At Risk Youth For Dummies No Videos
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Presentation on trends impacting teenagers and at-risk youth.
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At Risk Youth For Dummies No Videos
- 2. In What Time Period Were Kids Committing Most Violent Crime? Mid-70’s to Early 80’s Mid-90’s Mid-2000’s
- 3. Objectives Define what “At-risk” means. Determine behaviors youth are “At-risk” for. Identify how school policies can create “At-risk” youth. Identify current trends in youth behaviors and how it impacts youth “At-risk”. Identify linkage between youth “At-risk” and trauma.
- 4. What Does “At-Risk” Mean Howell, J. C. (2003). Preventing & Reducing Juvenile Delinquency. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
- 6. Predictors of Delinquency For ages 6-11, the strongest predictors for serious or violent offenses are early involvement in delinquency (general offenses) and drug use. The weakest predictor is antisocial peer association. For ages 12-14, the strongest predictors for serious of violent offenses are a lack of social ties and having antisocial peers. The weakest predictors are substance abuse and ethnicity.
- 8. Youth At-Risk in Schools
- 10. Every school day, more than 7,200 students fall through the cracks of America's public high schools. Three out of every 10 members of this year’s graduating class, 1.3 million students in all, will fail to graduate with a diploma. A majority of non-graduates are members of historically disadvantaged minorities and other educationally underserved groups. Swanson, C. B. (2010, June 2). U.S. Graduation Rate Continues Decline. Education Week , pp. 22-23. Retrieved from: http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2010/06/10/34swanson.h29.html
- 11. K-12 Suspension Rate Increases Losen, D.J., Skiba, R. Suspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis. Southern Poverty Law Center. 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/suspended-education
- 12. School to Prison Pipeline In Richardson, Texas, a 14-year-old boy with Asperger’s syndrome was given a $364 police citation in May 2009 for using an expletive in his classroom. In May 2007, an 8th-grader in Norfolk, Virginia, was suspended and ordered into a program for substance abusers after she got some Tylenol from a classmate to deal with a headache. In October 2009, a six-year-old student in Newark, Delaware was so excited about joining the Cub Scouts that he brought his camping utensil to school to use at lunch. Because the tool had a small knife, he was suspended and referred to an alternative school for 45 days. A 12-year old student in Stuart, Florida, was arrested in November 2008 for “disrupting a school function.” The “disruption” was that the student had “passed gas.” In Florida, there were over 21,000 arrests and referrals of students to the state’s Department of Juvenile Justice in 2007-2008, and 69% of them were for misdemeanor offenses. In Pennsylvania, the number of school-based arrests has almost tripled in just seven years.
- 13. Youth At-Risk at Home
- 15. Youth Living in Poverty
- 16. Youth At-Risk in the Community
- 17. Gang Involvement National Youth Gang Center (2009). National Youth Gang Survey Analysis. Retrieved [date] from http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Survey-Analysis
- 18. Teen Pregnancy
- 19. Youth At-Risk and Substance Abuse
- 20. Marijuana Source: Monitoring the Future study, University of Michigan, 2010. Retrieved from: http://monitoringthefuture.org/data/10data/fig10_4.pdf
- 21. Other Drug Usage Trends Ecstasy Cocaine Prescription LSD * Over the Counter Cough and Cold Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (December 14, 2010). "Marijuana use is rising; ecstasy use is beginning to rise; and alcohol use is declining among U.S. teens." University of Michigan News Service: Ann Arbor, MI. Retrieved MM/DD/YYYY from http://www.monitoringthefuture.org
- 22. Alcohol Usage Source: Monitoring the Future study, University of Michigan, 2010. Retrieved from: http://monitoringthefuture.org/data/10data.html#2010data-drugs
- 23. New Drug Trends
- 24. Crime and At-Risk Youth
- 25. Decrease in Juvenile Crime Across Most Categories
- 26. Youth Violence In 2007, 5,764 young people ages 10 to 24 were murdered—an average of 16 each day (CDC 2010a). Homicide was the 2nd leading cause of death for young people ages 10 to 24 years old (CDC 2010a). Among 10 to 24 year-olds, 86% (4,973) of homicide victims were male and 14% (791) were female (CDC 2010a). Among homicide victims ages 10 to 24 years-old, 84% were killed with a firearm (CDC 2010a). Among 10 to 24 year-olds, homicide is the leading cause of death for African Americans; the second leading cause of death for Hispanics; and the third leading cause of death for Asian/Pacific Islanders and American Indians and Alaska Natives (CDC 2010a).
