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Serverless.pdf
1.
Brought to you
by Informa Tech S Publication date 31 Jan 2023 Author Michael Azoff Chief Analyst Serverless Services Solutions, 2023 Brought to you by Informa Tech
2.
Serverless Services Solutions,
2023 01 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Summary Catalyst Serverless computing fully automates all aspects of cloud infrastructure: provisioning, administration, configuration, and maintenance, from servers to databases, and hiding compute infrastructure, so developers focus on coding application logic. Public cloud providers offer serverless services with a pay-per-use model down to a millisecond execution time. Serverless is designed for real-time event-based applications and can scale from zero to thousands of containers and then back to zero. Figure 1: The Omdia Universe for serverless services Source: Omdia Licensed Reprint
3.
Serverless Services Solutions,
2023 02 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Omdia view The cloud-native computing paradigm opens several new ways of running software applications, one of which is through serverless services. For the right type of application, the serverless computing model offers rapid development and deployment without the burden of managing servers and other infrastructure components such as databases and storage. The pay-per-use charging also provides an attractive cost-benefit. However, this and the other benefits must be evaluated against the usage pattern and compared with alternative models before deciding the right approach for the given application. Omdia has seen serverless computing erupt on the developer stage with much promise, and by some in the media with hype after Amazon Web Services (AWS) started offering its Lambda function as a service (FaaS) back in 2016. All the other public cloud providers soon launched their own FaaS, and the competition has since intensified across a range of serverless services. Today, there is a rise in interest and adoption of these services, which is now an established part of the cloud usage repertoire. For the IT user, serverless offers a purer form of cloud computing. Organizations use the cloud or a colocation data center to reduce the need to own data center infrastructure. However, they still need to hire IT operations staff to maintain and configure the software systems running on the hardware. Figure 2 indicates the share of user-managed versus provider-managed responsibilities for the different on-premises data center to cloud service options. As one moves to the right of the chart, the user organization has fewer responsibilities and can focus more on the business requirements. At the extreme end is software as a service (Saas), where the application is ready- built. Yet, serverless is the next best option for organizations requiring to build their software solutions. In this sense, serverless offers a purer cloud experience—it provides the minimum of plumbing application code that needs writing and has the least responsibilities for running the infrastructure (a good analogy is hiring a taxi versus renting or buying a car). To understand who can benefit from serverless, consider that most established businesses will have existing IT choices, so moving wholesale to serverless makes less sense. The best use case is to run serverless for spot opportunities, enabling the IT department and line of business to accomplish urgent tasks quickly. However, for the business startup, serverless offers the intriguing prospect of going all in with serverless from the beginning. Startups want to achieve their business mission, and owning or sharing the responsibilities of a data center is not one of them but has been a necessity. Now, serverless offers an alternative option. As a relatively new technology offering, there are still teething issues that need to be considered. When serverless was first introduced, it was not designed for mission-critical applications. However, as users push the technology, especially startups that rely on serverless for all their IT needs, latencies must be reduced and meet mission-critical suitability. Vendors are working on lowering these latencies; the challenge is what is known as cold and warm starts and scaling containers from zero to hundreds or thousands. One approach is always maintaining a running container that eliminates cold starts, but the scaling latency can be an issue.
4.
Serverless Services Solutions,
2023 03 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. As always, developers must match the right technology for the task requirements. No software architecture and cloud model will be optimum for all use cases. Serverless offers a convenient approach to cloud-native computing that reduces the burden on IT operations skills and frees users to focus on business application logic. Figure 2: The cloud and data center XaaS technology stack Source: Omdia
5.
