I Had A Good Day At Work Essay

I Had A Good Day At Work Essay
I always had a positive outlook on everything when I was younger. In fact, up until this year, I could
still find the good in every negative situation. When I became depressed, though, everything
changed dramatically. I cant explain how confused I was. Nothing had happened to make me feel
the way I did; it really just came out of nowhere. Being a person who looks to logic for explanation,
I was not only depressed and confused, but irritated. I kept thinking, "This is not normal. Humans
are not supposed to feel like this". I had always had the power to change my attitude about almost
anything. If I wanted to like something, I would; if I wanted to have a good day at work, I would.
But for the first time in my life, I was totally helpless. My power of mind had failed me. I was
totally screwed. Suddenly, nothing was good or fun, or even worth doing. My favorite things
seemed boring, and everything else seemed pointless. For some reason, every song that I would hear
would be sad to me...and not just kind of depressing, but completely tragic. Every television show or
movie seemed terrifying to me. My stomach would be filled with adrenaline constantly for fear of
what someone might say (knowing it would be the saddest thing I 'd ever heard). Everything was so
black, so endless, and so impossible. I had become something I never wanted to be. I felt so distant
from myself and everyone else. I wasn 't me anymore, and I think that made me even more scared.
Soon, my dreams became
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Idiopathic Progressive Neuropathy
My patient has idiopathic progressive neuropathy. This means that the cause of his neuropathy
cannot be determined and is developing gradually. Nerve damage is interfering with the functioning
of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Damaged nerves can occur in the brain and spinal cord and
affect how the peripheral nervous system communicates with the rest of the body, it sends incorrect
signals which can be a risk factor for falls. He is not a diabetic which is one of many causes of
neuropathy.
Neuropathy can affect the nerves that provide feeling or cause movement, if both are affected it is
called sensorimotor. The nerve fibers also known as Axons (nerve cell) are the first to fail, and are
the furthest from the spinal cord and brain. Neuropathy

Euthanasia Persuasive Essay
An Avoidable Loss
Death by choice or euthanasia is a very controversial subject that is typically one–sided. The very
concept of death alone is somewhat a taboo, but controlling death itself is another monster. Death by
choice or "euthanasia" should not be legalized because it promotes defeatism, may lead to the strict
procedures to become more accessible to people with non–fatal illnesses, could legitimize murder,
or pressure the elderly.
When an unfortunate illness befalls, people have a tendency to become depressed and feel defeated.
They start fearing the pain and the deterioration that may lie ahead, thus they become disillusioned
and hasty looking for a way out. Euthanasia offers a way out but, this pessimistic end could have
been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Murder and manslaughter are very serious offenses that lead to life and jail or the death sentence.
Euthanasia could lead to doctors getting away with murder because no one would know if the
patient gave consent instead of the doctor. It only becomes more troublesome with involuntary
euthanasia for patients that are competent or conscious, since they can't defend themselves nor give
consent to the doctor or their family. In a Dutch survey that was reviewed by the Journal of Medical
Ethics in 1995 stated that out of 3,600 authorized cases, nine hundred of these cases doctors' didn't
have explicit consent. In a follow–up survey, the doctors stated that the main reason for acting
without proper consent was because the patients had dementia or weren't competent. However, in
fifteen percent of the cases in the second surveys, the doctors avoided any discussion because they
thought they were acting in the patient's best interest("Involuntary Euthanasia is Out of Control in
Holland" 8). In a nursing home study in March 1991, The New England Journal of Medicine
revealed that twenty–five percent of nursing homes and medical staff didn't follow special directions
for patients with special needs. It was also found in that same study eighteen percent of patients
were

Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome : An Autoimmune Disease
Introduction Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome, also known as Eaton Lambert syndrome, is an
autoimmune disease that is characterized by the onset of severe muscle weakness. The muscle
weakness involved with Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) typically occurs in the
pelvis and thigh muscles. Approximately 60 percent of LEMS cases are associated with a small cell
lung cancer (SCLC), and the onset of LEMS symptoms often precedes the detection of the cancer
(Gozzard). Patients who have LEMS that also have cancer tend to have a history of smoking and are
usually older adults. LEMS occurs often in men with tumors in their chests, especially lung cancer.
Individuals without cancer can develop LEMS at any age. However, LEMS is rarely seen in children
and this disease is not hereditary. This disease is also more common in men than in women and the
progression depends on whether it occurs with cancer. LEMS is named after Edward Lambert and
Lee Eaton. These men were neurologists at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and they
described Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome in the 1950's and 1960's. Approximately 400 people
in the United States have LEMS. This disease is an autoimmune disease in which the immune
system attacks the body's own healthy tissues. The immune system attacks neuromuscular junctions,
which are the areas where a person's nerves and muscles connects. This then affects the way muscles
and nerves communicate and make it difficult to move muscles. LEMS

Acute And Chronic Effects On The Body System
Assignment 1
Task 1
As you exercise, changes occur in your body system known as acute and chronic effects. Acute
effects on the body system contain short term effects and they would occur straightway when
performing exercise. Whereas, chronic effects on the body system contain long term effects and it is
adaptable to the body system so new demands are encountered within the future. There are different
systems that occur in our body: musculoskeletal system, energy system, respiratory system and
cardiovascular system.
Musculoskeletal system
Firstly, the musculoskeletal system includes your muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones and cartilage.
The nervous system is also at times used to control the musculoskeletal system; this would allow
voluntary movement to take place. The impulses around the body help contract muscles; as a muscle
contracts it would shorten and pull the attached bone to it. As well as this, the skeletal system
maintains a structure and posture for the body and allows movement to take place, and so it
produces heat by contracting muscles. Some of the acute changes that take place in the
musculoskeletal system are:
Increased blood supply– having an increased blood supply would allow more oxygen to be taken in
as the heart will quickly pump blood around the body. An increased blood supply is required
because of more oxygen and metabolic activity needed whilst exercising. There is a higher demand
for oxygen and it helps remove carbon dioxide. A sporting example

Technology: A New Way to Treat Chronic Problems
Like people, chronic conditions come in all shapes and sizes. From a minor inconvenience to in–
your–face, life changing ailments, chronic conditions account for significant spending in the United
States. It is fortunate that for many disorders, an individual may choose to make better life style
choices resulting in improvement of the severity of the condition, or in some cases, eradication of
the illness. Furthermore, chronic conditions and its consequences may be immediate or deferred,
depending on the individual. In addition to lifestyle choices, technology offers opportunities to
improve quality of life. A review of deferred and immediate consequences of chronic conditions,
and well as the role of technology in seizure disorders, schizophrenia, and congestive heart failure
will be explored.
Chronically Chronic I remember as a little girl hearing about how my Maw Maw (Grandmother)
suffered from arthritis and diabetes before she died. Although it sounded very sad, I had a sense that
was something that happened to other, unfortunate people. Now, here I am today, facing the reality
that due to a strong family history, I stand a very real chance of developing diabetes, arthritis, and
hypertension. This same scenario plays out hundreds of times per day, in hundreds of different ways,
year after year. According to Christensen, Grossman, and Hwang (2009), "ninety million Americans
currently have chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and dementia" and

