Waved Albatross Research Paper

Waved Albatross Research Paper
The Waved Albatross is the largest bird of the Galapagos Islands, but is only found on one of them –
Espanola. Its wingspan is 7–8 feet and can grow up to 34 inches in length. It usually weighs in at
about 7–11 pounds. They have very distinctive coloring, with a white head, cream neck, brown
body, bright yellow beak, and blue feet. Many people have observed their walking as awkward, but
when they take off they are beautiful and elegant. Waved Albatrosses can live up to 45 years.
Migration Although the Waved Albatross spends March through early January on Espanola, during
which they mate, but they do migrate to Peru or Ecuador from mid–January through February. Diet
Eating squids, octopus, other cephalopods, krills, crabs, shrimps,
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Will It Be Easy? Will It Be Worth It?
Will it be easy? Will it be worth it? That are the questions I would like to ask you, brother. Some
circumstances came up in your life that made you to drop out from school. However, education is
not limited to age; you can start school any time. I am aware that you have some apprehensions
about joining a school such as that you would not be able to do at this age or with your current work
schedule. At the same time, you are aware of the benefits of going to school. You have to believe in
yourself that you can do it. I know it would not be easy, but definitely, it will be worth it.
"You can do it'' is a phrase that you may have heard many times, but most of the time, you only
listen to it and do not believe in those words. You just have to take the first step to initiate. Belief in
yourself has power that can turn your weakness into strength, but if you do not believe in yourself,
your strengths will turn into weaknesses. Belief can make anything possible.
I would like to share a story with you. During a research experiment, a marine biologist placed a
shark into a large holding tank and then released several small bait fish into the tank. As you would
expect, the shark quickly swam around the tank, attacked, and ate the smaller fish. The marine
biologist then inserted a strong piece of clear fiberglass into the tank, creating two separate
partitions. She then put the shark on one side of the fiberglass and a new set of baitfish on the other.
Again, the shark quickly attacked. This time, however, the shark slammed into the fiberglass divider
and bounced off. Undeterred, the shark kept repeating this behavior every few minutes to no avail.
Meanwhile, the baitfish swam around unharmed beyond the second partition. Eventually, about an
hour into the experiment, the shark gave up. This experiment was repeated several dozen times over
the next few weeks. Each time, the shark got less aggressive and made fewer attempts to attack the
bait fish, until eventually the shark got tired of hitting the fiberglass divider and simply stopped
attacking altogether. The marine biologist then removed the fiberglass divider, but the shark did not
attack. The shark was trained to believe a barrier existed between it and the

Pros And Cons Of Overfishing
Chai Lin
Ms Signorino
LA 11
20 April 2016
Fresh Fish Forever Fish have been one of mankind's greatest resource throughout history. They have
been sustenance to civilizations in the most extreme climates. But now they are being overfished.
There are pros and cons of overfishing. Some pros include more jobs, healthier food, and it provides
food for the world. Overfishing should be stopped because the fishing methods that companies use
can be very destructive to aquatic ecosystems, they can disrupt balances in the food chain and can
lead to the exploitation of non fishing zones/areas, and it can cause overpopulation of other species.
Stop overfish and regulate commercial fishing.
Critics of regulating fishing would say that overfishing creates ... Show more content on
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When predatory fish are gone, the population of the fish that they used to eat will grow. Then the
fish themselves can cause another fish species to go extinct by eating all of them. Then their
population will fall as well because they won't have any food source. An example of this is when
Harelip Sucker went extinct. The Harelip Sucker was a snail eating fish that lived in the Ohio River
over a hundred years ago. The snails were killed off by topsoil and the Harelip Sucker went extinct
(Ohio.gov). The third reason why I believe my claim is because it can lead to the exploitation of non
fishing zones/areas. Fishing companies will try to move to non fishing areas because they need to
meet their fishing quota and other fishing areas have been overfished. This is called illegal,
unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. IUU fishing accounts for an estimate of about 40 percent
of all fish caught in West Africa, and is also the highest level in the world. The reason they are able
to fish in the areas is because they have no reason to fear any checks by fisheries

The And Estuaries During The Gulf Coast Essay
The marshlands and estuaries located throughout the Gulf Coast provide important breeding grounds
and nurseries for the fishing and shrimping industries. In 2008, according to the National Marine
Fisheries Service, the commercial fish and shellfish harvest from the five U.S. Gulf states was
estimated to be 1.3 billion pounds valued at $661 million. "Oil spills are extremely harmful to
marine life when they occur and often for years or even decades later," said Jacqueline Savitz, a
marine scientist and climate campaign director at Oceana, an environmental group. She said spills
could coat sea birds and limit their flying ability and damage fisheries by injuring marine organism
's systems related to respiration, vision and reproduction. Savitz said that the Gulf of Mexico is host
to four species of endangered sea turtles and bluefin tuna, snapper and grouper. "Each of these can
be affected," she said. "Turtles have to come to the surface to breathe and can be coated with oil or
may swallow it." And, she added, the Gulf is one of only two nurseries for bluefin tuna, more than
90 percent of which return to their place of birth to spawn.
BP being the responsible party had the liability to bear all the costs and organizational duties
associated with the cleanup effort while the Coast guard monitored and approved the things. Part of
BPs liability depended on how much oil has been leaked. Therefore, it was in the financial interest
of the company to do everything it could do to:

Causes And Consequences Of Marine Organisms
INTRODUCTION
Anthropogenic CO2 release into the atmosphere has led to increasing temperatures in the
atmosphere and in the ocean (CITA). Greater amounts of CO2 is causing the oceans to become more
acidic (Caldeira & Wickett, 2003; Ross et al., 2011).
Oceans capacity to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere is making them become more acidic (Caldeira
& Wickett, 2003; Portner, 2008)
Oceans' average surface temperature are predicted to rise up to 1.5 C by 2050 and 3 C by 2100
(Donelson et al., 2011; PONER MAS CITAS), simultaneously oceans' surface pH will decrease
from a level of 8.1–8.2 by 0.3–0.5 units by 2100 (pH 7.6–7.9) and 0.7–0.77 units by 2300 (pH 7.33–
7.5) (Caldeira & Wickett, 2003; Donelson et al., 2011).
These variations in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Elevated temperatures aggravate oxygen limitation by leading to a higher demand of it from species
and by reducing its solubility causing fish with larger individuals to be more thermally sensitive to
oceans' warming (Neuheimer et al., 2011; Pörtner, 2008; Pörtner & Knust, 2006; Rodnick et al.,
2004). In addition eggs and larvae of some fish species have been observed to have narrower
thermal windows. In larvae this is due to their small body size, higher metabolic rate, and lower
energy reserves (Pörtner & Farrel, 2008; Rijnsdorp et al., 2009). If all size groups are affected
within a population, abundance, recruitment success and productivity can be negatively affected
(Neuheimer et al., 2011; Pörtner & Knust, 2006).
Some species have the capacity to acclimate to changes in temperatures. Acclimation is the
organisms' capacity to modify phenotypical traits that alter their physiology, behaviour or
morphology to fit the environmental conditions (Donelson et al., 2011). According to Agilleta (2009,
in Donelson et al., 2011) there are two types of acclimation, reversible and developmental.
Reversible acclimation refers to the controlled responses to daily or seasonal environmental
fluctuations; while developmental acclimation involves the permanent