Serverless Services Solutions,
2023 04 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Analyzing the serverless services universe Market definition and benefits analysis There was initial confusion over the language used to describe the serverless model and the need to explain that serverless means no servers. Better descriptors would be hidden, autonomous, or zero admin servers. Omdia uses the label “serverless services” or “serverless computing” as an umbrella term to refer to a range of cloud services that encapsulate three essential characteristics as it affects the user: • No infrastructure provisioning, administration, and management • Pay-per-use charging, based variously (depending on context) on function calls, code execution time, and memory usage • Near real-time availability of computing resources, at internet scale, for event-based applications, with scale to zero when not required The range of serverless services offered today by leading players goes beyond FaaS. Omdia divides the serverless portfolio range between the following service categories: • FaaS: The most commonly used and essential service; functions are typically small pieces of code that carry out some business or application-related task. They are triggered by events or direct calls, such as through API, and the user pays for the CPU execution time and memory used. • Backend data as a service (BDaaS): These are data-related services such as databases and storage. Where users build FaaS on a cloud platform, the local BDaaS is a useful option to store, retrieve, and process data. As part of the serverless service, the cloud provider manages this infrastructure, increasing the ease of use. Service costs are for CPU usage when a query is submitted and the capacity required to answer the query. Furthermore, some providers do not charge for data ingress but charge for data egress. • Application integration: These services connect application components, such as offering an API gateway, event bus, and messaging service. Charging may be based on the volume of calls, and a free tier typically exists. • Security, monitoring, and logging: These services the serverless provider offers to check on the health and security of its serverless services and applications accessing these services.
6.
Serverless Services Solutions,
2023 05 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Architecture blueprints for serverless services are available from some serverless service providers. Figure 3 depicts a high-level view of how user applications access serverless services. Figure 3: High-level view of serverless services on the cloud Source: Omdia As a development choice, serverless services can have advantages over running the same applications on a platform as a service (PaaS) or infrastructure as a service (IaaS). The following summarizes the benefits and limitations factors that developers need to consider when deciding on which platform to build and run an application: Benefits: • Ease of use: Serverless services free users from all infrastructure considerations, letting them focus on the application. Infrastructure management, including security, patching, and updating components, is all part of the service. This separation of the infrastructure chores burden from time spent on business applications is a key attraction of serverless.
7.
Serverless Services Solutions,
2023 06 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. • Cost: For the right use case, serverless can lower costs than running the same application on a PaaS or IaaS. Serverless services are priced to milliseconds of CPU usage; such pay-per-use pricing can be advantageous compared with traditional PaaS/IaaS, where servers may lie idle and still be billable. Serverless services running on a private cloud can also be cost-effective for an organization as users do not hog compute resources in expectation of future needs, and resources are better allocated on a need basis. • Scalability: Being able to rapidly scale high, such as during burst activity when demand for a service escalates and being able to scale to zero when activity dies, is a key benefit. • Developer advantages: – Prototyping: Developers can rapidly test ideas before investing in a large-scale project, for example, creating a minimum viable product (MVP). – Quick applications: Serverless services work well for rapid computation using short-lived and short-use applications. – Event-based applications: Serverless uses an event-based model; therefore, ideal for event-driven use cases, such as processing data streams. – Polyglot programming: Serverless services provide developers with support for various popular programming languages. Limitations: • Latencies: Latencies occur when a function is called for the first time and when there is a large scale out. To avoid the first cold start challenge, users can periodically call the function to keep it “warm.” Service providers can offer automated options to achieve such a warm start. Depending on the application, latencies may exclude certain real-time use cases. The choice of programming language (size of runtime load, scripting languages have lowest latencies) and memory size allocated (the larger, the faster the startup) also have an impact. • Execution time limits: Serverless functions are conceived for short-running applications, and cloud providers set limits on execution time. This could be a challenge for traditional long- running applications being ported to serverless, although the trend is to bridge the gap between very short and longer running times. Public cloud service providers set an artificial limit on function execution times that may require developers to create workarounds. Some providers also limit the code size that can be run in a function. • Lock-in: Depending on the extent of the use of APIs on the given cloud, there will inevitably be a degree of lock-in. If functions are used simply, then some providers offer greater portability options. • Security: Some cloud providers offer dedicated private resources for the highest security. Generally, cloud providers provide greater security than enterprises can offer on-premises, but
8.