Body Wall Tendons Research
Mark Jones
Writing Assignment 2
BIOL 510
4/11/2017
Tendons are one of the most important tissues in the body of any organism, transferring the power
created by the muscles to the bones and allowing coordinated body movements to occur. However,
until recently there was very little known about the origin of this tissue and most of the research
performed focused on the limbs and the tendons associated with them. Along with the limited
amount of research it seemed that not of them were focused on the axial and ventrolateral body wall
tendons. It was not until later that the discovery of Scleraxis, Scx, which is a bHLH transcription
factor found in, but not limited to, progenitor cells that eventually lead to tendon formation. The
discovery of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In situ hybridization was used to visualize Scx expression and QCPN to identify quail cells. The two
layers of sclerotome transplanted from quail to chick indicated that quail cells produced Scx tendon
progenitors and sclerotome. It also produced a complete set of tendon progenitors between the
myotome layers, indicating they arose from both chick and quail cells. While transplanted quail and
host chick sclerotome indicated that the Scx expressing cells were entirely produced by quail cells.
This observation suggested that Scx expressing cells between two layers of myotome form from the
anterior and posterior edges to two adjacent somites. On the other hand, two adjacent
dermomyotome layers did not produce any Scx expressing tendon progenitors but, it did produce
myotome and dermotome. This observation lead to the conclusion that the dermomyotome produces
myotome and the sclerotome produces the syndetome. These results raised the question: why is Scx
expression only being observed on the anterior and posterior boundaries of the somite closest to the
myotome and if a signal from the myotome was responsible for the observed

Biomechatronics: Analyzing Human Motion Essay
Modern robotics is edging ever closer to this vision in a field known as biomechatronics. Many
people around the world take their limbs for granted; some people have lost or have impaired limbs
due to trauma, disease or birth defects. Scientist are edging closer to developing biomechatronic;
merging man with machine. Bimechatronic scientists attempt to make electronic devices that
interact with the body's muscles and nervous system with the aim to enhance human movement. Dr.
Hugh Herr, a leading scientist and his team are working on developing biomechartonics using
computer models and camera analyses to study the movement of balance. (How Stuff Works Inc,
2005) They are also researching how electronic devices can be interfaced with the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nerve cells in your foot then react to the ground force and feedback the information to adjust to
the force, or the appropriate muscle group. Nerve cells in your legs muscle spindles sense the
position on the floor and rely the information to the brain where it is processed and send back where
the movement takes place. Interfacing Biomechatronic devices allow the user to connect muscle
systems and nerves in order to send and receive information from the device. This technology is not
available at ordinary orthotics and prosthetics devices. Scientist will then have created a device,
which helps to treat paralysis, and stroke victims who are unable to move their feet when they walk.
When the foot is installed the scientists will mingle the nerves and muscles together. This will
enable them to use the limb. When the user wants to move the limb the biosensors receive
information about the limbs movement and force. Then the movement that will be sent to the
controller that is located internally or externally. The controller will then relay the user intention to
the mechanical sensor where it will be processed aand then sent back to the actuator and the limb
where the movement will take place. (How Stuff Works Inc, 2014)
Advantages
Disadvantage
Biochatronics can be very hard to fix, as they are very complex machines with very small

I Feel Therefore I Am
I Feel Therefore I Am Have you ever met that one person that is never in a good mood? Always
sleeping, never eating or just walks around like a zombie? Depression can alter multiple different
aspects of your social, behavioral and professional life. If depression was to go untreated it could
lead to serious life altering changes which in turn could drive you deeper in to the depressed state. It
has been proven that while depressed people are affected with poor concentration and
indecisiveness. ( WebMD) Complications such as these could lead to major issues in your
professional or personal life. Think about making that one huge mistake that might get you fired all
because of mild depression. In addition to the anxiety of losing your job the incident has also left
you feeling even more depressed. So how can we end this cycle before depression consumes our
lives? David Kupfer States "Recurrent depression represents a major public health problem, and the
successful long–term treatment of individuals who develop repeated episodes of depression has
become a high clinical priority. Effective preventive treatment requires continued pharmacological
management for most individuals with recurrent depression. Although the efficacy of tricyclic
antidepressants or lithium carbonate in preventive treatment has been well established, evidence is
less clear for monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and the newer antidepressants. In addition to the
need for more long–term studies on the

The Feeling Of Love In Barbara Fredrickson's 'Love 2. 0'
In the excerpt from "Love 2.0" by Barbara Fredrickson, the feeling of love is explained to be more
biological in nature. Love is often seen as an intense emotion that connects two or more people
through trust and communication. It can click into place after a lengthy conversation or just a shared
glance. While this may seem dramatic, Fredrickson offers her own biological perspective to explain
these phenomena in a more grounded sense. These biological reasonings aide her in proving that
love is not unconditional or exclusive, but rather shared with all that give off a positive resonance. It
is also made possible through the synchronized flow of the two people's brains, the release of the
hormone, oxytocin, and the healthy control of the vagal. The combination of these parts enables a
person to experience this feeling of love and receive it from others as well. It is important to
understand these scientific reasonings because they show how people can obtain this deep love with
multiple people by just listening to their bodies. The different biological processes enable people to
love better by creating a deeper connection in conversation, a strong sense of trust, and providing
the skills people need to acquire the love their bodies crave.
When someone meets a romantic interest for the first time, there is an instant positive connection
between them that makes them feel in sync. It may be love at first sight, or it may due to the "brain
synchrony" (110) between them. Through brain synchrony "your respective brain waves mirror one
another, [and] each of you–moment by moment–changes the other's mind" (110). Through
conversation, the brains of the two–people involved begin to react and flow in a way that one brain
almost predicts the pattern the other will take. This synchronization creates that instant connection
between these two–people making them feel love for the other. People crave to be understood and
be able to express their feelings to others without any sort of rejection. By giving them a platform to
talk about and in turn sharing their own thoughts it creates this mental connection between them.
While sharing emotions can run a deeper conversation, by simply paying close attention to what the
other

Case Study on Compartment Syndrome
A Case Study on Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm in a soccer player
Objective: To describe the evaluation, diagnosis, and current treatment of a men's soccer player with
compartment syndrome of the forearm.
Background: The forearm is the most common site for compartment syndrome in the upper
extremity. The compartments of the forearm include the volar (anterior or flexor), and the dorsal
(posterior or exterior). Both bone forearm fractures and distal radius fractures are common initial
injuries that lead to acute forearm compartment syndrome. The flexor digitorum profundus and
flexor pollicis longus are among the most severely affected muscles because of their deep location,
closest to the bone.
Differential Diagnosis: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency. It is usually cause by a severe injury. And
without treatment, it can lead to permanent muscle damage. Chronic compartment syndrome, also
known as exertional compartment syndrome, is usually not an emergency. This is most often caused
by an athletic exertion. Because the fascia does not stretch, this can cause increase pressure on the
capillaries, nerves and muscles in the compartment. The blood flow to the muscle and nerve cells is
disrupted. Without a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients, the nerve and muscle cells can be
damaged. Compartment syndrome most often occurs in the anterior compartment of the lower leg.
But can also be present in other compartments in the leg, as well as the arms, hands, feet and
buttocks. The pain and swelling of chronic compartment syndrome is caused by exercise. Athletes
who participant in activities with repetitive motions, such as running, biking, or swimming, are more
likely to develop chronic compartment syndrome. This is usually relieved by discontinuing the
exercise and is usually not dangerous. Acute compartment syndrome usually develops after a severe
injury such as a broken bone. Rarely does it develop after a relatively minor injury. Conditions that
may bring on acute compartment syndrome include: a fracture, badly bruised muscle, reestablished
blood flow after block circulation, or constricting bandages. The classic sign of acute

