Professor James Liu: Towards a Psychology of Global Consciousness (Inaugural Lecture, 2010)
1. Towards a Psychology of Global Consciousness Professor James H. Liu Centre for Applied Cross Cultural Research School of Psychology Victoria University of Wellington Email: James.Liu@vuw.ac.nz
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7. Most Important Events in World History according to Western Samples Rank USA Pct Great Britain Pct France Pct 1 WW II 86% WWII 77% WWII 64% 2 WW I 50% WW I 64% French Rev 54% 3 American Indep 38% Vietnam War 28% WW I 30% 4 Sept 11 Terrorism 27% Man on the Moon 26% US History 28% 5 Discov Americas 26% Birth of Christ 26% Colonization 27% 6 Vietnam War 20% Industrial Rev 18% Atomic Bombing 20% 7 American Civil War 20% Discov. Of America 18% German Reunification 19% 8 French Rev 14% Roman Empire 18% Man on the Moon 16% 9 Birth of Christ 14% Atomic Bombing 15% Decolonization 14% 10 Breakup of USSR 12% Slavery 13% Nazism/Facism 12% Rank Australia Pct New Zealand Pct Germany Pct 1 WWII 68% WWII 73% WWII 68% 2 WW I 60% WW I 64% WW I 60% 3 Man on the Moon 24% Man on the Moon 37% French Rev 49% 4 Holocaust 21% Women's Suffrage 21% Discov. Americas 32% 5 Atomic Bombing 21% Birth of Christ 21% German Reunification 23% 6 Industrial Revolution 19% Industrial Rev 20% Russian Rev 23% 7 Vietnam War 18% Roman Empire & Fall 19% Cold War 21% 8 Discov. Of Australia 16% German Reunification 16% Vietnam War 20% 9 Women's Suffrage 16% Discov. Of America 16% Crusades 15% 10 Birth of Christ 15% French Revolution 15% Colonialism 15% (N=82) (N=39) (N=99) Gulf War 13% (N=98) (N=107) (N=81)
8. Most Important Events in World History according to East Asian Samples Rank Japan Pct Taiwan Hong Kong Pct 1 WWII 52% WW II 69% WWII 81% 2 WW I 29% WW I 60% WW I 52% 3 French Revolution 23% Man on the Moon 25% Tien An Men 45% 4 Industrial Rev 17% Industrial Rev 23% Sino-Japanese War 39% 5 Vietnam War 17% American Indep 22% USSR Breakup 23% 6 Cold War 12% Discov. of Americas 20% Cultural Revolution 19% 7 Crusades 11% USSR Breakup 15% German Reunification 16% 8 Atomic Bombing 9% Crusades 15% Gulf War 15% 9 Discov. of Americas 9% Renaissance 14% American Indep 14% 10 Korean War 7% French Revolution 10% French Revolution 14% Rank Singapore Pct Philippines Pct Malaysia Pct 1 WWII 94% WWII 68% WWII 60% 2 WW I 84% WW I 54% WW I 60% 3 Gulf War 32% Gulf War 23% Industrial Rev 28% 4 Cold War 24% French Rev 16% Rise of Islam 23% 5 Great Depression 22% Industrial Rev 15% Atomic Bombing 17% 6 Industrial Rev 19% Nazism 15% Chinese history 14% 7 Vietnam War 11% Renaissance 15% Islam v.Christian Wars 13% 8 USSR Breakup 10% People Power (EDSA) 14% Opium War 12% 9 Rise of Communism 10% Atomic Bombing 13% Renaissance 12% 10 French Revolution 9% Man on the Moon 11% Japanese colonialism 11% (N=75) (N=646) (N=119) American Indep 7% (N=196) (N=272) (N=145) German Reunification 9%
13. China and India 2.0 11% George Bush Jr 5.0 10% Confucius 10 5.6 16% Lincoln 5.3 10% Sun Yatsen 9 6.8 11% Subhas C. Bose 4.9 16% Newton 8 5.8 16% Einstein 5.8 21% Zhou Enlai 7 5.8 18% Shivaji Bhonsle 4.6 28% Napoleon 6 6.2 19% Bhagat Singh 5.6 36% Deng Xiaoping 5 5.8 22% Mother Teresa 4.7 40% Marx 4 5.6 25% Osama bin Laden 5.5 42% Einstein 3 3.6 61% Hitler 3.0 58% Hitler 2 4.9 75% Gandhi 4.7 64% Mao 1 Eval Pct India Eval Pct China Rank Most Important People in Last 1000 Years ă ă ă 2.2 16% Opium War 10= 2.4 14% Asian Tsunami 3.0 16% Atomic Bomb 10 2.7 14% Iraq War 4.2 17% Sino-Japanese War 9 2.6 15% Partition India-Pak 4.3 20% Colonization 8 2.5 15% both World Wars 5.5 20% Man on Moon 7 3.7 18% India-Pakistan War 3.2 24% Fall of Communism 6 4.0 20% Cold War 5.5 33% Technological Dev 5 2.8 37% WW I 5.2 36% Industrial Rev 4 6.3 42% Indian Independence 2.2 40% WW I 3 3.1 49% 9-11 WTC 5.3 48% Found PR China 2 2.8 61% WW II 2.0 81% WW II 1 Eval ă India (N=100) Eval Pct China (N=115) Rank Most Important Events in World History