- 27. Some Female “At-Risk” Behaviors Increasing Criminal Behavior in Girls Between 1999 and 2008, the number of larceny-theft arrests of juvenile females grew 4% while juvenile male arrests declined 29%, and adult female arrests grew more than adult male arrests (29% and 4%, respectively). Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Juvenile Arrests 2008 (December 2009). Washington: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. U.S. Department of Justice.
- 30. Link Between Trauma and Being At-Risk Being abused or neglected as a child increases the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 59% (Widom, 1995). Among a sample of female juvenile offenders, 74 percent reported being hurt or in danger of being hurt, 60 percent reported being raped or in danger of being raped, and 76 percent reported witnessing someone being severely injured or killed (Cauffman, 1998). (Anda and Feletti, 2003) Rates of PTSD among youth in juvenile justice settings range from 3 percent in some to over 50 percent in others .(Arroyo, 2001). These rates are up to eight times as high as in community samples of similar-age peers (Saign et al., 1999). One study found that over 90% of juvenile detainees reported having experienced at least one traumatic incident (Arroyo, 2001).
- 31. Behavioral Responses to Trauma
- 32. Any questions or suggestions contact: Bryce BarnhartDirector of Professional Developmentbab@amikids.org
Editor's Notes
- As a juvenile justice professional it is important to keep current on trends impacting our youth.
- Risk factors have a cumulative effect. The greater number of risk factors, the greater the likelihood of a negative outcome. Many of our youth have multiple risk factors which dramatically increase the probability they will engage in problem behaviors. The focus with at-risk youth is to mitigate the risk factors and strengthen the protective factors so that they have the greatest likelihood for success.
- The problem behaviors listed here are behaviors that would cause a significant disruption in the normal development of the youth. The risk factor is predictive of what problem behavior the youth may engage in. Although it does not predict the problem behaviors 100%, it gives us a pretty good clue as to where we might need to intervene to prevent the identified problem behaviors. Obviously the more risk factors a youth has, the more potential for having multiple problem behaviors.1 Not measured in all surveys, archival indicator data may better assess these risk factors. New York State’s Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services. Retrieved from http://www.oasas.state.ny.us/prevention/framework.cfm
- This information is important in two different ways. The first is that knowing the predictors allows for interventions for children that focus on early delinquent behaviors and drug use and for interventions with adolescents that focus on strengthening social ties and decreasing associations with anti-social peers. The second way is that it demonstrates that we must have different approaches for different age groups.Lipsey, M.W. and Derzon, J.H. (1998). Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
- Protective factors work in three ways:They buffer risk factors, providing a cushion against negative effects.They interrupt the causal factors through which risk factors operate.Protective factors may operate by preventing the initial occurrence of a risk factor.1 (Hawkins, 1999, p.445)2 (Durlak, 1998, p.516)
- The area of this graph to be most concerned about is the percentage that do not graduate. These are the youth we see in our programs and schools. We need to discover what factors are causing this disengagement from school (i.e. school to prison pipeline). Failing school is a predictive risk factor.There are a few caveats to this data. The first is that the definition of what constitutes a drop has changed and continues to be modified. For example, a youth that does not graduate with his cohort can be considered a drop-out even though they may receive a GED or participate in credit recovery and earn a diploma through an alternative method. Also, some of the NCLB testing is creating a new set of barriers for youth that may accelerate the trend. This deceleration will probably be followed by some new definitions of drop-outs.The group of youth that do not graduate with cohort or are too far behind to graduate by traditional means often are “at-risk” to engage in a series of anti-social behaviors.