Parkinson's Disease Affects The Nervous System And Neurons
It is estimated that in one cubic millimeter of brain tissue, there are one billion connections between
neurons. A neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. A neuron's basic purpose is to
receive incoming information, and, based upon that information, send a signal to other neurons,
muscles, or glands. A disease that affects the nervous system and neurons is Parkinson's Disease.
Parkinson's Disease affects a person's muscular coordination and is caused by the death of cells in
one of the movement control centers of the brain.
"The nervous system coordinates behavior and helps maintain the internal stability of animals"
(World of Health). The brain is one part of the nervous system. It is divided into three parts: the
forebrain, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They receive information and send signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands by using electrical
signals called nerve impulses. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the
release of a chemical, or neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter travels rapidly across the short gap
between cells (synapse) and acts to signal the adjacent cell. First, the neuron receives information
from the external environment, or from other neurons. Then, it integrates, or processes, the
information from all of its inputs and determines whether or not to send an output signal. Next, it
sends the signal along its length at full speed. The distance may be up to several meters (a giraffe or
whale, for instance) with rates up to 328 feet per second. Finally, the neuron converts the electrical
signal to a chemical one and transmits it to another neuron or an effecter, such as a muscle or gland.
"Neurons have many different shapes and sizes. However, a typical neuron in a vertebrate (such as a
human) consists of four major regions: a cell body, dendrites, and axon, and synaptic terminals"
(Biology). A single neuron can have up to 10,000 dendrites connecting to other

Guillain-Barresyndrome Case Studies
Benjamin Verhey
RCP 251
Guillain–Barre ́syndrome
11/14/14
Guillain–Barre ́syndrome (GBS) was first described in 1916 by Guillain, Barre ́and Strohl as a rapid
progressive motor disorder with noted absence of reflexes and elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid
proteins [1]. Research throughout the early twentieth century began to identify varying subtypes and
severities of GBS ranging from decreased sensory perception and distal weakness to respiratory
paralysis and death in more several instances [2]. GBS is currently understood as a syndrome that
encompasses a spectrum of immune mediated polyneuropathies [3]. The onset of GBS is associated
with an antecedent infection typically 2–4 weeks before the onset of symptoms. The ... Show more
G. Guillain, J. Barre ́, and A. Strohl, "Sur un syndrome de radiculo–nevrite avec hyperalbuminose
du liquide cephalo– rachidien sans reaction cellulaire. Remarques sur les characters clinique et
graphique des reflexes tendinaux," Bulletins et Memories de la Societe Medicale des Hopitaux de
Paris, vol. 40, pp. 1462–1470, 1916.
2. W. K. J. Haymaker, "The Landry–Guillain–Barre ́ syndrome: a clinicopathologicic report of fifty
fatal cases and a critique of the literature," Medicine, vol. 28, pp. 59–141, 1949.
3. Orlik K, Griffin GD. Guillain–Barré in a 10–month–old: diagnostic challenges in a pediatric
emergency. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(1):110.e5–6.
4. Winer JB. An update in guillain–barré syndrome. Autoimmune Dis. 2014;2014:793024.
5. Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ. Guillain–Barré syndrome and variants. Neurol Clin.
2013;31(2):491–510.
6. Van den berg B, Walgaard C, Drenthen J, Fokke C, Jacobs BC, Van doorn PA. Guillain–Barré
syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(8):469–82.
7. Ryan MM. Pediatric Guillain–Barré syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013;25(6):689–93.
8. Winer JB. An update in guillain–barré syndrome. Autoimmune Dis.

Persuasive Speech About Relationships
Have you been cheated on? Is your partner having an affair with someone else? Well, if yes, then
this book is definitely for you.
They say change is the only constant thing in the world and that everything happens for a reason.
We all know that nothing is perfect and life is as messy as your room. Same goes with relationships.
Every relationship starts with flowers and hearts, experiences some bumpy and sticky roads along
the way, and will either come to an end, or to a fruitful marriage. That's the scariest part of dating,
and it is one of life's greatest mysteries. You will never know what will happen next...
One of the most common things that barricades every couple's way to their possible future together
is infidelity. If you're having the best partner around and suddenly, your system goes into turmoil
when you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then there will be utter devastation, feelings of hurt, confusion, and betrayal to deal with. On top of
that, there are also many ribcage–opening heart decisions to think and make about the future of your
relationship––– Is it time to end the relationship? Or you just need some time to think? Maybe, you
badly need counseling.
First, let's talk about cheating. When one of you cheats, it just means that your relationship needs
some minor repairs, or in other cases–really serious repairs. It serves as a premonition, a stop light, a
warning sign that something is wrong. It could be with you, with him/her, or with both of you.
Now let's have a 30 day plan to help you cope after the affair. The healing process is an emotional
one and takes some real work from both parties involved, not just with only you. The process of
fixing and figuring things up and saving the relationship is really difficult and emotional–like, really
emotional for some people––– but it is not impossible to achieve, to give you out good

The Neural Epidural Junction Is Where The Psychological,...
The neural epidural junction is where the psychological, physiological and somatic systems
intersect. These systems all give access to my personal identity. In addition, the three systems
redirect thoughts and feelings on how I associate with systems and through the colors, the
subconscious and a compassionate self is revealed by the following. I created a grouping of three
large and small figureheads, and an umbrella–like sky (the visor). These figureheads enable viewers
to sieve their thoughts and feelings as I do. Specifically, sharing the mental anxiety through shock
encounters (concrete figurehead); memories of the Holocaust and traumatic circumstances. Also, the
physiological response captured in an array of colors (glass figurehead) which, convey emotional
responses. In addition, even though, I am a down–to–earth person, the third figurehead
communicates that I also crumble like the soil (clay figurehead). The smaller figures mounted on the
visor above the clay figurehead intends to give a whimsical, floating feeling to emphasize the
warmth related to the feelings of compassion I hold. It is also through the colors in all the
figureheads, the visor and the illumination with LED lights, and crackling effect that I project whom
I am. Further, by having a visor emulate a stained glass, I created an illusion that viewers can
embrace seeing society as tainted, as I do. The three figureheads work like fitting a puzzle together
and addressing caring. The concrete head is