Moon Jellyfish
Moon Jellyfish are in the "Animalia Kingdom, Phylum Cnidarian, Class Scyphozoan, Order
Semaeostomeae, Family Ulmaridae, and Genus Aurelia" ( Myers, 2016 ; Espinosa, ; 2016 ; Parr,
2016 ; Jones, 2026 ; Hammond, 2016 ; Dewey, 2016). The morphological description of Cnidarians
are corals, sea anemones, jellyfish and hydroids. These cnidarians form a diverse phylum that
contains ~9000 species, which live in aquatic (predominantly marine) environments. The phylum–
defining trait of Cnidaria is the stinging cell, the nematocyte an extrusive organelle used for
predation, adhesion and defense (Holstein, 1981; Lengfeld et al., 2009; Tardent and Holstein, 1982)
(Steele and Technau; 2011). Also, this phylum, Cnidarians, are divided into two groups, "Anthozoa
(sea anemones, corals and sea pens), which live as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these groups have an external radial symmetry. Cnidarians have a single opening that acts as
both mouth and anus and is generally surrounded by nematocyte–bearing tentacles (Steele and
Technau; 2011).
The moon jellyfish have a unique image, they have a alien–looking appearance. Since they have a
glowing circular bells. Moon jellies have little fringe that curve food towards the mucous layer. The
moon jellyfish store their prey in pouches and once their oral arm pick the food up, the jelly then
digest it. The Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation states that "the coloration of a

Management Plan For Salmon 's Alaskan And North Pacific...
BSC3052 – Conservation Biology
Management Plan for Salmon in Alaskan & North Pacific Ecosystems
It comes as no surprise that salmon are one of the most sought after species of fish in the world for
human consumption. Because of this, heavy industry and markets have had a critical influence on
the salmon populations. Seventeen strains of Pacific salmon are currently listed as threatened or
endangered. Due to their extreme demand, many problems have resulted for the species as a whole,
from hindrances in their reproduction patterns by modifications in their environment (dams and
river modifications) to detrimental conservation efforts (where hatchery salmon were reintroduced
causing "genetic and behavioral dilution"), there are a plethora ... Show more content on
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By 2008, that figure had jumped to 5 billion. Because of the huge presence of hatchery salmon in
wild, the result is when hatchery–bred fish return as adults and interbreed with wild salmon, they
produce offspring that are less hardy than their purely wild counterparts. Arguably the existence of
hatcheries is directly responsible for offsetting the salmon species composition of the entire North
Pacific. Economically, while fisheries immediately can be seen as generating a huge profit, extended
dependence and exploitation of fisheries can be incredibly distressing. In an effort to maximize the
yield of salmon, hatcheries are failing to see the ocean is an exhaustible resource. The North Pacific
Ocean is, at an alarming rate, nearing the limit of its salmon–carrying capacity. (Peterson, 2008)
Because hatchery salmon are both outcompeting wild populations of salmon and simultaneously
causing genetic dilution by mating with wild populations, the fish that are being caught by
fisherman, at an alarming rate, are far less in quality than their wild counterparts. The reason why?
Wild populations often possess resistance to the parasites and diseases of their native streams that
are not found in the foreign hatchery salmon. In addition, the "decreasing quality" of salmon also
negatively influences recreational activities such as sport fishing, a valuable component of both the
Alaskan economy and the economies of the pacific north–west. Millions

Fishing, Celebes Sea, By The Sea
Fishing, Celebes Sea
In the middle of the ocean, all that can be seen is miles and miles of the alluring ocean. The color of
the waves are a spectacular mix of a light green, an astonishing teal, and the amazing darkness of the
blue. The tides lightly brushing against the welcoming homes of all the nice people. In the small
boat ahead contains an innocent child with his mother outside what can only be their house. The
pleasant subtlety of the sea breeze peacefully floating in the air causes relaxation that cannot be
helped.
If you look up you can see the beautiful sky extending as far as the eye can see. The clouds soaring
into the distance beautifly. The mountains in the distance, elegantly sitting in the distance. The birds
chirping their song in mid day. This place gives a sense of Everything that can be seen is beautiful.
The wind blows constantly, causing sea mist to blow in the faces of the fishermen. Underneath the
boat is the clear, blue water with fish swimming, clueless, without a care in the world. The air has
the taste of salt and freshly caught fish. And the The smell is unmistakeable, with a hint of seaweed.
In the distance, great hills covered by clouds can be seen. Houses gather close by above the water.
People could almost say that the houses are floating. Millions of people gather in small boats,
waiting patiently for the single movement of their fishing wire. Every once in awhile, someone 's
laughter can be heard above the sound of the small,

Essay about Wal-Mart Seafood Supply Chain Case Study
Coursework Header Sheet186714–156 | |
Course | BUSI1150: E–Log & Int Sup Chain Mgt 15c | Course School/Level | BU/PG |
Coursework | Research Report | Assessment Weight | 70.00% | Tutor | Y Lin | Submission Deadline |
30/03/2012 |
Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the student's own work and that it has not, in
whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other
sources it has been properly acknowledged in accordance with the University's Regulations
regarding Cheating and Plagiarism. |
000714534 Shabbir Bhanpurawala Tutor's comments
|
Grade ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nonetheless, wild pacific salmon are fished near the shore or the ocean between May and September
because they spawn in their river habitats during these months. The other challenge was that wild
pacific salmon were depleting and protecting them was a great challenge as it was indirectly posing
a threat to Walmart and its sea food supply chain.
According to (Denend, 2010) major challenge was that commercial fishing of wild salmon was only
permitted to the people who had permits that also for a limited period of time or season. Also, the
duration of this season fluctuated each year so that the wild pacific salmon of each type would be
protected and they would return back to spawn in the river habitats. As a result, Walmart would not
have sufficient amount of stock for wild pacific salmon and was posing a threat to its supply chain
& the duration of fishing was volatile because if salmon would come back in greater quantity
then the fishing season would continue for an extended period of time; if they would go back then
the season would shut down earlier, so the quantity and availability was not fixed in nature and this
was also among the few possible challenging reason for Walmart.
There are numerous other factors present which would increase the cost price of Wal–Mart's supply
chain either directly or indirectly which are

Green Sea Turtle Status
Green Sea Turtle:
Status: endangered
Scientific name: Chelonia mydas
Type: Reptile
Description/background– reptiles
Size– 4 ft (1.2 m)
Weight– 475 lbs (215 kg)
Population estimate– 85,000 and 90,000 nesting females
left as of 2004 but as of 2015 there is only 1,000 nesting females left
Lifespan– easily 100 plus years if not seen as a predator and is clear
of any disease
Range– found in all tropical waters in the world
Habitat– Mature turtles usually are in shallow coastal waters around
seagrass beds
Food– adults are herbivores they eat algae and seagrasses, younger ones are omnivores and they eat
plants and
insects and worms
Offspring– they nest every 2–4 years 3–5 times everytime, lays at least 115 eggs which grow
underground for 60 days