Serverless Services Solutions,
2023 07 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. there is also the shared responsibility aspect—a user revealing credentials can blow open security. • Event-driven development maturity: Given the suitability of an application for a serverless approach, working with an event-based serverless model requires a degree of maturity in this architecture. An organization may also struggle to find the right skilled developers. • Configuration control: The service provider sets the configurations of the servers, with the users having no custom control over the settings. Lack of control over networking may be a similar issue. If this matters to the application, then serverless is not suitable. Troubleshooting and testing can also be challenging because of a lack of access to the infrastructure. However, Omdia expects new-generation observability tools to help here. There may also be fewer features available in some services in the serverless mode, for example, when using a serverless database. • Stateless: The first generation of FaaS services were stateless, but some providers now offer durable functions that can persist state to bridge the gap between traditional and new generation software architectures. • Double billing in nested FaaS: A double-billing quirk occurs when functions are nested inside each other; the call to the second function will bill the first one again. Some service providers offer workflow facilities to avoid this problem, but users must know this quirk. That the list of limitations outnumbers the benefits above should not be read as a negative outlook on serverless services. Rather it should be used as a checklist for the appropriateness of choosing an application to run in serverless mode. There is certainly not a one-to-one correspondence in the impact of one bullet over another—the benefit bullets count for a lot, and it is all about the choice of application for serverless with a good fit to the following characteristics: • Event-driven • Highly modular • Short-lived execution time • Benefits from rapid and high scalability up and down • Short time to get from concept to production Market differentiation In the analysis, Omdia looks for differentiating features, both functional and non-functional, that leading serverless vendors offer the market beyond basic capabilities. The following functional differentiators describe some of these features that form part of the Omdia Universe technology assessment:
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Serverless Services Solutions,
2023 08 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. • Application development support, such as DevOps continuous integration and deployment • FaaS-related: – Performance: reducing cold and warm start latencies and scaling out concurrent functions with a warm start – Service limits: maximum single function execution time limit (the longer, the better) and the maximum number of concurrent function calls – Availability of independent performance benchmarks – Workflow and composition: adding workflow automation to serverless, creating function compositions (function calls within functions) – Customization and durability: changing the RAM allocated to a function, the idle timeout, and orchestrator functions for stateful workflows • BDaaS management: – Can the application state be stored in a database? Is there application pooling available for the database services? Is there a limit to the number of database connections? Is there support for globally distributed SQL databases? • Security and privacy: – What measures are in place to counter server-side request forgery (SSRF) attacks? Can the user have dedicated servers allocated? Is there network encryption of serverless services? • Containers support: – Support for Kubernetes and running functions in containers • Application integration: – Offering a serverless event bus and support for GraphQL Market dynamics Two main groups divide the serverless services market: the major public cloud providers and independent vendors offering alternative services hosted on the public clouds. For the major public cloud providers, serverless provides a “stickiness” to their cloud when developers use the APIs available on their choice of cloud for services such as databases, storage, and more. Once developers begin to code on a serverless model, they inevitably become locked into that provider, but some providers are more portable than others. For example, Cosmonic applications will run on any cloud, and Oracle FaaS is based on the open source Fn. So, if all that is used are functions, then it is also portable to other Fn instances.
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2023 09 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. In recent years, the rise of containers and Kubernetes has brought serverless on containers, for example, through the use of Knative. Support for containers is now standard across serverless services. Serverless is also a good way to avoid the complexity of working with Kubernetes since all the environmental management is the provider’s responsibility. The future of the serverless services market is looking strong as cloud providers grow the range of serverless services. One of the biggest hurdles to adopting serverless computing is the mindset of developers who are new to event-driven programming and have a traditional, monolithic software architecture heritage. Compiling an application in a highly modular manner or using a microservices architecture with an event-based model requires new thinking about code flow, messaging, the persistence of state, and familiarity with a new set of APIs. FaaS generally are stateless, although service providers offer durable functions that can hold state to cater as a bridge across more traditional applications. This mindset problem will reduce over time as developers gain experience with serverless computing. Those developers taking the plunge first can act as role models or evangelists within large enterprise teams. The other main consideration for developers is the type of applications most suitable for serverless from a running time viewpoint. As first conceived, serverless functions are meant to run quickly, so they spin up and can be killed in seconds or less. However, traditional applications tend to run longer, so bridging the gap between conventional and rapid lifetimes can help developers, especially if the same tool set can accommodate both scenarios. Omdia expects the market to address this split in running times, something IBM is working on, for example. Omdia’s side-by-side vendor product evaluation for serverless services consists of six vendors evaluated across three dimensions: • X-axis: Capabilities of the offering, spanning its range of technical, functional features in the following categories: – Basic functional features – Differentiating features: FaaS – Differentiating features: Other – Evolving serverless services • Y-axis: – Differentiating non-functional features – Market execution • Z-axis: This is the circle size in the Universe chart. – Market presence Figure 1 shows the results of Omdia’s analysis. Figure 4 shows the rankings of participating vendors.