Vagus Nerve Stimulation
This article discusses how an electrical shock given to a nerve that travels from the brainstem to all
the organs, called the vagus nerve, can help to stop autoimmune diseases. In the past, stimulation of
the nerve was used to treat epilepsy and depression. In 1998, a neurosurgeon by the name of Kevin
Tracy at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research found that the stimulation of the vagus nerve in
rats greatly reduced the production of TNF–a which is a protein that helps the process of
inflammation. Basically, when this nerve is stimulated, it releases increased noradrenaline in the
spleen to immune T cells. In turn, the T cells release more acetylcholine to the macrophages. Last,
these macrophage release less of the pro–inflammatory TNF–a. To carry on Tracy's work, Akiko
Nakai at the Osaka University in Japan found that nerve stimulation limited what T cells could do in
the bloodstream in the process of inflammation. Over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there is no cure for autoimmune disease, this treatment could potentially be very effective
and efficient. The power of the electrical shock needed to stimulate the nerve is miniscule relative to
its effects on all the organs it connects to, including the most important one to this treatment, the
spleen. Unlike other treatments, all this requires is an electrical shock that is accessible at any
medical center.
This article interests me personally because I find that the interdependence of the nervous and the
immune system is fascinating. Two different organ systems that have only one common goal: to
maintain homeostasis. In all other aspects, they are prodigiously different on how they work, why
they work, and what they do for the body. This article also shows how humans these days are
brilliant enough to think of these techniques that would have been

The Muscular And Nervous Systems Of Our Body
The Muscular and Nervous Systems of our body are two of eight major body functional systems that
help us maintain homeostasis or in a chemical balance within our bodies. When the body cannot
maintain homeostasis there is usually some sort of sickness or disease that is targeting one of our
major body functions. An example of two diseases that could affect our homeostasis within our
Muscular and Nervous System are Hydrocephalus and Dystonia.
The Nervous System is the system of our body that deal with the many nerves in our body that help
us respond and react to things outside of our body that could or could not be conscious to us. The
disease Hydrocephalus is a disease that affects the Nervous System through the brain.
Hydrocephalus is when fluid that normally would help cushion our brain becomes excessive. This
fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid. By this fluid becoming excessive it puts harmful pressure on the
brain. Hydrocephalus can be categorized into two types. Congenital Hydrocephalus and Acquired
Hydrocephalus. Congenital Hydrocephalus is present at birth. The causes could be genetic or
inherited through the parent's genes or problems during fetus development. Acquired Hydrocephalus
is happens after birth and at any age. Several causes such as head injuries, strokes, infections,
tumors, and bleeding in the brain are ways that can lead a person's diagnoses of Acquired
Hydrocephalus. Symptoms patients should look for after experiencing one of these causes are:

Stress-Related Back Pain Research Paper
Millions of Americans have experienced back pain at one point or another in their life. Back pain is
one of the most common complaints that a doctor will hear from a patient on a visit. Understanding
the source of your pain can be very overwhelming and frustrating, especially when a structural
explanation cannot be provided. Could your back pain be triggered by stress? For many individuals,
stress is not the first thing that comes to mind when trying to establish the cause of their back pain.
However, it is quite possible that stress is the primary cause of your back pain. Stress–related back
pain is real. What is stress–related back pain? This is a back pain that is initiated by the
psychological or emotional factor–stress, or is maintained by it, or both. In simpler terms, when we
hold stress in our bodies, it can cause a physical change that leads to back pain. Physician and
professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at New York University, John Sarno MD, who
helped to popularize the notion of stress–related back pain, contends that the patient's feelings,
personality, and unconscious issues are the direct cause of the back pain. Stressful life situations,
coupled with personality characteristics, can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blood flow to different soft tissues, which includes muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves, is
limited as a result of constricted blood vessels, triggered by this psychological change. A decrease in
oxygen in the blood, along with waste products in the muscle, amounts to muscle tension and back
pain in the individual. Stress–related back pain carries symptoms such as back or neck pain, sleep
disruption and fatigue, shifting muscle aches, and muscle tenderness. If back pain is stress–related,
lacking a structural explanation, a multi–disciplinary treatment option involving an assessment of
the physical, cognitive, emotional, and environmental is typically

Dugesia Spp Research Paper
Dugesia spp., also known as planaria is a small flat dark brown worm of varying sizes around 0.3 –
2 cm long and 1 – 2 mm wide (Palmer and Fowler, 1975 as cited by Cha, 2001). Although they are
small, they are hermaphroditic (Maule, 2006). The middle of the body is darker in color with tiny
spots. The body consists of an arrow shaped head and a long unsegmented body that narrows as it
reaches the posterior end (T. Huang, biology student, personal communications). Midway down the
ventral side of its body, the pharynx is a tube–like structure that protrudes out for feeding (Cha,
2001). The body is smooth and stretches in contracting and expanding movements as the Dugesia
spp. travels around a flat surface (T. Huang, biology student, personal communications). The two
side parts of the arrow that extends out of its head are sensory organs, the auricles (Cha, 2001). The
auricles help sense water currents so that the Dugesia spp. is aware of the direction of water flow
(Kriska and Gyorgy, 2013). Dugesia spp. has tiny eyes called eyespots located on the dorsal side of
its arrow head. The eyespots can detect light and are extremely sensitive to light (Cha, 2001).
Dugesia spp. lives in freshwater bodies like lakes and ponds located in areas of North America and
Europe (Maule, 2006). Due to its extreme ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2001). The ganglia are connected to two nerve cords that goes along the entire body (Saló et al.
2001). When light hits the photoreceptor cells, it signals the nerve cells to react and evade the light
source (Saló et al. 2001). Due to the simplicity of its eyes, it can only detect light and darkness; it
can only live in habitats that are dark. With high sensitive eyes, the prediction is that when Dugesia
spp. is exposed to sunlight, it stresses the planarian and forces it to move away from light (negative

Classification Manual For Voice Disorders
The voice is an individual's main mode of communicating his or her wants, needs, and emotions
among other things. Each individual's voice is different, depending on whether the individual is
male or female, and ranges in pitch and loudness. The voice is something that defines an individual
as a person by helping shape the person's overall personality and attitude. However, there are many
factors that may cause an individual's voice to be affected. According to Verdolini and colleagues
(2006), the "Classification Manual for Voice Disorders I describes seven distinct causal
classifications which include laryngeal problems related to structural (1) pathologies, (2)
inflammatory conditions, and (3) trauma or injury; (4)systemic conditions, (5) nonlaryngeal aero
digestive disorders, (6) psychiatric–psychological disorders, and (7) neurological disorders". Due to
such a broad definition of what a voice disorder is, it is difficult to determine the incidence and
prevalence of voice disorders. Most normative data includes information on individuals with
occupations that require them to use their voice more than the average person, such as teachers,
speech pathologists, and even singers (Boone et al., 2014). The purpose of this paper will be to
provide background information on one causation of a neurological voice disorder–vocal fold
paralysis, describe the diagnostic process for assessing a voice disorder, and describe the treatments
available for the types of vocal fold paralysis.