Captivity– Sea ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hawksbill Sea Turtle:
Scientific Name: Eretmochelys Imbricata
Status: The hawksbill sea turtle is critically endangered from people around the world taking the
"tortoise
shell" during their harvesting time and using them for jewelry, hair
pieces, and other decorating items.
Type: Reptile
Diet: Carnivore; Examples: Reef, mollusks, marine algae,
crustaceans, sea urchins, fish, and jelly
Size: 24 – 45 inches (62.5 – 114 cm.)
Weight: 100 – 150 pounds
Population: 20,000–23,000 nesting females
Lifespan: 30–50 years
Range: Tropical Waters in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans,
avoid deep waters, like coastlines with sponges and sandy nesting
sites
Habitat: Tropical Coral Reef
Behavior: Spend time resting or sleeping in coral or rock ledges
Offspring: Females return to their native beaches every 2–4 years during the months of July–
November.
They nest 3–6 times each season and lays about 160 eggs in each nest. The eggs incubate for about
60
days.
Captivity:Sea turtles are very easy to adjust to new environments when taken into captivity and do

not go
through very much stress during the process. In certain cases sea turtles are either taken into
captivity

Fish and Management Case Study Essay
FITTskills: Global Supply Chain Management
Case Study #5: Global Supply Chain Management and Shipping
Catch of the day
Kalastaa Inc. have been in the local Finnish aquaculture industry for nearly fourteen years. They
raise salmon and trout for local markets, and have recently negotiated a deal with a small fish
processing plant that distributes under a major product label in Finland. Although they run a rather
small operation, employing 16 people year–round, Kalastaa believes they are in a position to export
some surplus and perhaps broker further deals with fish processing plants around the European
Union. They do want to maintain ties with the local fresh fish ... Show more content on
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Colour coding is a common practice in the fish industry and provides a method of standardization
for something as subjective as colour. Both in production and sales, colour is the most important
quality parameter for salmon.
Salmon buyers can request information on the colour of a delivered lot in the form of a number
corresponding to a colour number on the Roche scale. Another salmon colour reference is the colour
number on the Salmofan scale. Kalastaa's bank, acting as their export advisor, contacts the
© FITT
1
FITTskills: Global Supply Chain Management
company to tell them that the letter of credit has fallen though because the certificate of quality is
vague and it cannot be ascertained if the shipment has passed its quality certification.
Something is fishy...
The documents were delivered directly to the buyer for payment. DanskFisk insists on inspecting
the shipment upon arrival. DanskFisk is not an experienced salmon importer, and usually deals with
Spanish Blue Fish and Irish Char. They are not in disagreement that the salmon shipment has passed

quality inspection. Upon DanskFisk's inspection, they claim that the fat content of the stock is much
higher than is claimed in the quality inspection. They reject the sale and will accept substitute goods,
but are claiming damages for loss of profit. Kalastaa management wonder if they need to rethink
their

Aksarben Aquariums Report
At the AkSarBen aquariums, there are many opportunities to learn and observe different fish,
amphibians and turtles. Fish are identified throughout the aquariums in different ways, from gills, to
scale colorations and patterns. The differences from the ancient and modern fish are also very
noticeable. The terrarium at AkSarBen shows an actual, ideal habitat for the turtle and frogs placed
in there. WIth brightly lit signs showing diets, descriptions, and natural history of the animals.
There are many species of fish throughout the United States, and even more around the world,
filling the vast oceans and millions of lakes. Fish can be identified by snouts, fins, tails, and even
spots. The Northern pike is identified with a duckbilled ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was also bright lights, creating a very well lit and warm environment for everything inside
The turtles in the terrarium included the western painted turtle, which is the most widespread native
turtle of North America. The western painted feeds mostly on plants and small animals like fish, and
insects. They are normally four to ten inches long and the only species of the Chrysemys species,
part of the pond turtle family. This turtle is identified by its red bottom. There was also the red eared
turtle which eats feeds on plants and smaller animals similar to the western painted, but also
crickets, snails, and tadpoles. They are identified by their red ears and belong to the Emydidae
family, a subspecies of the pond slider. Native to the southern United States and northern Mexico,
but has been successfully introduced into Nebraska ranging from six to twelve inches in size. The
third species of turtle in the terrarium was the yellow mud turtle which are omnivorous eating
worms, crayfish, and aquatic insects, where they also forage in water and on land for their food.
They are easily identified by their yellow appearance, smaller average size of six inches and are part
of the Kinosternidae family found in Central United States and

Samo Salar Fish Observation
Furthermore, group swimming behaviors of Atlantic salmon or Salmo salar L. show to be affected
by flow velocity as well. In an experiment, a group of Salmo salar L. were placed in a cage and were
exposed to low, medium, and high flow velocities. Swim group structures were characterized as
circular polarized swimming (circle), swimming facing the current (on current), or swimming in
combination of the circle and current patterns (mixed). Results showed that the group of Salmo salar
L. displayed circle swimming arrangement under low flow velocity conditions, mixed swimming
arrangement with medium flow velocity, and on current arrangement with high flow velocity. As
flow velocity increased, the group of Salmo salar L. would alter swimming behavior from schooling
to swimming against the current and resided near the walls of the cage (Johansson et. al. 2014).
Such unique swimming behavior can be explained by the survival benefits and fitness advantages in
altering swim structure. Under various flow velocities, particular group swimming structures allow
the Salmo salar L. to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This experiment was taken place in a recirculating flume under various flow velocities. Results
concluded that as water flow velocity increased, foraging behavior for food consumption decreased
in the Chondrostoma nasus L. significantly. This is likely due to the fact that there is a trade–off
among swimming costs and the net energy yield. Chondrostoma nasus L. residing in high water
velocities are less likely to forage for and capture prey as a consequence of the high swimming
energy cost associated with their environment. Chondrostoma nasus L. residing in lower water
velocities, have a lower swimming cost when it comes to capturing food and will thus, forage more
frequently (Flore and Keckeis

Types And Methods Of Fish
2.1 General: A fish is any member of a paraphyletic (descendants of the last common ancestor)group
of organisms that consist of all gill bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits
(fingers and toes). Fish are an important resource for humans worldwide, especially as food.
Commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries or farm them in ponds or in cages in
the ocean. They are also caught by recreational fishers, kept as pets, raised by fish keepers, and
exhibited in public aquaria. 2.2 Fish behaviour and migration: Rheoreaction, which is an inherent
behavioural response of fish to swim upstream, underlies fish behaviour in the flow (Fig. 2.1). All
other features of behaviour in the stream have to be seen against a background of this particular
reation. Rheoreaction has two components of behaviour: orientational and locomotor. Organs of
vision, touch, equilibrium (horizontal labyrinth channels) and neuromast help fish find its way
against the current. Locomotor activity of fish in the stream can be described by several functional
indices: threshold flow rate (its value sets the lower limit of flow rate for fish rheoreaction to
develop), critical flow velocity (its value defines the upper limit of velocity interval, within which
fish retention in the stream is possible), burst speed and swimming capacity (duration of fish motion
at different flow velocities). [1] Fish populations are highly dependent upon the characteristics of the
aquatic