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2023 10 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Figure 4: Vendor rankings in the serverless services Universe Source: Omdia Market leaders The two market Leaders, Microsoft and Tencent, divide the global market, with Microsoft being a global player with high adoption in North America and Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA), while Tencent’s strongest market presence is in China. Microsoft’s and Tencent’s existing cloud customers have a natural opportunity to try serverless, having data already present on these clouds, making these leaders a natural choice for serverless. Tencent’s WeChat mobile app combines instant messaging, social media, and mobile payments and is highly popular in China, with 1.24 billion users. WeChat runs on Tencent’s serverless cloud and allows developers to write serverless apps that run in WeChat, leading to a growth of a 1.5 million serverless developer workforce on WeChat alone. Experience with WeChat has undoubtedly helped Tencent achieve a high degree of maturity and innovation with serverless technology. Tencent achieved the highest scores across the categories evaluated in this Universe, except in the non-FaaS related differentiating functional features where Microsoft achieved the highest score. Microsoft came a close second to Tencent in all the other categories.
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2023 11 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. In geographical regions where Microsoft’s offering is strongest, its nearest competitor is AWS, with Lambda and other serverless services. AWS declined to participate in this report. In China, Tencent contends with Huawei and Alibaba over serverless services; neither of these vendors wished to participate in this report. Market challengers The serverless Universe challengers are IBM and Oracle, who scored very close to each other. Oracle scored exceptionally well in the market execution category, while in the Universe technical features axis, IBM had overall strength and edged ahead of Oracle. Oracle’s serverless services are built-in into the new-generation cloud infrastructure that Oracle has built, named Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI), making it easy to access many serverless services across the Oracle enterprise services portfolio. IBM also has next-generation technology in its Cloud Code Engine, which has proved popular in the developer community; it is designed to bridge the gap between traditional long-running applications and serverless computing. Omdia believes both these challengers will enter the leadership ranking before long. Market prospects One of the trends shaping the serverless industry is bringing serverless to the edge, using functions at the edge to process data at the point of origin rather than moving it to the data center or cloud. Some of the vendors here have specific edge offerings, and this is a key focus for prospect-ranked Netlify, which, apart from Netlify Functions, offers Netlify Function Edge. There are also competing versions of Kubernetes for the edge, such as K3s, microKubernetes (or microk8s), and minikube, so edge computing technology is evolving rapidly. The rise of WebAssembly (Wasm) has led to startups exploiting this technology, including Prospect-ranked Cosmonic. Cosmonic is the company behind open source project wasmCloud, and its Cosmonic PaaS adds more enterprise features. For the right application, both vendors offer solutions that should be considered. Both prospects are also independent of the major cloud providers, and while Netlify’s FaaS is based on AWS Lambda, Cosmonic applications will run on any cloud. Netlify’s key strength is facilitating web development on the Jamstack set of technologies, supporting the complete application lifecycle with serverless at the core. Cosmonic brings multicloud computing to a new level by allowing applications to run on any cloud and pull components from multiple clouds into an application. Both vendors offer products that can bring applications faster to market with fewer resources and should be considered for their specialties. Opportunities The serverless services market is on a growth curve, with the players increasing the features available on their platforms. Serverless services are the highest enterprise spending category in the Omdia Cloud Native Computing Market Tracker, so it is an important sector within the overall cloud- native landscape. The ease of use with a focus on business logic without needing to be concerned over infrastructure provisioning and administration makes this a highly attractive approach. Startups with precious resources can focus on building the business without being distracted by the need to run a data center. Omdia analysts have seen startups adopting serverless from the beginning as part of their technology strategy. It is also popular with the line of business impacted by delays with commissioning work from central IT.
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2023 12 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Threats Enterprises are generally cautious about suffering from vendor lock-in, representing the greatest impediment to adopting serverless services, as every public cloud provider has a unique set of APIs for its serverless services. Independent serverless vendors that offer multicloud capabilities allow enterprises to avoid lock-ins and are a threat to public cloud providers. Yet, the independent providers have a unique set of APIs, so there is a lock-in to that provider. If a user only wants to use FaaS, then an open source FaaS offers a way around the lock-in challenge. Market outlook Omdia conducted a market analysis of the size of the serverless services market and forecast its growth, see Figure 5. Omdia estimates a four-fold increase over five years from the base year 2021. Omdia’s data is based on estimates of the revenue from all the largest players in the market and includes vendors who did not participate in the report.