Depression And Its Effects On Society
Depression is becoming somewhat of a household topic these days with nearly 6.9% of American
adults and 350 million people worldwide suffering from depression according to the World Health
Organization. Depression is a mood disorder that causes persistent feelings of sadness and loss of
personal interests. It is frequently called major depressive disorder or clinical depression and it can
affect the way people think, feel, and even their behavior(s) can change. Depression is more than
just the occasional blues and it is not something you can just make go away. Depression is much
more prevalent among women because women are twice as likely to develop depression compared
to men. It can cause severe emotional and occasionally physical ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are many outside factors that can contribute to and cause depression. Abuse is one of those
factors, whether it is past physical, sexual, or emotional abuse they increase one's vulnerability to
clinical depression later. There are some drugs that can increase your risk for depression such as
Accutane an acne medication. Death or a loss of someone that is close to you can also increase the
risk for depression. Genetics is another risk factor increasing the risks for developing depression, it
is not so much that there is one specific gene, but a little from several genes exerting their effects
combined can predispose a person to a higher risk of developing depression. Conflict with family
and friends is another factor that can cause depression. Substance abuse is also quite a factor
considering that 30% of the people struggling with substance abuse are also suffering from
depression. Sometimes depression can go hand in hand with a serious medical illness, according to
WebMD or depression could just be triggered by a medical condition. These are just a few of the
causes of depression, but because all the causes have yet to be discovered making it impossible to
list every cause of depression. There are many different symptoms associated with depression
including feelings of hopelessness and helpfulness. People experiencing depression, according to
HelpGuide.org will often have a bleak outlook on

Critical Review Of Interfaces With The Peripheral Nervous...
Summary of 'Critical Review of Interfaces with the Peripheral Nervous System for the Control of
Neuroprostheses and Hybrid Bionic Systems':
Various neuroprostheses were developed to substitute artificially in patients with neurological
disability which allows neuromuscular stimulation and also neural signal recording. As there is
much development in the electronic implants and study of neural functions which helped in
introduction of interfaces that work by interchanging the information between Central nervous
system and instruments which are connected to the computer.
Many architectures are developed and they were also tested to regulate totally different platforms:
To artificially replace central motor control, FES systems are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are different advantages and disadvantages of peripheral nerve electrodes:
Advantages: Nerve electrical activity can be recorded with the help of same electrodes, Electrical
characteristics don 't seem to be suffering from changes in muscle length throughout the movement,
Reduction of dangerous electrochemical processes. Disadvantages: Chance of damage to nervesdue
to implantation of electrode, Implantation also requires sensitive surgical process, which depends
upon the availability of the nerves.
In this paper, the main aspects of interfaces with the PNS are reviewed.
Organization of PNS:
Peripheral nerves consists of different types of nerve fibers.Sensory fibers convey numerous sensory
inputs which are mainly mechanicaland harmful stimuli. The type of nerve fibers is always different
as it depends on the nerve and the anatomical location. Somatic peripheral nerves are sensory and
also mixed. The fascicular architecture varies the length of the nerve and it also increases the
number of fascicles of smaller size. The normal activities of the body are controlled utilizing the
efferent neural signs going from the CNS to the PNS to enroll distinctive muscles. Every spinal
motoneuron creates synaptic contact with large number of muscle fibers, which constitutes of a
motor unit. Nervous system generates the graded contraction of each and every muscle by
increasing

The Function Of James And Musculoskeletal System
Case Introduction
James Walsh, a 55–year–old–male presented symptoms including weakness inferiorly in his right
lower limb and difficulty performing simple tasks such as walking or tying his shoelace. He also had
some difficulties swallowing and often experiences unpredictable movements due to lack of control.
As a result, he primarily uses a wheelchair and requires careful assistance when performing
everyday activities.
The function of James' musculoskeletal system is primarily to facilitate movement as the contraction
of his muscles pull on bone to carry out an action. It also contributes to heat production for enzymes
to function, stability by resisting unwanted movement and maintains his posture (Saladin, K S.,
2007). This is important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, James' case of spastic cerebral palsy alters the interaction between the musculoskeletal
and nervous system in some areas which are affected.
Case Examination
James' condition of spastic cerebral palsy impacts the regulation of muscle tone due to the effect of
spinal reflexes when muscles are slightly contracted (Ballard, F., 2016). Muscle tone is dependent
on the release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). This is regulated
when there is a balance between excitatory impulses and inhibitory impulses. James' condition of
cerebral palsy indicates that there is an imbalance between excitatory impulses and inhibitory
impulses. The imbalance between these impulses causes a lack in regulation of muscle tone due to
the insufficient release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). James'
excess production of excitatory impulses originates in the golgi tendons of organs and muscle
spindle, a specialised sensory receptor in the muscle (Albright, A.L., 1995). The impulse then passes
through afferent nerves into the spinal cord and releases excitatory neurotransmitters. In contrast, the
lack of ability to generate inhibitory impulses suggest that the regions of the brain responsible for
the generation of inhibitory impulses including the basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum may be
damaged (Albright, A.L., 1995). Consequently, the excess of excitatory impulses may result in

Three Different Kinds Of Muscles : Skeletal, Cardiac And...
Introduction: The body consists of three different kinds of muscles: skeletal, cardiac and smooth
muscle. Skeletal muscle, which is the primary focus of this lab, is made up of much smaller muscle
fibers. These muscle fibers have smaller units called myofibrils followed by the smallest contractile
unit of a muscle fiber called the sarcomere. Furthermore, the sarcomere is composed of two filament
types– thick filaments, called myosin and thin filaments called actin. In order for muscle contraction
to occur, these two filaments must bind to form cross bridges. These cross bridges are formed
through the interaction of the actin and myosin head along with calcium ions and ATP molecules.
The formation and reformation of these cross bridges is what is known as cross bridge cycling and is
what is responsible for repeated muscle contraction in the same sarcomere. Muscle contractions only
occur when they receive action potentials from nerve cells called motor neurons. These motor
neurons synapse directly onto muscle cells– sometimes even innervating multiple muscle cells. If
there is a need for stronger contraction, motor neurons can be recruited to aid in the increase of
muscle contraction. A concept known as motor unit recruitment. Typically, motor unit recruitment
goes from the smaller units, which innervate smaller muscles, to larger units which innervate larger
muscles. This is known as the Henneman's size principle. However, for the purposes of this
experiment, when