Edwards Plateau Research Paper
The Edwards Plateau is located south of the Texas panhandle ranging from the northern great plains
all the way to the border with Mexico; additionally, its eastern border is near the center of Texas.
The climate in this region consists of sweltering summers with temperatures near 100 degrees
Fahrenheit and chilly winters with temperatures ranging to the low 40s. Abrupt and rapid weather
swings are also common, temperatures can drop 50 degrees in a day. The Edwards Plateau does not
have a wet or dry season, 1–2 months without rain can occur at any moment. It has a consistent
humidity with it being usually at 70%, but lowers in the winter and rises in summer.
The Edwards Plateau has many captivating creatures calling its environment home. For instance, the
Texas blind salamander, it lives in the water–filled caves of the Edwards Aquifer. Since ... Show
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One example is the Texas redbud, it blooms in early spring with a lovely magenta hue found in its
leaves. They usually grow to be small trees or as multi–trunked shrubs growing to a height of 15–20
feet. Another plant would be the shrubby boneset which is a type of shrub that grows 2–6 feet tall
with small white flowers appearing in fuzzy clusters on the much–branched stems coming from the
base. A succulent example is the twisted leaf yucca, its name comes from its leaves, though the
leaves are sprouted straight, they become twisted with age over time. It has flowering stalks that
often grow over 5 feet tall bearing bundles of bell shaped white flowers, sprouting from April to
June. The Edwards Plateau is a plethora of various plant and animal species as well as picturesque
landscapes making it a prime source of natural studies. But one thing in particular sticks out: the
Edward Aquifer. It is the sole source of drinking water for the over million population of the city of
San

Coral Reef Papers
The coral reef is in the shallow part of the ocean it is usually clear and the warmth is about medium.
The warmth in the coral reefs stays between 75 degrees to 85 degrees. The coral reefs is located
around the indo pacific region Austria American and African west coast. The coral reef biome is
over 1,200 miles. The plants that there is algae and sea grass and also mangroves mantes forage on
the sea grasses. Also, there is sea stars and cuttle fish clown fish sea snakes and sharks. The clown
fish niche is the clown fish protects the anemore from the butter fly fish. The clown fish will feed on
and dead left–over fish the clownfish especially likes to feed on the anemone which it lives. The
predators of the clownfish are sharks the sharks will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the coral reef needs sunlight to grow and also it doesn't grow more than 45 feet deep. the coral reef
helps with the carbon monoxide and also it helps with the oxygen and the American bird also to feed
in it. When the coral grows it grows a protective shell and it ti splits the waves so it doesn't come
onto the shore and hit onto the shore full force. the stuff the collects onto the bottom of the ocean
over the time forms into the rocks. The reef of the biome is the shallowest level of the reef and the
narrowest of it. the foremost is the outer layer is close to the sea. This zone consists of the hardest
layer of the coral. The corals are a members of the phylum Cnidaria. the coral reef is the most
diverse in the marine ecosystem. coral reefs are really important to people because the value in
America has got to about 30 billion dollars it provides us food and shelter for the aquarium the
sexual reproduction the eggs are fertilized by sperm from another colony. There is 2 types of sexual
reproduction a sexual and sexual the larva sets in a few days it becomes pulp. the coral reef grows at
about 5 inches per year and 6 inches is the largest one that has ever came. The reef is the underwater
big

Research Paper On Fishing Salmon
In the past, the American River provided more that 150 miles of spawning habitat for anadromous
fish like Chinook (king) salmon and steelhead trout. With the creation of the Folsom and Nimbus
dam for flood control in 1970, came the decline of native salmon and steelhead populations because
upstream spawning habitats were cut off or destroyed. The Nimbus Salmon and Steelhead Hatchery
was created because salmon and steelhead were threatened to become extinct and people believed
the population could be replaced by hatchery fish. The relationship between salmon and humans is
much more than just humans fishing salmon for food. I think the relationship is more of a positive
one because the dam builders try to mitigate population loss. By creation ... Show more content on
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They show the desire humans have to coexist with the salmon while providing a viewing sight for
humans to see the salmon. I think that although hatcheries seem to be effective in maintaining the
population of fish, we should work on creating a new population of salmon in a new location. Then
salmon won't need human intervention to maintain their populations. Also that way we do not have
to worry about how hatchery salmon will react differently to than the wild salmon in the wild. I
really enjoyed my trip to the Nimbus and American river fish hatcheries and it was amazing seeing
and learning about the salmon and

The Effective Use of Imagery in Hemingway's The Old Man...
The Effective Use of Imagery in Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea
Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea has engendered some lively debate in literary circles.
Critics have concentrated on everything in the novella from the verity of Rigel's early evening
appearance over Cuban skies in September (Weeks 192) to William Faulkner's judgment that
Hemingway discovered God while writing The Old Man and the Sea (Bradford 158–62). Yet the
most insightful commentary has gravitated invariably toward biblical, natural, and classical imagery
in the novel. These images turn an otherwise simple fishing tale into a sublime narrative of human
endurance. A reading that examines these images will serve to clarify the hidden significance in ...
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During the battle, Santiago exclaims, "Christ . . . I did not know he was so big . . . I'll kill him
though . . . in all his greatness and his glory" (66). He states, "Significantly this is the only place in
the story where the expletive, Christ, is used, and the echo in the [last] sentence is
unmistakable––'for thine is the power and the glory forever'" (Wells 59). John Hamilton further
illustrates this point by equating the fish with the Christian acronym , or Ichthus (Jesus Christ, Son
of God, Savior): "it is inconceivable for one as widely read and travelled in fishing and Christian
circles as was Hemingway . . . not to have become familiar with the fish as a God–Man symbol"
(142). When Santiago finally kills the fish, he thrusts the harpoon into "the fish's side just behind the
great chest fin" (94), thus reminding us of Christ's side being pierced while on the cross.
Finding insightful commentary on the Santiago–as–Christ image is problematic at best. For instance,
Joseph Flora's judgment that "The Old Man and the Sea illustrates the essence of Christian
discipleship and does so in strictly biblical terms" (147) confirms perfectly the point that too many
critics have overanalyzed the image of Santiago–as–Christ; this is far too reductive a statement to
encompass the whole scope of Hemingway's superb novella. Yet we must acknowledge two facts
about

Burrowing Owls
The limited habitat available for endangered birds results in a number of consequences that severely
limit the success of species. One problem produced by limited habitat is an increased threat from
predation. Because Alameda Point is one of the few places in the Bay Area that is available to
wildlife, many non–compatible populations of species occupy the area. Many raptors and other bird
species such as burrowing owls pose a serious threat to the tern population. Although burrowing
owls traditionally occupy Alameda Point from October to March and leave before the least terns
arrive, there have been some breeders that have stayed in the Bay Area and have created a risk for
terns. The owls pose a serious threat if they are feeding young, because

Tension and Suspense the Novel and the Opening Scene of...
Tension and Suspense the Novel and the Opening Scene of the Film Jaws
Peter Benchley wrote "Jaws" the novel before it was made into a film directed by Steven Spielberg.
"Jaws" is a thriller with the main aim being to build up suspense and tension. In the novel Peter
Benchley uses many variations of language techniques to emphasise important points that build up
suspense. He also uses sentence and paragraph structure to affect the reader in many different ways.
Steven Spielberg on the other hand uses different camera angles and shots alongside lighting effects
to create atmosphere and tension. In the background he uses music and sound effects to add to the
dramatic visual images he creates. Finally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tempo and volume gradually increase with the intention of raising the viewer's heartbeat. This
increase also gives the effect that whatever is moving through the water is getting closer and
speeding up. Then all of a sudden a dramatic picture, from the shark's eye view appears, creeping
through the weeds on the seabed. The camera angle is very effective, as the audience moves through
the weeds with the shark. The dimly lit darkness of deep underwater which creates an unclear
picture has the effect of making the audience anxious as nobody knows what the shark is about to
find.
The instant that the picture appears, an abrupt increase in the tempo and the volume of the music
makes the viewer's heart leap. Amounting tension causes an adrenaline rush and makes the viewer
edgy. Suspense is created because the viewer knows that something will happen but does not know
when. When the music comes to a climax a horn joins in with the cellos. Horns are generally
associated with any kind of hunt and although the audience doesn't yet know that the shark is after
the girl the horn adds to the overall nervousness of the atmosphere. As screeching, slashing violins
can be heard the bold, glaring title Jaws appears in capital letters signalling the ultimate climax of
the tension. Just when the audience can't take