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2023 13 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Figure 5: Serverless services market forecast, $ millions by year Source: Omdia
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2023 14 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Vendor analysis Microsoft, Omdia recommendation: Leader Microsoft should appear on your shortlist if you are looking for comprehensive serverless services that span Azure Functions, Azure Web apps, Azure Logic apps, Azure Spring Apps, and more. Overview Microsoft offers the Azure public cloud, and serverless services are part of this larger cloud platform aimed at developers building event-based architecture applications. The serverless offering fits a position across the control to productivity spectrum where VMs and Azure Kubernetes Service, for example, offer greater developer control but require greater infrastructure attention. Serverless sits in the middle of this spectrum, and low-code Power Apps and AI Builder are at the extreme end, highly opinionated but offering greater productivity. Serverless on Azure is built to support cloud-native applications and the Kubernetes ecosystem from the ground up—see Figure 10. Looking at the types of apps that can be built on this platform, Azure Web Apps share some similarities with serverless but do not scale to zero as serverless does and is designed for large server platforms. Offerings for serverless development on Azure comprise Azure Container Apps, Azure Functions, and Azure Logic Apps. The latter enables automated workflows to be created with little to no code, using a visual designer, and will integrate with Azure Functions and third-party applications through around 300 connectors.
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2023 15 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Figure 10: Azure Application Platform Source: Microsoft In 2022, Microsoft launched Azure Container Apps, a serverless layer on top of Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS), the fully managed Kubernetes service from Azure. Azure Container Apps combines serverless with cloud-native development, i.e., building microservices and running them in serverless containers. Developers can run their apps written in users’ preferred programming languages and frameworks on Azure Container Apps, with full support for Distributed Application Runtime (Dapr), an open source project from Microsoft that offers a service mesh “sidecar” that takes care of service discovery, message broker integration, encryption, observability, and secrets management. Azure Container Apps can be scaled dynamically using HTTP traffic or events powered by Kubernetes Event-driven Autoscaling (KEDA), where containers are scaled based on the number of events that need processing. KEDA is an open source project from Microsoft and Red Hat and plugs into Kubernetes to enable automated scalability features. The spectrum of offerings from Azure reflects this. It varies in the degree of serverless services offered from not having to manage infrastructure, scaling is automated and event-driven, and the cost is pay-per-use. Microsoft sees serverless as a natural evolution of computing where the level of abstraction keeps increasing, and the user can focus more on business logic. Azure’s FaaS offering is designed for coding functions with a single purpose, such as processing input and returning a result. Once completed, the function is terminated and no longer consumes resources, resulting in a cost-effective solution for the end user. The original form of FaaS was
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2023 16 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. stateless, meaning it did not hold any persistent state and did not rely on the state of other processes. However, Microsoft offers durable functions to cater to application use cases that require some degree of state. Azure Functions offer an integrated programming model where events from any source or party can trigger a function and connect with various data sources. These connections are purely configuration-based without the need to write code. Events can be forwarded downstream for persistence or image rendering in a mobile UI or browser. All plumbing code, such as retrying and pooling, is automated. A distinguishing feature of serverless offerings on Azure is end-to-end support for the application lifecycle. Starting with source control, there is plug-in integration with GitHub (a Microsoft company), plus many native integrations with other source control tools (Bitbucket, GitLab), integration with an integrated development environment (IDE) Visual Studio Code, and integration with other popular IDEs such as IntelliJ. Developers can build and debug locally on major platforms: Windows, MacOS, and Linux, and deploy and monitor on the cloud. Users can run Azure Functions on Azure or any Kubernetes environment hosted on Azure or on- premises. Azure Functions is open source and enables the flexibility to deploy it anywhere. Microsoft offers some monitoring of security and health within Azure Functions. Users can also subscribe to Microsoft Defender for Cloud for the full range of security measures. Similarly, Azure Monitor is a separate subscription deeply integrated with the application platform services on Azure. Typical use cases cited by Microsoft for Azure Functions span the following: • ML • Real-time stream processing (the most popular) • Workflows and orchestration • Scheduled task automation • The Internet of Things (IoT) backend connections • Web/mobile application backends Microsoft finds that adopting FaaS starts with tackling a known problem and spreads with growing awareness. Azure Functions builds on the failover, geographical distribution, disaster recovery, and compliance adherence that Azure offers. Microsoft has done a lot of work on the variability of instance startup times and reduced it to less than a second, which meets most requirements. However, Microsoft says most of its customers are more concerned with throughput cold start, i.e., running many instances (containers) from zero. This issue is reduced by having placeholders behind the scene and predicting the next load spin-up time by looking at recent dynamic concurrency needs while inspecting compute and event sources.