Informative Speech on Als Essays
Informative Speech on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) OBJECTIVES: General Purpose: To
inform the audience about ALS Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about the diagnosis and
progression of ALS Central Idea: The symptoms and effects of this disease on the individual and
family Organizational Pattern: The progression of ALS from diagnosis to death INTRODUCTION I.
Take a moment, and point at the computer screen. Notice that your index finger is extended and your
other fingers are curled into your palm. How did your hand know to do that? It all began in your
brain, the starting point for an important chain of communication. Your brain ordered nerve cells, to
activate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
C. Once the victim is positively diagnosed they are given a life expectancy of 2–5 years. (As the
disease progresses the symptoms get worse) III. Middle Stage A. Some muscles are paralyzed, while
others are weakened or unaffected. B. Walking becomes difficult, if a fall occurs, the person may not
be able to stand back up alone. Driving is relinquished. Weakness in swallowing muscle may cause
choking, and greater difficulty eating and managing saliva. C. Weakness in breathing muscles can
cause respiratory insufficiency, especially when lying down. D. Some people experience bouts of
uncontrolled and inappropriate laughing or crying. (Despite how it seems, the person usually doesn't
feel particularly sad or happy.) IV. Late Stages A. Most voluntary muscles are paralyzed B. The
muscles that help move air in and out of the lungs are severely compromised. C. Mobility is
extremely limited, and help is needed in caring for most personal needs. D. Poor respiration may
cause fatigue, fuzzy thinking, headaches and susceptibility to pneumonia (Respiratory insufficiency
is a leading cause of death in ALS.) (When ALS attacks, it attacks quickly) V. Final Goodbyes A. In
the last stage of the disease the effects on the body are crucial. B. The vast majority of deaths from
ALS are the result of

What Is The Purpose Of Electromyography
Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies
An electromyogram (EMG) gauges the electrical activity of muscles at rest and during contraction.
Nerve conduction studies (NCS) measure how well and how fast the nerves can send electrical
signals.
The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body
activities. It is made up of two major divisions: the central nervous system (the brain and spinal
cord) and the peripheral nervous system (all other neural elements). The brain sends out signals
through electrical signals–called impulses–that control the muscles of the body. Unfortunately, nerve
and muscle problems cause the muscles to react in abnormal ways.
The purpose of EMG/NCS is to localize where your symptoms are coming from. That can be pain,
any kind of numbness and tingling, and/or weakness and the test is also good at assessing the
severity of your symptoms. Typically, these studies are ordered when a patient is having some type
of nerve symptom: pain, numbness and tingling or a burning sensation, and/or any type of weakness
where a person can feel a change in muscle strength. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, it can be used to locate diseases that damage muscle tissue, nerves, or the junctions between
the two. These problems may include a herniated disc, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or
myasthenia gravis (MG). Secondly, it can be used to detect the origin of weakness, paralysis, or
muscle twitching. Problems in a muscle, the nerves supplying a muscle, the spinal cord, or the area
of the brain that controls a muscle can all be the source of these symptoms. However, the EMG does
not show brain or spinal cord

The Trail of Evidence From Treatment To Causes of Depression
The Trail of Evidence From Treatment To Causes of Depression
When a person is depressed, the primary characteristic is a subjective awareness of mood change:
the person has an ongoing feeling of sadness or emptiness. This feeling is often accompanied by
eating disturbances, feelings of hopelessness, inability to concentrate, indecisiveness, sleep
disturbances, lost interest in enjoyable activities, psychomotor retardation, fatigue, sluggishness or
lethargy, and is often co–morbid with other disorders, especially anxiety.
This constellation of feelings and observable behaviors give rise the term depression. In cases where
the depression is not severe or recurrent, psychotherapy alone may be sufficient. However, in many
cases, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it is true that the state of the nervous system at any moment is a complex interplay of both
input from the external world and the system's own internal biases and states, so that the
"internal/external" dichotomy is perhaps an oversimplification –– I think that patients who respond
favorably to psychotherapy alone (and don't experience later relapses) may represent a qualitatively
different underlying etiology than those who experience recurrent, persistent and debilitating
depression. Put differently, if the nervous system is constantly changing, and we recognize that some
of the changes are more temporary while others reflect more lasting modifications, the patients for
whom psychotherapy alone is effective perhaps reflect more transient underlying nervous system
changes.
In terms of a biosocial stress–diathesis model (diathesis refers to biological predisposition and stress
to environmental contribution), these psychotherapy–receptive patients may have a low diathesis,
and whatever environmental stressors have occurred to induce depression, have not done so to the
extent that they have altered the biological system in a pervasive and lasting way. Therefore, the
scope of this paper will not further address this group of depression sufferers, concentrating instead
on those who experience persistent, severe and/or recurrent depression, whose manifestations and
course suggest stable changes to the nervous system in a variety of ways,

Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Spastic cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that unfolds in the developing brain – either right
before birth or shortly after, typically before the child turns one year of age. Head injuries that occur
several weeks after birth may also cause spastic cerebral palsy. Spastic cerebral palsy makes up
roughly eighty percent of all cerebral palsy cases, since there are other types; spastic is considered to
be the most common. Spastic cerebral palsy causes neuromuscular mobility impairment meaning
that there is a lack in connection between the nerves and muscles. The two parts of the brain affected
by spastic cerebral palsy are the cerebral motor cortex and the white matter. The cerebral motor
cortex is responsible for movement, hearing, speech, thinking, visual processing etc. Therefore if the
cerebral motor cortex is damaged then all those previously listed may be affected. White matter is
responsible for transmitting signals to the body, consequently if it is damaged, nerve signals are
interrupted. (Common Parts of the Brain Affected by Cerebral Palsy.) Spastic cerebral palsy carries
many symptoms which include muscle spasticity/stiffness, joint contracture, paralysis, seizures,
dysarthria, difficulty eating/swallowing, drooling, irregular breathing (respiratory problems),
unsteady gait, learning disabilities, hearing/eyesight problems, slower growth than average,
scoliosis, bowel problems, or urinary incontinence. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)
Spastic

Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndrome (PNS)
Introduction
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNS) are syndromes that result from dysfunction of the
nervous system, caused by a benign or malignant tumor via mechanisms other than direct tumor cell
infiltration, metastasis, coagulopathy, infection or any treatment side effects [1]. All parts of the
central and peripheral nervous system may be affected by PNS and, as a result, signs and symptoms
are diverse. Most PNS of the central nervous system have in common a subacute course leaving the
patients severely disabled in weeks to months and inflammatory changes in the CSF, including
moderate lymphocytic pleocytosis, increased protein levels and IgG index and presence of CSF–
specific oligoclonal bands[2]. Early recognition may be difficult

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is commonly referred to as ALS. This disease is also known to many
as Lou Gehrig's disease. ALS is a disease characterized by the slow death of certain nerve cells in
the brain and spine. As described by research done through the Mayo Clinic, nerve cells called
motor neurons control the muscles that allow you to move muscles of your body. ALS effects these
particular neurons and produce serious neurological effects that can start as muscle weakness that
eventually leads to disability and then to death. For some people diagnosed with ALS they may find
it difficult to walk, talk, eat food, swallow, and even breathe. These problems can, and will lead to
injury, illness, and eventually death. For most people who suffer with ALS, death will occur within
three to five years after the first symptoms begin; some people may live for many years beyond that.
One of the early symptoms of ALS is footdrop, where lifting the anterior part of the foot or toes
becomes problematic. Other early symptoms include muscle twitching and weakness in the arms or
the legs. Also, other early symptoms include hand weakness and noticeable clumsiness. This may
include things like having difficulty buttoning shirts or tying shoes. Trouble swallowing and slurred
speech can also be an early sign of ALS. Doctors don't know what actually causes ALS. What is
known in about 1 case out of 10 is that it is hereditary. This means that 9 times out of 10, someone
with ALS does not

