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<Endocrine Organs>
Hypophysis
-Sella turcia (sphenoid bone)에 위치
A) anterior lobe (Adrenohypophysis) : glandular (염색성이 더 짙음)
* Oropharynx의 Ectoderm기원
  A-1 (pars distalis부분쪽)
  -chromophils (x: acidophils 세포질이 붉은색 y: basophils 세포질이 푸름)
• Acidophil분비물질: growth hormone, prolactin 분비
• Basophil분비물질: ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH분비
  -chromophobes (z: chromophobe – 세포질이 좀 투명)
  -S: sinusoid (당연히 endocrine이니까 BV종류가 잘 발달~)

A-2 (pars intermedia)
-colloid vesicles로 pars intermedia 구분 가능
-화살표: 핑크색으로 채워진 colloid관찰 가능
-MSH: 멜라닌색소 자극 호르몬

B) posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis) : neuronal
•염색성이 더 연함 due to unmyelinated axons.
*origin- 뇌의 3rd ventricle에서 neuronal ectoderm이 자라나서~
*oxytocin, vasopressin(ADH)분비
(pars nervosa)
p: pituicyte (glial cell- astrocyte like function)
*Herring body: 신경분비물 축적소체 (생성은 hypothalamus)
Thyroid gland
-핑크색 colloid로 채워진 follicle들 관찰가능.
-f: follicular cell (basophilic cells w/ microvilli)
기능: thyroid H 생성, 분비, 흡수
형태에 따라 시기 구분 가능: squamous(비활성기), cuboidal(분비기),
columnar(합성기)

-I: interstitial tissue(= interfollicular tissue)
Follicle 사이사이에 있는 tissue

-p: parafollicular cell=c cell (in interfollicular tissue)
특징: interstitial tissue에 줄지어 서있거나, clump로 있음.
기능: Calcitonin분비 (뼈의 Ca++흡수를 자극-> 칼슘농도 조절)


 Parathyroid gland
 -c: chief cell
 *more #ous, parathormone PTH: 뼈에서의 Ca++ 방출 촉
 진 (<-> parafollicular cell와 반대)

 -o: oxyphil cell
 *single, clumped/ larger/ 세포질: eosinophilic
Adrenal gland
-c: cortex (mesoderm origin)
<층구분하기>
Zona glomerulosa (토리층): round ovoid clusters, mineralocorticoid분비
Zona fasciculata (다발층): parallel cords, large foamy cells, glucocorticoid분비
Zona reticularis (그물층): branching or anastomosing cords, 다발층보다 작은 cells
                           ACTH자극에 영향-> gonadocorticoid 분비



-m: medulla (neural crest origin)
구멍이 약간 뻥뻥 뚫린것이 medulla.
*Chromaffin cell가 있으며, 이 cell은 Epinephrine, Norepinephrine을 분비
Pancreas (H&E와 Gomori)
-Islet of Langerhans (랑게르한스 섬)
A) A cell: periphery에 위치, Glucagon 분비
B) B cell: center에 위치, cord로 배열, Insulin 분비
*: pancreatic acini

인티케이터가
섬의 한가운데에 있으면: B cell
섬의 테두리에 있으면 : A cell
이 구조의 이름: 랑게르한스 섬
<Lymphatic Organs>
•No afferent lymphatic vessels in the lymphatic organs that we’ve seen during class
except for lymph node!!
•APC에는 dendritic cell, macrophage, b cell etc.
•B cell: Naïve B cell, Effector B cell (=Plasma cell)
•T cell: Naïve T cell, Effector T cell (Cytotoxic T cell and Helper T cell)
*Helper T cell: MHC class II (CD4+/ APC역할가능)
 Th1: macrophage 활성화, Th2: 기생충, allergic reaction
 Cytotoxic T cell: MHC class I (CD8+), Perforin/ Granzyme분비


Ileum
-GALT: gut associated lymphoid tissue / MALT: mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
-소장의 epithelium밑의 lamina propria의 loose CT에 lymphatic cells가 분포.
소장으로 들어오는 유해물질을 걸러주는 역할을 함.