- The youth falling through the cracks are our kids. 1.3 million will fail to get diplomas. This number is staggering when you consider these are the kids that find their way into programs and detention centers. If graduation rates continue to fall, there is likely to be a upswing in juvenile crime. When juvenile crime was high on the mid-90’s, graduation rates were at level not seen since the 60’s.Take a look at the list and see if the county you work in is represented here. If so, how could that impact services to at-risk youth?
- Many of the youth suspended have diagnosed and undiagnosed learning disabilities. These youth become disengaged due to material being over their heads. Because they are lost or way behind, they begin to act out. With at-risk kids, it is much better to be considered bad than stupid. These kids then get suspended, putting them further behind and decreasing the chances they will graduate with their cohort. If the do not graduate with cohort it is unlikely they will graduate at all. Unfortunatley, Majority of the suspensions are for non-violent, less disruptive behaviors such as abusive language, attendance issues, disobedience and disrespect and the “catch-all” general classroom disruption.
- Zero tolerance came out of the “War on Drugs”. “Get tough” polices found their way into school. Larger police presence in schools and the criminalization of student behaviors that had previously been handled other ways. These policies tend to target kids of color and students with disabilities at a disproportionate rate. Kids that previously were not “at-risk” now have an incident in school that puts them in contact with criminal justice system, puts them behind in school and surrounds them with a peer group that has been disassociated with their pro-social peers. These policies alone can create “at-risk” youth.Sources:Education on Lockdown: The Schoolhouse to Jailhouse Track http://www.advancementproject.org/sites/default/files/publications/FINALEOLrep.pdfTest, Punish, and Put Out: How “Zero Tolerance” and High-Stakes Testing Funnel Youth Into the School-To-Prison Pipleline http://www.advancementproject.org/sites/default/files/publications/01-EducationReport-2009v8-HiRes.pdf
- This is not to say that living with a single parent is predictive of future criminal behavior. In fact, meta-analysis by Lipsey and Derzon (1998) indicate that it is a weak predictor of crime. The issue with this trend comes into play when you consider poverty and parent child/parent relations. If single parent is working two jobs to support family and cannot provide adequate supervision or spend quality time with youth then the potential for this to be a risk factor along with poverty and poor child/parent relations increases.
- Rates of poverty increasing due to economic downturn. There does not seem to be a direct correlation between increases in poverty and other “at-risk” behaviors but statistics on these behaviors tends to lag two years behind. It remains to be seen how poverty increases will effect juvenile crime, child abuse, teen pregnancy and stability of families.
- Although gang membership is still primarily adult, kids are looking to gangs to provide them with things they are missing at home and in the community. They become of part of a social network, find a degree of security and feel a sense of power they did not feel before. Gangs are created and maintained out of the simple need for people to want to belong, feel safe and have a sense of power and control. If kids can be taught other pro
- Reversal of a trend that has been declining for a decade. The rate increase was highest for blacks. Among blacks, the rate increased from 122.7 per 1,000 in 2005 to 126.3. For Hispanics the rate rose from 124.9 per 1,000 women to 126.6. Among whites, the rate increased from 43.3 per 1,000 women to 44.0. Teenage births are associated with lower annual income for the mother. Eighty percent of teen mothers must rely on welfare at some point. Teenage mothers are more likely to drop out of school. Only about one-third of teen mothers obtain a high school diploma. Teenage pregnancies are associated with increased rates of alcohol and substance abuse, lower educational level, and reduced earning potential in teen fathers.
