerability to drought, pests, diseases and other climate-related risks and shocks; and improving capacity to adapt and grow in the face of longer-term stresses like shortened seasons and erratic weather patterns; and (iii) reducing emissions: pursuing lower emissions for each calorie or kilo of food produced, avoiding deforestation from agriculture and identifying ways to absorb carbon out of the atmosphere.
- Here we discuss Community-Based Agriculture and Rural Development (Haiti) This project improves access to enhanced and inclusive agricultural production systems in the North West (I) and North East (II) Departments of Haiti. Components include the upgrading or constructing of irrigation infrastructure, rehabilitating or upgrading watersheds, capacity building and technical assistance for farmers linked to new or existing irrigation schemes, and upgrading or procuring new critical infrastructure and equipment to support the production, transport, storage, and marketing of crops in predominantly rural areas. The goal is to increase agricultural sector output through the harnessing of irrigation networks and enhanced technology – providing climate resilience in a way that empowers the poor rural communities who depend most on agriculture. Here we discuss Essex Valley Agricultural Development Project (Jamaica) This project is targeted towards enhancing production and productivity in St Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica, where more than 40 percent of the population are farmers, in a socially inclusive, gender equitable, and climate-sensitive manner. Components include improved irrigation infrastructure, providing training in agricultural production and marketing to local famers, providing renewable and/or energy efficient facilities, systems and infrastructure, alongside significant farmer and stakeholder capacity building. The project significantly reduced the costs of irrigation and improved drought resilience in St Elizabeth Parish while substantially increasing irrigated land. The Essex Valley project is funded through the UK Caribbean Infrastructure Partnership Fund with a grant of USD 43,671,000. Here we discuss Climate Smart Agriculture and Rural Enterprise Programme (Grenada) The combined purpose of this programme is to enhance enterprise business development and increase the sustainability of small farmers and rural enterprises through the adoption of climate smart agriculture practices and technologies, including more efficient water management and conservation measures like irrigation, rainwater harvesting systems, terracing, drainage, and mulching. This project targets two of the most vulnerable groups: smallholder farmers especially vulnerable to climate change, and unemployed/underemployed individuals, especially women and youth. This project is a multi-stakeholder endeavour, with CDB providing USD 5,000,000 alongside IFAD (USD 6,400,000) and Grenada (USD 2,000,000). Here we discuss Resilient Rural Belize Programme – B Resilient (Belize) The objective of this project is to improve small farmers’ commercial agricultural output, increase their access to markets, and strengthen resilience to climate change, ensuring substantial participation from female and young farmers. The components include developing irrigation and drainage systems, forming water user associations, training 2,000 farmers in climate resilient agricultural technologies and practices, bringing significant land under climate resilient management, and training 700 small farmers in business management and marketing. This is a multi-stakeholder project, with CDB providing USD 5,000,000 at concessional rates, alongside IFAD and GCF who are each contributing USD 8,000,000, and Belize (USD 4,000,000).
- Use flags