Neurotransmitter and Maximal Contractile Response Essay
Department of Physiology
PHY2021
Body Systems Physiology
Activity of Gastrointestinal
Smooth Muscle Worksheet
Due by:
Noon (12 pm) Friday April 12
Pre–prac Reading: Vander, 12th Edition:
Section 6D.4 (pp 175–180), Section 15.2 (pp 521–522), Section 15.4 (pp 528–529, 536–538 & 542–
543).
INTRODUCTION
Give a brief description in your own words of the objectives and aims of this practical.
The aim of this practical was to discover the effects that numerous hormones and drugs have on the
sample ileum's nerves and relate this to the human autonomic nervous system.
The objectives include observing the change in contractions during different levels of stimulation
and inhibition, such as that from different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A decrease in stimulus frequency results in a greater number of contractions within the ileum. An
increase in the stimulus frequency results in a decrease in the release of neurotransmitters, further
inhibiting the contractions of the ileum.
B. MIMICKING THE ACTION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM USING DRUGS
 Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to the direct
addition of noradrenaline and of acetylcholine to the tissue bath.
1) What was the final bath concentration of noradrenaline you used? Briefly describe the response of
the ileum to the direct addition of noradrenaline.
2) What was the final bath concentration of acetylcholine you used? Briefly describe the response of

the ileum to the direct addition of acetylcholine.
3) Since an inhibitory response to nerve stimulation was observed in all (or most) of the tissues
studied in the practical, how is differential control (i.e., both inhibition and excitation) of gut
contraction achieved in the body? Is it always inhibitory in vivo? What happens in the intact animal?
C. BLOCKING AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TRANSMITTER TARGETS
Effect of phentolamine on the responses to nerve stimulation and added transmitter substances
 Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to nerve
stimulation and to the direct addition of

The Human Nervous System Essay
The Human Nervous System
The nervous system is the most complex part of the body, as they govern our thoughts, feelings, and
bodily functions. It is an important factor in science because it can lead to new discoveries for cures
or diseases. The studies of the nervous system helped lower death rates from heart disease, stroke,
accidents, etc. The nervous system is a network of neurons (nerve cells that sends information to the
brain to be analyzed.
Neurons live both in and outside the central nervous system. Understanding how the neurons work
is vital to understanding the nervous system.
The neuron has two important structures called the dendrite and axon, also called nerve fibers. The
dendrites are like tentacles that sprout ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impulse is then sent to another neuron, and the process repeats until the nerves are at rest. The
effect of the signals depends on what the target is. If the target of the signal is a muscle cell, the
effect might be a muscle contraction. The speed of the electrical impulse depends on the size of the
nerve fiber. In small nerves, the rate it transmits impulses is from a half to two meters a second. The
larger the diameter of the nerve fiber, the higher rate of conducting impulses. There is less electrical
resistance in thick fibers. When nerve impulse jumps from one node (gaps in nerve fibers) to the
next, it is called saltatory conduction. Saltatory conduction conducts faster because it contains an
insulator that prevents leakage of currents. The rate of conduction is 2 to 120 meters a second. Not
all nerves conduct impulse electrochemically. Some impulses jump from nerve to nerve, bypassing
the synapse. Unlike other cells, once neurons are lost, they can't be regenerated. Fortunately, there
are about 10 billion neurons and they have other cells to aid them in carrying messages to other
nerves. But if nerves are severed, the nerve fibers can regenerate if the two ends are reattached
precisely. However, restored functions may produce different actions because the nerves might not
be connected to the right channel.
There are three main parts of the nervous system: the central, peripheral, and autonomic

Axonal Nerve Injuries
Introduction
Nerve injury is not fatal but can severely impact quality of life. Peripheral nerve injuries occur in an
estimated 2–3% of all patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center (1) and are commonly caused by
trauma to the upper limbs. The economic impact of nerve injuries can be large with operative costs,
hospital charges, rehabilitation visits, and lost time at work. Only subtle improvements to peripheral
nerve repair have been made recently, and our current knowledge of nerve physiology and
regeneration vastly exceeds our current repair capabilities.
Poor outcomes of peripheral nerve injury are largely due to the slow process of axonal outgrowth.
After nerve injury, severed proximal axons with intact cell bodies can grow up ... Show more
The proposed mechanism is PEG–induced lipid bilayer fusion by removing the hydration barrier
surrounding the axolemma and reducing the activation energy required for membrane fusion to
occur. In an axonal injury without PEG, axonal endings seal after an influx of calcium, preventing
axonal fusion (6). Figure 1 demonstrates the bioengineered process of PEG fusion. When severed
axonal endings are exposed to calcium–free hypotonic saline and an antioxidant (i.e. Methylene
Blue or Melatonin), vesicle–mediated sealing is decreased, keeping membrane leaflets open. PEG is
then applied to artificially induce closely apposed membranes of severed axonal ends to flow into
each other and fuse. This produces a partial repair of the plasmalemmal membranes that are then
perfused with calcium containing saline, which causes vesicles to accumulate and seal remaining
holes at the injury site. This process is known as PEG fusion.
The success of our PEG–fusion technique is based on multiple factors including PEG, calcium,
nerve stump approximation, and an antioxidant Methylene Blue (MB) (Figure 1). PEG, a
hydrophilic compound, enhances axonal fusion in either severed or crushed settings and restores the
ability to generate compound action potentials across the site of injury. PEG potentially facilitates
lipid bilayer fusion by removing water molecules from the lipid bilayer at or near the damage site
(Figure

The Benefits Of Electroconvulsive Therapy ( Ect )
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Question 1: The electroconvulsive therapy is considered one of
the most reliable treatments for depressions. This therapy use electrodes that deliver a very tiny
electric current to the patient's scalp. Due to the fact that this electrical current causes a seizure in
the grain, the patient is under general anesthesia. Doctors recommended this therapy only when a
people suffers from severe depression and is not responsive to pills and psychotherapy. It is also
considered, the best treatment when the patient is a threat for himself or others. Sometimes, it is also
use when the symptoms are too severe that the doctor cannot take the risk of waiting for the
medication take effect. Furthermore, according to the website, the Electroconvulsive Therapy is only
one of several brain stimulation therapies. ECT uses electrical current, but other use magnets or
implants to cure depressions. The advantages are as follows: It is the fastest way to relieve
symptoms in severely depressed or suicidal patients. It is also very effective to control mania.
Moreover, when a patient is not responding to medications, ECT is one of the safest therapies to
control clinical depression and other several mental problems. The first disadvantage is that it can
cause more damage than relief, if something goes wrong. It may also cause memory loss, serious
headaches, muscle aches, and severe stomachache. Question 2: Based on what I read, and even
knowing that