14. A Clash of Civilizations with Islam? 3.7 12% Marx 4.7 6% Che Guevara 10 6.2 14% Thomas Edison 5.5 7% Turgut Ozal 9 6.0 16% Princess Diana 5.9 7% Thomas Edison 8 5.8 18% Gandhi 5.5 8% Ismet Inonu 7 6.0 20% Mother Teresa 5.9 10% Bill Gates 6 5.4 23% Einstein 1.2 24% George Bush Jr 5 6.6 28% Mohammed 5.8 25% Einstein 4 4.8 30% Sukarno 6.3 29% Sultan Mahmed II 3 1.9 30% George Bush Jr 3.0 60% Hitler 2 2.7 58% Hitler 6.8 94% Kemal Ataturk 1 Eval Pct Indonesia Pct Turkey Rank ă ă Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years 2.8 20% Atomic Bomb 6.1 12% Industrial Revolution 10 3.0 21% Israel-Palest. Conflict 4.8 13% Discovery of Americas 9 1.5 21% Bali Bombing 2.0 20% Iraq War 8 4.9 22% Industrial Revolution 6.8 19% Found. Turkish Rep. 7 3.8 24% Crusades 5.5 22% French Revolution 6 1.9 32% Iraq War 2.5 26% 9-11 WTC 5 2.5 24% WW I 6.5 35% Conquest of Istanbul 4 2.4 43% Asian Tsunami 3.2 41% WW II 3 2.6 60% 9-11 WTC 6.7 42% Turkish War of Indep 2 2.8 79% WW II 3.2 44% WW I 1 Eval Pct Indonesia (N=104) Pct Turkey (N=227) Rank Most Important Events in World History
23. 10 MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN NEW ZEALAND HISTORY ACCORDING TO GENERAL SAMPLE OF MAORI AND PAKEHA/NZ EUROPEANS (Liu, Wilson, McClure & Higgins, 1999 Â 1. Treaty of Waitangi 54% Â 1. Treaty of Waitangi 69% 2. The Land Wars 35% Â 2. World Wars 66% 3= Maori/Polynesian Arrival 30% Â 3. Maori/Polynesian Arrival 41% 3= European Arrival 30% Â 4. European Arrival 40% 3= World Wars 30% Â 5. The Land Wars 35% 6 Womenâs Suffrage 19% Â 6. Womenâs Suffrage 29% 7. Colonisation 16% Â 7. Arrival of James Cook 28% 8= Education Act passed pro- 14% Â 8. Colonisation 16% Â viding free education. Â Â 9= The Depression 14% 8= NZ becomed independent state. 14% Â 9= 1981 Springbok Tour 14% 8= Musket Wars between Tribes 14% Â Â Â Â 8= NZ Government formed 14% Â Â Â Â Â Maori (N=37) Â Â Â Pakeha (N=94) Â 8= 1981 Springbok Tour 14% Â Â Â Â
24. How well have Maori and Pakeha/NZ Europeans honoured the Treaty of Waitangi? Student Sample General Sample
26. At the symbolic level (IAT), Maori and Pakeha are BOTH part of the national identity
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30. Historical Negation as a Legitimizing Myth for NZ Europeans (Sibley, Liu, Duckitt, & Khan, 2008
31. Maybe not racist, but it does maintain NZ European privilege through policy preferences denying the impact of the past
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34. Visioning the Future: Two models in dialogue, one categorical, one relational (partnership-based) Liberalism Biculturalism NZ Europeans âunmarkedâ Maori Asians PI Pakeha Maori Asians Pacific Islanders
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36. Most nations are collectivist & hi power distance (using relational models)
37. What Symbolic Resources and Cultural Capital do culturally Chinese people have in dealing with Modernity?