The Origin Of Food And Food Preservation
Identification
Anchovies are common oily fish from the Engraulidae family, containing 144 species. These small
fish reside in saltwater. As forage fish, anchovies are a frequent food source for predators, such as
larger fish, marine mammals, birds, and even humans (Shiffman, 2014). In terms of the
identification of anchovies in our diet, these fish are named differently depending on the country and
the processing method. For instance, dried anchovies are called niboshi in Japan and jeotgal in
Korea.
The preparation of anchovies varies based on the country in which they are processed. Although the
origin of anchovies as food is obscure, evidence shows that these fish were used in Ancient Rome to
form a common fermented fish sauce, known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To start off, they can undergo physical treatment, in which they are cut up and treated into a
marinade or vinaigrette. Moreover, anchovy paste can be made by using a mortar and pestle to mash
the anchovies' fillets and then incorporate them in a sauce or mayonnaise, such as the French "sauce
rémoulade". Furthermore, anchovies can be sautéed with other aromatic compounds; the heat
loosening the fragile meat from their bones (Eurofish International Organization, 2012). Normally,
sodium or sugar is added to anchovy paste (paste or whole anchovies? Is this the canning process) to
remove the fishy flavor, which renders it stronger and saltier than other anchovy products.
It is important to consider these various types of anchovies in order to select one for a recipe.
Indeed, salted and canned anchovies are used as flavoring agents to intensity the savory taste of
foods, as in dressings or sauces. In contrast, fresh anchovies would not provoke the same sensory
effects in these types of recipes (Seafood Source, 2011).
Alternatively, salted anchovies canned in olive oil are one of the most common types consumed by
today's society. Although salting has been a prevalent method of food preservation for thousands of
years, immersing in oil is a relatively new process. Actually, coating and resting the anchovies in
salt allow them to develop their distinctive salted flavor (Eurofish International Organization, 2012).
In terms of anchovy preservation, it is

Atlantic Salmon
Reading Questions #2:
1. Griffiths and Armstrong used a variety of different sources when explaining the significance of
the study they wanted to attempt. They based their study off of the Hamilton model of social
behaviour and its evolution, this models states that an individual is able to aid in their own fitness
through the general fitness of the population, this occurs when an individual is less aggressive and
attempts to support it's relatives. As well it was found that individuals that are related to one another
tend to be closely associated. When looking at the Atlantic salmon it was discovered that they use a
chemical to recognize and aggregate with their kin. Many laboratory tests were conducted similar to
the one Griffiths and Armstrong ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main results found in this experiment can be summed up in the 4 figures provided. Figure 1
looks at the time spent in each feeding area by the Atlantic salmon. It shows that a large portion of
time was spent in patch two (which was the area in which most of the food was supplied). It also
shows that there was a significant difference in the interactions between related and unrelated fish
(higher for related species). Figure 2 analyzes the amount of food consumed by the larger more
dominant fish. It showed that the amount of food that was ingested varied considerably by the
dominance of each fish, this value also increased as the experiment continued. It was also noted that
the fish that were related seemed to evenly distribute the food among them where as there was a
more uneven distribution between related and unrelated fish. As well Figure 2 looks at the way the
fish forage for their food. Figure 3a looks at time spent but the subordinate fish in the more
abundant feeding areas and their movements suggested that the presence of the more dominant fish
restricted them. Figure 3b looks at their movement and foraging behaviours after the removal of the
dominant fish. This lead to a significant increase in the amount of food the smaller fish were
consuming as well they were foraging more beneficially once the dominant fish were removed.
Figure 4a and 4b compare time spent and the number of larvae consumed when the dominant fish
were both present and absent. It was

Single Species Conservation Literature Review, Great White...
SINGLE SPECIES CONSERVATION LITERATURE REVIEW, GREAT WHITE SHARK.
The purpose of this literature review is to investigate how Geographical Information Science (GIS)
is or could be incorporated into conservation management of the Great white shark (Carcharodon
carcharias). The reason for selecting the Great white shark as a single species to investigate, is that it
is listed in the International Union for Conservation (IUCN) red list as vulnerable. They are
vulnerable due to years of being hunted by man for fins and teeth, and often as a trophy for sport
fishing, they are often caught as bycatch by commercial fisheries and can also become entangled in
gillnets that protect beaches in shark control programs as well as culling. Adding to the importance
to conserve this species the white sharks grow slowly, mature late, and the female does not
reproduce every year and produces relatively few number of offspring during her lifetime.
Vulnerability due to low numbers and low reproduction rate is only part of the problem the main
reason to protect this species as well as other sharks is that the Great White shark is an apex
predator. Apex predators maintain the balance of food webs. They keep many marine populations in
the proper proportion, avoiding that they becoming too populous and cause harm to ecosystems
(Newton et al., 2006; Frid et al., 2007). Top predators like the Great white sharks eat the
weaker/slower and sick individuals of their prey 's populations, inducing the

Job Opportunities For A Game Warden
There are many job opportunities out there in the world, but one popular career is being a Game
Warden. This job combines two of wonderful activities, being in the outdoors, and more power than
a police officer. There are many responsibilities and interesting facts that come with being a Game
Warden. Most people when they hear Game Warden may think of someone that comes to check their
hunting or fishing license now and then. When in reality, Game Wardens go out and will fight forest
fires, go out on remote search and rescue missions, keep dangerous animals away from the everyday
people, capture and relocate wildlife that may be in danger or dangerous to the people, they may
even preform avalanche control. Their job is much bigger than many may see at first. They do a lot
more than may be seen by the people. Their job also puts them in many dangerous situations. They
will go out in remote location usually by themselves and may be hours away from help. This is just
part of being a Game Warden. Game Wardens do not have a set amount of hours that they work.
They work into the job is done. Game Wardens may come into work at 6 a.m. but not leave until 10
p.m. The job calls upon you to get the job done and no one is their to cover their shift. Game
Wardens also do not report back to a boss and are more self led than being directed by someone
above you, but you may be called to go somewhere by officials or others (Devontier, Alecia T., and
Carrol A, Turkington "Game Warden"). Being