- The decreasing or stable trend in beginning to be replaced by an increasing trend. With more states considering legalizing marijuana, it appears youth attitudes about using have become relaxed. Potential issue here is some states legalize and others don’t. Could see a spike in marijuana usage and arrests. One in sixteen 12th graders use marijuana on a daily or near daily basis.
- Ecstasy use had a small surge in use. The perceived risk has potentially faded with younger cohort. Cocaine use has steadied out but much lower that mid-80’s and 90’s.Prescription abuse has leveled off. Still an important issue but no longer growing.Perceived risk of LSD has fallen which historically means the drug could show increases in the future.Over the counter cough and cold has remained steady.
- Data is confirmed by CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey as decreasing since survey began in 1991. MTF study indicates that alcohol usage by 12th graders is at the lowest level since study began in 1975.
- New drug trend. Synthetic drugs seem to be new niche. Not detectable by drug screens so often a drug of choice of kids that have to submit drug tests. Provides the same feeling as some of the more traditional drugs but effects of chemicals can be much worse of the body.
- Most notable that juvenile crime has decreases in almost all categories (except robbery and simple assault), while adults have shown less dramatic decreases or increases. Violent juvenile crime has been lower than levels in the 80’s for most of the decade. Spike in violent crime coincided with crack cocaine epidemic.
- Although violence across the nation has decreased, these facts are still startling. The fact that homicide is one of the leading causes of death for young people aged 10-24 is of a great concern. Couple that with the fact that the vast majority are killed with guns and we have a area of intervention to focus on. Our programming needs to obviously include anger management but also need to consist of a variety of interventions focused on the use or rather misuse of firearms.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (a). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [Online]. (2007). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer). [2010 Jun 14] Available from URL: www.cdc.gov/injury. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (a). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [Online]. (2007). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer). [2010 Jun 14] Available from URL: www.cdc.gov/injury.
- Although we are seeing decreases in most crimes in boys, girls have dramatic increases in robbery, disorderly conduct and simple assaults. Although there can be many speculations as to the reasons for the increases, it is difficult at this point to pinpoint why. Some say it is increased sexual and physical abuse (although data tells us otherwise) or gang membership that is causing the increases. Regardless of the reasons, we need to take a look at mitigating risk factors and increasing protective factors for girls.
- There has been substantial decreases in the number of cases of child maltreatment in the US. Although these number are encouraging, there is a slight upturn in the number of victim and we still have to remember that 760,000 children are suffering from maltreatment. Once again, we have to be concerned with this number as there is a direct link between abuse and being involved in criminal behavior.
- Observe in this video clip how youth can suffer trauma or be re-traumatized at the hands of staff members. Our programs and detention centers are supposed to be safe places for youth. We have to ensure that we do not expose them to situations that can aggravate past traumas or create new ones.
- Arroyo, W. (2001). PTSD in children and adolescents in the juvenile justice system. In J.M. Oldham & M.B. Riba (SeriesEds) & S. Eth (Vol. Ed.), Review of Psychiatry Series: Vol.20, Number 1. PTSD in Children and Adolescents (pp. 59-86).Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.(Arroyo, 2001; Garland, et. al., 2001; Teplin, et. al., 2002; Wasserman,et al., 2002; Cauffman, et al., 1998)(Saigh, et al., 1999; Saltzman, et al., 2001).Cauffman, E., Feldman, S.S., Waterman, J., and Steiner, H. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder among female juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37 (11), 1209-1217.Anda and Feletti (2003) Retrieved from: http://www.acestudy.org/files/ARV1N1.pdf
- How many of these behaviors do your kids display? Many times our kids are misdiagnosed with depression, ADD or ODD when in reality they have an underlying trauma that has not be effectively considered and treated. The cries for help come out in certain behaviors which are misunderstood which could lead to re-traumatization or further traumatization. If you have youth that display many of these behaviors, please ensure that they have access to a qualified treatment professional. Just dealing with behavior without looking for the root cause is like trying to put out a fire by removing the smoke.
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