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2023 17 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Figure 11 presents the percentage scores across the evaluation categories for Microsoft. Figure 11: Omdia Universe ratings – Microsoft Source: Omdia Strengths • Azure has the full range of database types that cloud-native developers want to work with: object stores, relational databases, and key-value and document stores.
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2023 18 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. • The consumption tier uses preconfigured computing to reduce latency to overcome cold starts. In the premium tier, using pre-allocated instances eliminates a cold start. Furthermore, idle warmed-up containers are not shut down if configured to stay alive. • Microsoft offers custom handlers (lightweight web servers) that receive events from the Functions host and can be used to implement function apps in languages not available out of the box, such as Go, Rust, and Swift. Limitations • There is no support for running functions on ARM processors, possibly impacting Microsoft’s serverless model for edge devices. • In Omdia’s review, Microsoft had the lowest concurrency limit for the number of function calls at a time limit—at 200. • There is no versioning of Functions built-in to the serverless development environment, which would be a useful lifecycle feature to add. Microsoft points out that Functions integrate into external depots, enabling continuous deployment/versioning.
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2023 19 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Appendix Methodology A Universe is Omdia’s flagship report that brings together multiple strands of research, as follows: • Omdia analysts perform an in-depth review of the market using Omdia’s market forecasting data and Omdia’s enterprise insights survey data. • Omdia creates a matrix of capabilities, attributes, and features that it considers important now and in the next 12–18 months for the market. • Vendors are interviewed and provide in-depth briefings on the current solutions and future plans. • Analysts supplement these briefings with other information obtained from industry events and user conferences. • Other Omdia analysts peer-review the Universe before a team of dedicated editors proofreads it. Inclusion criteria The criteria for the inclusion of a vendor solution in this project are as follows: • The vendor must have a FaaS offering. • The vendor should have additional serverless services. • Two categories of vendors are considered for this project: – The vendor has a significant market share relative to peers and is either a recognized leader in the market or has the potential to become one. – The vendor is a niche or emerging player with outstanding market-leading technology. Further reading Cloud Native Computing Tracker – 2022 (September 2022) Cloud Native Software Development End-User Survey – 2022 Analysis (September 2022)
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2023 20 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Cloud Native Software Development End-User Survey – 2022 Data (September 2022) Cloud Native Computing Ecosystem – Technology Stack (August 2022) GitHub, Inc., “Netlify Edge Functions Examples,” github.com (retrieved January 5, 2023) Author Michael Azoff, Chief Analyst, Cloud & Data Center Practice askananalyst@omdia.com
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2023 21 © 2023 Omdia. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited. Citation policy Request external citation and usage of Omdia research and data via citations@omdia.com. Omdia consulting We hope that this analysis will help you make informed and imaginative business decisions. If you have further requirements, Omdia’s consulting team may be able to help you. For more information about Omdia’s consulting capabilities, please contact us directly at consulting@omdia.com. Copyright notice and disclaimer The Omdia research, data and information referenced herein (the “Omdia Materials”) are the copyrighted property of Informa Tech and its subsidiaries or affiliates (together “Informa Tech”) and represent data, research, opinions or viewpoints published by Informa Tech, and are not representations of fact. The Omdia Materials reflect information and opinions from the original publication date and not from the date of this document. The information and opinions expressed in the Omdia Materials are subject to change without notice and Informa Tech does not have any duty or responsibility to update the Omdia Materials or this publication as a result. Omdia Materials are delivered on an “as-is” and “as-available” basis. No representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to the fairness, accuracy, completeness or correctness of the information, opinions and conclusions contained in Omdia Materials. To the maximum extent permitted by law, Informa Tech and its affiliates, officers, directors, employees and agents, disclaim any liability (including, without limitation, any liability arising from fault or negligence) as to the accuracy or completeness or use of the Omdia Materials. Informa Tech will not, under any circumstance whatsoever, be liable for any trading, investment, commercial or other decisions based on or made in reliance of the Omdia Materials. CONTACT US omdia.com askananalyst@omdia.com
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