Fishing Culture Essay
Fishing has been in human history since time started. Fishing has been a part of our culture for all
these years because it helped us survive because it provided food therefore helping us develop and
expand has an organism. The fishing culture has been on every single continent and is vital
knowledge for survival as time progresses new technologies appear to help evaluate the fishing and
its methods. Math and science are continuing to advance and further develop how humans obtain
fish. As time goes by developed countries pay great amounts of attentions to fish stocks and the
consumption of fish species. These numbers are very important to environmentalist because it helps
the government set percentage quotas to keep the fish species in good ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A bag limit is the number of fish a person could take of an individual species of fish. Some of the
major variables that scientist look for is the anatomy of the fish, human intervention and pressure of
the individual fish species, and climate. Every single species of fish is different. Baitfish are meant
to be consumed by predator fish therefore they are plentiful and usually in abundance so there are no
bag limits. Even the color of the fish is important. Red Snapper is in abundance because they are
Red. In the fish eye spectrum red is invisible so these fish are plentiful so the government does not
have to put strict regulations. Offspring is also very important some fish lay thousands of eggs
because in reality not many will survive, but bigger fish will lay less numbered fish because the
chance of survival is much higher for these fish species. Math is all around these subjects because
scientist collects data and numbers from oceans to predict and examine a bag limit. There is also
statistics in bag limits because scientist have to go out collect data on the fish and as well as the
people. For example the popularity of the fish correlates directly to the number of offspring a fish
produce. If a fish produces a lot of off spring and there's no demand for the fish then no bag limits
should be placed, vice versa. In the fishing word everything is a numbers game because numbers
don't

Fishing For Northern Pike : A Staple Of Canadian Sports...
Fishing for Northern Pike
The Northern Pike is truly a staple of Canadian sports fishing. It has not only survived the cold
Canadian temperatures, it has thrived for 62 million years. Although this species can be found in
most of the northern hemisphere, the pike as we call it or the jackfish if you're in Manitoba, is
prevalent in Canada as one of our ultimate game fish. The Pike is an ambush predator and once this
fish attacks there is no escape from it razor teeth.
Pike are a very aggressive fish –in and out of the water, so watch your fingers –and typically take
their prey from the side rather than from behind like a bass or other predatory fish. A Pike 's diet
consist of almost anything this predator can fit in its huge mouth, including; small mammals, birds,
insects, leeches, and many types of fish even other pike. Unlike most fish Pike do not only go for the
easy target, a Pike's speed and ambush strategy allows it to prey on anything that passes through
their feeding ground.
Where and When to Fish for Pike
Where and when is directly related to the water temperature. Pike will actively feed when the water
temperature is below 18°c (approximately 65°f). Luckily this means most waters in Canada will
hold actively feeding Pike most of the year, the southern parts of Canada may experience sluggish
pike on a hot summer day. Be sure to check your fishing regulations before heading out for Pike.
There is nothing more exiting then to watch a giant gator rears his head out of

Law Of The Seas Memo
Law of the Seas Memo
Marine Langreney
History
The freedom of the seas doctrine was created in the 17th century as a means to control rights over
ocean space. The doctrine assigned national rights to areas controlled by limited belts, with the
remaining being assigned as a public space, free to all nations. By the mid–20th century, technology
became more advanced and the ocean's resources became vulnerable to the innovations. Rising
conflicts occurred over ocean reserves, from decreasing fish stocks to pollution left by long–distance
boats and oil tankers. Tension was rising from Navies of powerful nations, and were now competing
for control over these resources. There was a clear demand for power and presence over marine
resources. Oceans were becoming a new area of conflict, and the freedom of the seas doctrine was
too outdated to keep up with these new troubles.
It wasn't until 1945, when President Harry Truman extended sovereignty over the entire continental
shelf extended from the United States, that other countries took note and followed. This was the first
instance where the freedom of seas was being challenged, and his success lead to many countries
claiming similar territories. Argentina was the first country to follow, and claimed its own
continental shelf along with the one that lay above. Chile, Peru and Ecuador followed, but had
claimed a zone of 200 miles. This came out of fear for their decreasing fish stocks, as they wanted to
limit the number of

Persuasive Essay On Cod Fishing
Save the Cod, Save the Fishing Industry
Dating back to the 1600s, Cod fishing has been a major industry in the New England area, with a 5
feet long "Sacred Cod" hanging inside the Massachusetts State House signifying its importance.
However, fishermen are now facing an unprecedented low stock of Atlantic cod in the Gulf of
Maine, directly impacting marine ecosystem as well as the annual cod landing. In November 2014,
regulators from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) were forced to
impose a temporary ban on cod fishing and discuss possible solutions. Otherwise, the extinction of
cod in the Gulf of Maine will damage the ecosystem irreversibly and the entire cod fishing industry
will collapse. Tackling the problem of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples of forage fish include sardines, anchovies and herrings. Scientists have shown that
catching forage fish instead of cod is a more sustainable approach. According to research from the
University of British Columbia Fisheries Center, the forage fish population has more than doubled
in the past century (Christensen, 2014). A main cause for the population growth is that human beings
are overfishing forage fish's predators like cod and tuna. When overfishing of cod occurs, herring
population increases naturally due to the reduced effect of trophic cascade. Herrings are very
abundant in the Gulf of Maine and they are not overfished. Furthermore, fishing herring and cod
both use mid–water trawling (NOAA, 2015), so fishermen can easily adapt to fishing herring instead
of cod, and the bycatch of other species can be significantly reduced with modified fishing gears
(Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch, 2015). However, even though herrings are very abundant,
we should only fish them sustainably. Strict regulations based on scientific research need to be
implemented in order to avoid overfishing herring, which can be harmful to the recovery of the cod

Essay about Book Report on the Perfect Storm
Book Report on The Perfect Storm by Sebastian Junger
The fishing port of Gloucester, Massachusetts, just north of Boston, is one of the oldest fishing ports
in the United States and can trace its history to around 1623. Since that time, around ten thousand
men have lost their lives fishing the Atlantic Ocean. Not only did the fishing port feel the full brunt
of the storm but that fateful day in October 1991 was to add another six men to that tally when the
fishing boat Andrea Gail was caught in the full fury of the storm out on the fishing grounds, heading
back to port with a hold full of swordfish. The Perfect Storm is the story of that fateful trip of
October 1991 when the Andrea Gail headed out to sea for one last shot at a major ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The environment influences the characters quite a bit. Everybody in that community does something
that involves the fish industry or supplying alcohol for the fishermen. The lifestyles of the people are
basically fish for a month out on the open sea, come home for a week, get a drunk as you can, give
your wife and family all the money made and not spent on alcohol, and then leave to fish for another
month or two. The main characters in the story are all crew members of the same fishing skipper so
they act just as one would expect crew members to act towards one another. The availability of food
and water are very good. The story takes place on the coast so obviously there is a lot of water and
the entire story is based around fishing to supply the food industry with swordfish. Fishing for
swordfish is very profitable so all of these crew members are well to do.
The characters are involved in travel for work. They travel up and down the coast in pursuit of
swordfish. Therefore the goods that are being sold and traded are the swordfish. These swordfish are
coming from the Atlantic Ocean to be sent to be served in sea food restaurants. The cause for the
movement is the need of a job and money and food.
The physical region described in this story would basically be the coastal region. The part played by
this region is basically the location of a job and

The White Shark, Nekton Project
The White Shark, Nekton Project
The White Shark, also known as the Great White Shark, is one of the most furious predators in the
oceans worldwide. Same as every species, the White Shark is classified into major groups. This is
called taxonomy. The taxonomy for this species is
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Sub–Phylum: Vertebrata
Class: Chrondrichthyes
Sub–Class: Elasmobranchii
Order: Lamniformes
Family: Lamnidae
Genus: Carcharodon
Species: C. carcharias
The kingdom Animalia means animal. The phylum Chordata includes animals with vertebrates. The
class Chrondrichthyes includes cartilaginous fish, which are fish that has a skeleton made of
cartilage rather than bones. The family Lamnidae includes sharks as the white shark and mackerel
sharks. These sharks are usually very large and can swim really fast. The genus is the group before
the species which includes other sharks that are very similar to the white shark. The species is the
last group, which contains the Latin name of the specific organism. Through taxonomy, scientists
are easily able to identify and classify species.
White sharks are usually found in oceans worldwide. They tend to appear more in cool temperate
and tropical waters. Also, some are usually found near islands with high populations of seals. They
spread throughout the world. Some of the places they are found in are along the coastline of South
Africa, Australia, New Zealand, California to Alaska, Hawaii, the Mediterranean Sea and many
more.