The Vagus Nerve Analysis
The Vagus Nerve is the 10th of 12 pairs of Cranial nerves and is the main contributor of the
parasympathetic nervous system (Stakenborg et al 2013), "the parasympathetic system predominates
the body during resting conditions" (McCorry 2007). When the Vagus nerve is stimulated it triggers
a response that affects certain functions of the body "influencing digestion, metabolism and the
relaxation response" (Dr Sircus 2014).
Vasovagal is a term denoting the response caused through the stimulation of the Vagus nerve, which
releases excess Acetylcholine; promoting the "relaxation response" (Dr Sircus 2014) triggering a
series of events such as bradycardia and hypotension.
"Syncope, defined as transient loss of consciousness and postural tone with ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Assuming the Phlebotomist has had training in the use of a Sphygmanomometer and the knowledge
pertaining to the results it stipulates; the Phlebotomist would be aware that a 98 systolic over 55
diastolic reading for blood pressure could be a low reading or a very low reading indicating
hypotension depending on what their regular (baseline); would normally be. Hypotension means the
blood flow around the body has been reduced from within the normal values which are measured in
millimetres of Mercury (mmHg); typical values for adults are 100–150mmHg Systolic and 60–
90mmHg Diastolic. It was distinguished earlier in this document that the Vagal nerve triggers the
"relaxation response" (Dr Sircus 2014). Aydin et al (2010) cites the "activation of this reflex
mechanism" (Vagus nerve response) "provokes bradycardia, vasodilatation and hypotension". When
vasodilatation occurs; blood has to fight against gravity within its circulatory pathways in order to
travel upwards to reach the brain due to increased blood

Prosocial Behavior And The Human Existence
The human existence is one that for the most part stays unexplained. As soon as we find a way to
explain why we do what we do, it takes a very small amount of time before someone has another
explanation that is accepted. An example of this is prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior is simply
the act of doing something that benefits a person or people around you. This behavior can be
interestingly mapped all throughout human history with different motivations along the way. From a
religious perspective, humans have a willingness and duty instilled in them by a creator to help out
their fellow man. This is evident in the Bible with the story of The Good Samaritan where a man
was beaten close to death and left in the street and the only person that stopped to help him was a
man that despised the type of person he was. Why would he stop? From an evolutionary perspective,
it would be logical to assume that the earliest humans benefitted from having each other around as a
protection and survival source but also for a foundation for emotional support. We are obviously not
wired to go through this world alone. Both of these positions prove the existence of a natural
prosocial behavior, but they still leave open the idea of why and how it occurs when there is no
apparent incentive for helping.
The act of helping someone for no other reason than to help them is called altruism. For the sake of
traveling through this concept with the largest picture in mind, we have to forget about

Supraspinatus Tendonitis Essay
Supraspinatus tendonitis typically occurs when there is an impingement of the supraspinatus muscle
of the shoulder joint between the acromion as it passes by the acromion and humerus head. In
response, the supraspinatus tendon and the contiguous peritendinous soft tissues become inflamed.
The supraspinatus is a muscle located in the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula located in the
shoulder and is largely affected by supraspinatus tendonitis. The supraspinatus allows for the
abduction of the shoulder and its insertion is the greater tuberosity of the humerus. Tendonitis is the
inflammation of a tendon and commonly occurs in the elbows, knees, and shoulders. Therefore,
supraspinatus tendonitis is the inflammation of the supraspinatus. This condition is a very common
inflammatory problem because it can be caused by the abduction of the arm, which is involved in
many sports and activities. The supraspinatus muscle, the head of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, people who play volleyball tend to get supraspinatus tendonitis because they have to
constantly raise their hand and apply force to the volleyball. Other hobbies like weightlifting,
swimming, rowing, painting, and tennis are all activities that can cause supraspinatus tendonitis
because it makes it more likely for the supraspinatus to pass under the acromion. Although this
condition occurs more often in athletes and active individuals, people who are between 30 to 60
years old also commonly get this condition as well. Older people get supraspinatus tendonitis, due to
supraspinatus tendinosis, which is when there is chronic degeneration without any inflammation.
This can cause supraspinatus tendonitis because this condition can occur over time and slowly
weaken the shoulder. Additionally, any long term joint disease like like osteoarthritis can cause
supraspinatus tendonitis in older individuals because it can also abate the

Non Pharmacological Approach for Depression and Other...
Non Pharmacological Approach for Depression and Other Disorders
Brain stimulation therapies:
Brain stimulation therapies are non pharmacological method which involves activating or touching
the brain directly with electricity, magnets, or implants to treat depression and other disorders.
Among many techniques, electroconvulsive therapy is the most researched stimulation therapy.
Other stimulation therapies discussed here includes
 Vagus nerve stimulation
 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
 magnetic seizure therapy
 Deep brain stimulation.
The latter methods are newer and more theoretical.
1. Electroconvulsive therapy
Introduction:
It is a non pharmacological standard psychiatric treatment in which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Amnesia following the procedure.
Clinical guidelines/Pearls
It is used about three times a week until the patient's depression wears away (usually within six to
12 treatments) which is followed by the maintenance treatment in case of recurrence which range
from one session per week to one session every few months.
It is found that antidepressant medication or a mood stabilizing medication are also consumed by
patient undergoing ECT.
In the past, a "sine wave" was used to administer electricity in a constant, high dose. However,
studies have found that a "brief pulse" of electricity applied at frequent interval is less likely to cause
memory loss.
The patient wakes up after few minutes of the procedure with some dizziness (anesthetic effects)
and becomes alert after few hours and can resume normal activities.
Vagus nerve stimulation

Introduction
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy
and treatment–resistant depression .
Despite FDA approval, VNS remains a controversial treatment for depression because the studies
have not shown the promising outcome.
Source: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain–stimulation–therapies/brain–stimulation–
therapies.shtml
Uses
It is used for following cases.
Eplilepsy,intractable
Treatment resistant

The Biology Of Kindness : How It Makes Us Happier And...
Maria Szalavitz, a writer for the TIMES magazine, wrote a media article in the social connection
section called The Biology of Kindness: How It Makes Us Happier and Healthier. She said to stay
physically and mentally fit you need to have strong relationships. Strong relationships are as
important as avoiding chronic diseases and risk factors leading to those diseases. The information
she referenced in the media article came from a study published in the Psychological Science
Journal. Maria Szalavitz first introduces the researchers, the professors, and the location where the
research took place. Then she explains the individuals facilitated in the experiment. Sixty five
members of the university's faculty and staff were in the study on meditation and stress. Half of the
individuals randomly got assigned to take an hour–long class each week for six weeks in "loving–
kindness" mediation. This mediation centered on warm and compassionate thoughts about yourself
and others. In the class, participants thought compassionately about others by thinking their own
words, thoughts, feelings, and concerns of life. Then they would expand their thoughts to include
their social relationships with their families, friends, and anyone they had contact. The researchers
taught people to silently repeat phrases that would make them happier and cleanse their minds from
negative beliefs. In stressful situations, the instructor told the participants to say positive phrases to
reassure themselves.

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