The Euphotic Zone
When people go to a tropical place, many of them see beautiful animals swimming at the surface of
the water. What many people don't know is that they are swimming in the most populated zone in
the ocean. Because most people have not heard of the sunlight zone, they should read about the
history of the organisms, plants, and animals that live in the sunlight zone. The sunlight zone is
called four different types of names. In scientific terms, it is called the Euphotic zone and the
Epipelagic zone. The typical name for this zone is the sunlight zone and the sunlit zone. The
sunlight zone is the first zone out of five different zones. It also the smallest out of the five, in terms
of volume, measured at 200 meters deep. When diving deeper into ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Photosynthesis occurs in the first 660 feet of the sunlight zone that's why most of the marine
mammals live in the first 600 feet of the sunlight zone. Most of the animals need sunlight to live and
the sunlight zone provides that. There are many different types of marine mammals that live in the
sunlight zone the most common ones are, Angelfish ( Brightly colored fish, lives in shallow warm
waters), Angel shark ( Harmless shark, bottom dweller), Beluga whale ( Small and white, lives in
cold Arctic Waters), Blowfish ( Poisonous fish, can swallow water double its size, also called puffer
fish, globefish, and fugu), Blue–ringed octopus ( A very small venomous octopus, safe and warm
reefs), Bottlenose dolphin ( Small dolphin, bottom dweller), Copepod ( Live in fresh and saltwater),
Cuttlefish ( Very short legs, has a fin along the entire mantle, has an internal cuttlebone), Elephant
seal ( A huge seal, lives in Pacific Ocean), Brittle star ( Has long spiny arms, bottom dweller),
Horseshoe crab ( Hard shelled animal, lives and warm waters), Thresher shark ( Tail and fin greatly
and Lodge its upper lobe), Whelk ( Spiral shell), and Zebra bullhead shark ( Bottom dweller, zebra
like stripes). There are many more animals to be discovered that help the sunlight zone and the
environment. (Sunlit Ocean (Euphotic) Zone Animal Printout,

Fraser River Sockeye Salmon : An Analytical Literature Review
Fraser River Sockeye Salmon in Decline: An Analytical Literature Review
Lauren M. Howell 26095133
University of British Columbia
Author Note
Lauren M. Howell, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph
Lauren M. Howell, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Lauren Howell, Department of Earth,
Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4
Contact: Lauren@adbizstudio.com
Fraser River Sockeye Salmon in Decline: An Analytical Literature Review
The Fraser River, beginning at Fraser Pass in the Rocky Mountains; making its way into the Straight
of Georgia in Vancouver, is considered to be the largest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The replacement level, described as the ratio of returning progeny per adult spawner, was not
reached and the industry was forced to close for a third consecutive year. This shut out was
attributed to a wide range of factors including: environmental changes along the river and in the
marine environment, as well as fisheries management practices. Incredibly, 2010 saw a profound
rebound with an estimated 34 million returns, indicating resilience of this species but also giving
rise to many unanswered questions in explanation (Cohen, 2010).
Even though fish harvesting had declined, fish stocks were still plummeting; people wanted
answers, and in 2009, a Canadian federal judicial inquiry was launched to investigate fisheries
management practices, as carried out by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) by means of the
Cohen Commission (Casselman, 2011; Miller et al., 2011). The focus of the mandate was to identify
the causes of the decline in the Fraser River sockeye, and to develop recommendations for
improving the future sustainability of the fishery.
Since the seminal release of Dr. Pearse's 1982 study of Canada's Pacific fishery, hundreds of
recommendations through mandates, as well as scientific research, have been put forth with the goal
of shedding light on this paramount issue. A study published in Science carried out by Kristina M.
Miller et al. in 2011 is no exception.
A Quick Look at the Research
A functional genomics study conducted by Miller

Marine Biology Project Is The Great White Shark
The topic I choose for the final marine biology project is the Great White Shark. The reason I
choose this topic is because sharks have always been in the back of my head and would really like to
learn more about them. People are usually scared to go into the ocean at the beach and I would like
to know more about the creature that caused this. The Great White is very important to Marine
Biology and to the marine environments because it is at the top of the food chain. The Great White
does not have any known natural predators other than the Orca Whale. If this shark becomes
endangered or goes extinct, the population of the seals, sea lions, and other animals that it often
feeds on would skyrocket. These animals would then eat themselves out, thus changing the whole
ecosystem around them. So basically, the Great White Shark cannot be removed without the whole
marine ecosystem becoming disturbed and unbalanced. That 's why they are now being protected in
a lot of places. Great Whites are carnivorous sharks that grow from 15 to 20 feet long; their size is
relatable to a school bus. They weigh 5,000 pounds or more and they are listed endangered by the
World Wildlife Foundation. They have gray upper bodies to blend in with the coastal ocean floor
below them and they get their name from their universally white underbellies. Their torpedo shaped
body and strong tail muscles can help them propel through the water at speeds up to 15 miles per
hour.
When accelerating to attack prey

Environmental History Of The Oceans And Seas
Environmental history of the oceans and seas are daunting topics, either because of the vastness of
the oceans and seas, the artificial boundaries, or their seemingly changelessness. Until about 1990,
with Arthur McEvoy's The Fisherman's Problem: Ecology and the Law in California Fisheries,
1850–1980, historians largely ignored marine ecosystems as areas of research. Focusing instead on
inland fisheries, environmental historians have still had to be "exhorted... to embrace this
opportunity" of expanding the discourse of human impacts on marine environments. Scientists,
anthropologists, archeologists, and historical ecologists have thus far dominated the production of
knowledge concerning historical and current marine ecosystems. In ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Through a compilation of scholars, Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems attempts to
show how human disturbance of marine ecosystems in ancient populations. Ranging from
Caribbean, North American Pacific, North Atlantic, and Mediterranean, Human Impacts examines
archeological and historical ecological data and case studies from "around the world to summarize
the history of human coastal occupation, environmental change, and human impacts in their area."
Similarly, in Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems, Jeremy Jackson
et al. highlights through paleoecological, archeological, and historical data that aboriginals
extensively fished coastal ecosystems, resulting in damaged ecosystems. Through the use of
archeological and historical data, these scholars challenge the "supposedly superior ecological
wisdom of non–Western and precolonial societies." These scholars highlight the damages and
exploitation of early human societies on marine ecosystems. However, the data surrounding
aboriginal impacts on early marine ecosystems is scarce resulting in fewer scholarly articles on the
subject.
Beginning in

A Fugitive Indians Analysis
Alma stood frozen in fear despite the hot blood still pounding through her veins. When she heard
Boomer whine, she rushed to pull on the strange leather pants that one of the Indians had given
Gabe at their camp. Then she rolled and stored the petticoat and skirt as she took out her rifle. Still
shaking, she checked to make sure the gun was ready to fire. And waited.
She looked toward the river when she heard a big splash, thought she saw the flash of silver from
the fish that had jumped out. It meant the bugs were now over the water and ready to light and the
fish was just too eager to wait. If they were still on the boat, she would be rushing to finish the meal
to serve the men as they slid into some spot to tie up for the night.
Before, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mother had hinted that Pa wasn't the man who fathered her. That meant Ma had jumped right into
fooling around, as soon as she was of age, like Corinne and Nadine. Alma had always told herself
that she was different than the other Daniels. Truth was, she was probably the most lustful of them
all. All Gabe had to do was rub up against her and she was ready for him.
God had seen her sinful nature and now the man she loved more than life itself was gone. Could she
ever forgive herself if he didn't come back?
Alma strangled her fears, stopped the interior rant. He had told her to get dressed and stay ready.
Okay, she had done that. He was coming back, she had to believe that. His silly notions had nothing
to do with reality. She wanted and needed him to come back and he would. Falling to her knees on
the trail, Alma began to pray. When she stood up, she caught the reins to the mule and summoned
Boomer to heel. Without waiting, she hurried forward along the trail, looking for a place to camp
that would be easy to defend.

Fish Feel Pain Fact or Fiction
Research shows that fish respond to painful stimuli in a manner that is not just a simple reflex. In the
article "Hooked on a Myth" by Victoria Braithwaite, biologists say "We shouldn't be so quick to
believe that fish don't feel pain." The Standing Committee of the European Convention for the
Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes explains, "The skin of the fish is the first line of
defence against disease and provides protection from the environment. It contains sensory receptors
for touch, pressure and pain." In his book Pleasurable Kingdom: Animals and the Nature of Feeling
Good, animal behaviorist Jonathan Balcombe, explains how fish are falsely, yet "commonly denied
feeling" perhaps because of "their relative lack of facial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other experiments have found that fish learn to avoid unpleasant stimuli such as electric shocks, and
piercing of their lips by sharp hooks. Recent research has demonstrated that fish have nociceptors,
receptors on the skin that preferentially detect noxious, potentially painful stimuli. These
nociceptors are similar to those found in mammals.
Also areas of the brain, such as the forebrain and midbrain which are important in mammalian pain
processing, are active during the application of painful stimuli. Suspension of normal behaviour and
adverse changes are also exhibited by fish subject to painful stimulus in which is dramatically
reduced by the use of painkillers or analgesia. These results suggest that painful, noxious stimulation
is important to fish. In 2009, Applied Animal Behaviour Science reported on a study of
unanesthetized goldfish conducted by Purdue University's Department of Animal Sciences,
describes that "The goldfish that did not get morphine experienced this painful, stressful event. Then
two hours later, they turned that pain into fear like we do."
As John Webster, Professor of Animal Husbandry of the University of Bristol argues, "to say that a
fish cannot feel pain because it doesn't have a neocortex is like saying it cannot breathe because it
doesn't have lungs." But simply, fish possess pain receptors, their brains produce natural painkillers
called endogenous opioids and they avoid noxious and threatening stimuli. Such behaviors

Not So Fishy Fish Farms
Not So Fishy Fish Farms Fish farms and aquaculture in the US have come under scrutiny in the past
decade because people are unsure of what they are eating. Fish farms fall under the large umbrella
term of aquaculture. Dictionary.com defines aquaculture as "the cultivation of aquatic animals and
plants, especially fish, shellfish, and seaweed, in natural or controlled marine or freshwater
environments." This practice has evolved over centuries and exploded in the 1970's, becoming the
number one producer of fish worldwide over wild caught fish. In truth, aquaculture in the US
provides fish that contains the same or less contaminants than wild caught fish. Aquaculture also
provides many advantages over conventional commercial fishing, such as superior sustainability and
consistency. These advantages cause aquaculture to continue expanding everywhere and provide
many jobs for the American people. With the growth of the aquaculture industry, the US will be able
to produce more seafood and reduce the amount of imported fish. While the aquaculture industry in
the United States suffers from some drawbacks, it also provides many benefits, such as an increased
supply of healthy fish, increased productivity, and economic benefits. These benefits outweigh the
drawbacks of aquaculture and the industry should continue to grow in the future with the support of
the American population. Aquaculture attracts negative attention from ecologically concerned
people, which makes sense

The United Nations Targets For Ocean Sustainability
1. The United Nations targets for ocean sustainability are measurable when looking at 14.1, 14.2,
14.3, 14.4, 14.5 and 14.6. This is due to that fact that the United Nations is able to create a base level
in order to look at the major contributors to these issues this can be then simplified as these
contributors are the human population. For example, when look at target 14.3 which deals with the
eminent of fossil fuels, fossil fuels are cause by production run by humans. Allowing humans to
have control over how many fossil fuels they want to eminent on a daily basis. Another example of a
target that can be measurable is 14.4 as it deals with the issue of over fishing and the use of fish
stocks. This target is measurable as The United Nations is able to measure fish stocks and will be
able to measure them ten years from now to see if the laws put in place are positively affecting our
worlds oceans. They will be able to check the harvest growth pattern that the fish stocks provide in
order to catch illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. There are however targets under The
Unites Nations goal that are not measurable this can be seen when looking at targets 14.7,14. a,14. b
and 14.c. I believe that these goals are unable to be measured due to that fact for example in 14.7
there is no quantification in dollars or percentages as it is looking at economic benefits of
developing states. When looking at the other targets they are to general and have no specific goal
(i.e. date)

Steller Sea Lion Research Paper
Steller sea lions (Eumetiopias jubatus) are the only member of Eumetiopias and are one of the
biggest of the eared seals. Steller sea lions feed mainly on fish, and sometimes even various types of
shellfish. Many Steller sea lions can be found along the coast of Western Alaska. Generally, Western
Alaska has relatively warm summers, cold winters, and mild temperatures during the spring and fall,
with the highest amounts of rainfall during the summertime. Steller sea lions have recently come
under the scope of many researchers because of their sudden and significant decline of population in
recent times. In some places such as the Aleutian Islands, which is an island chain found in the
Western part of Alaska, the population of Steller sea lions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
An experiment documenting the effect of feeding low–quality prey like pollock to Stellar sea lions
was conducted (Jeanniard du Dot et al., 2008). In the experiment there were two groups of Stellar
sea lions, group H and group P. Group H was fed less herring and group P was fed pollock in equal
amounts regarding caloric content. After feeding each group the restricted diets, the researchers
recorded the foraging behaviors of the sea lions over the summer and the winter. All of the sea lions
increased their foraging behaviors during the summer, when prey is abundant, but only group H
conserved conserved energy during the winter when prey is less abundant. Group P did not reduce
energy consumption in order to use energy more efficiently when it turned winter because they had
less energy to use during the winter due to the low–quality diet, and that low–quality diets hurt the
sea lions during times of nutritional stress (Jeanniard du Dot et al., 2008). A journal article also
documented that young Stellar sea lions were more impacted by a low quality diet (Rosen, 2009). It
was seen that young sea lions were more impacted by a low quality diet because of their higher
energy requirements, and also their digestive capacity, which means they can't even consume a
higher quantity of lower quality fish to compensate. Both of these experiments explain how low
quality prey can

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