-Peyer’s patch: Aggregated lymphatic nodules.
•No capsule, food antigen에 대한 면역 반응
•Follicle쪽에는 B-cell
•Germinal center양쪽으로는 T-cell
•원래 주변의 Epithelium은 Simple columnar인데,
 Peyer’s patch있는 부위의 Epithelium은 Simple Squamous =>
                              Gut lumen epithelium의 M cell들
Lymph node
*2차 림프기관: 항원을 만나 effector T, B 림프구가 분화하는 곳. 림프여과, 항체생산
(plasma cell이 생성되어서), 암세포전이
-분포지역: 척추 앞, 장간막, 목, axillary, inguinal
-cap: capsule / sin: sinus (사이사이 하얀 빈공간)
-C: cortex (더 basophilic함 w/ nodules)
1) Outer cortex
• Lymphoid follicle (lymphatic nodule): B-cell zone
• Subcapsular sinus: capsule바로 아래의 sinus
• *Germinal center: lymphatic nodule에서 좀 하얀 부위,
    기능: B cell proliferation, maturation (Ag 자극이 있을시)
    여기의 helper cell: follicular helper T cell, follicular dendritic cell
2) Inner cortex (paracortex)
• Diffused lymphatic tissue가 loose 하게 분포, T-cell들이 분포
• T-cell분화의 도우미 세포: interdigitating dendritic cells
• *HEV(high endothelial venule)의 발달
   : 그냥 venule들은 squamous 하지만, HEV which are postcapillary venules로
    “simple cuboidal/ columnar”임. Basal lamina가 부분x2없음.
   => 여기로 쉽게 주변의 t-cell들이 지나감.
-M: medulla     *Medullary cord와 sinus가 있음.
Cord: diffused LT, reticular tissue + 혈구세포, 림프구, 대식세포, 형질세포
Medullary sinus: cord와 trabecula사이 림프가 흐르는 길, efferent LV와 연결.
림프의 경로: afferent lymphatics-> subcapsular sinus-> trabecular sinus
           -> medullary sinus-> efferent lymphatics
Palatine Tonsil (더보라색이고 lobe가 많이 나누어져있지 않음!!)
-MALT, GALT에 속함.
-tonsil의 종류: palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, tubal
-hemi capsulated
-tonsilar ring: aggregated lymphatic nodules, germinal center발달.
-tonsilar crypt: 항원 유입경로, stratified squamous epithelium.
Spleen
-가장 큰 림프기관, secondary lymphoid organ
-기능: 면역작용, 혈액여과, 노쇄 적혈구 파괴, 혈액저장, 태생기 조혈작용
-framework: 특히 trabecula의 발달, capsule, reticular tissue
-no afferent lymphatics, no lymphatic sinuses, no HEV
-Open and Closed circulation 둘다 가능.
(central a.-> penicullar arteriole->capillary-> open or closed circulation)
1) White pulp (동글동근한곳~ 보라색 덩어리)
-림프구 분화 및 성숙이 일어남.
-PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath= periarterial lymphatic sheath)
: central a.를 둘러싸며 발달, T cell zone, diffused LT.
-lymphatic nodule (splenic follicle)
: B cell zone, germinal center 포함
-marginal zone (white pulp의 가장자리)
: 면역작용이 먼저 일어나는 부위, 세포 밀도가 낮음. (red & white사이),
  대식세포가 많이 있음(혈관이 많이 분포하여, 혈액에서 유래한 항원 처리 기능)
  marginal B cell 분포.

2) Red pulp (RBC가 많고 혈액을 많이 보관, white pulp 아닌부위)
-loosely organized, trabecula와 white pulp아닌 부위, 혈액때문에 붉게보임
-Splenic cord: reticular cell과 reticular fiber가 입체망을 이룬 reticular tissue
            다수의 macrophage, 노쇄 RBC처리,
-Splenic sinus: 정맥혈이 흐름, 내강 불규칙 벽이 얇은 혈관,
            혈구 유동 수월 RBC많음.
Thymus (오로지 Tcell만 있음 w/ dendritic cells)
*Palatine tonsil에 비해 nodule이 없어서 좀 흐지부지하게 생김. LACKS FOLLICLES
-Primary lymphoid organ for T-cells
(Primary lymphoid organ 2가지: Thymus & Bone marrow)
-늙으면, fat tissue로 대체, 여러 lobule로 되어있음.

-Framework
Capsule: dense irregular CT
Reticular tissue없음 (그러나 epithelial reticular cell에 의한 cellular reticulum은 있음 순
수한 t-lymphocyte를 만들기 위해 밖에서 들어오는 것들을 차단)
No nodules (thus no b cells)

1) Cortex
•t-림프구 밀집
•Cortex에서 더 안으로 갈수록 성숙된 t림프구, 크기도 작아짐
•Epithelial reticular cell (cortex에서는 잘 안보임, 조금 흐린cell임.)
•이곳에서 98%의 thymocyte가 제거됨 macrophage에 의해.

2) Medulla
•cortex보다 세포수가 적음 (a lot more mature t cells)
•Epithelial reticular cell이 잘 보임 (acidophilic) “Blood thymus barrier에 참여”
•Hassall’s thymic corpuscle이 관찰: epithelial reticular cell이 퇴화되어 생긴 구조.
                              (type 4 epithelioreticular cells)
•Postcapillary venule이 발달: t림프구의 이동경로가 됨.
<Respiratory System>
Bronchus
a) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
b) Lamina propria
c) Muscularis mucosae
d) Submucosa: Serous gland
e) Tunica adventitia
f) Cart. Plate (hyaline cart.가 부분x2 나뉘어져있음)
TRACHEA
1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi.
2. Lymphocyte, mucous gland (goblet cell), trachelis mm.(post. wall쪽으로),
   serous gland
3. Hyaline cart. (type II collagen)
4. Submucosa에 mixed gland 분포


*관찰가능한 cell: ciliated columnar cell, goblet cell, basal cell, brush cell, small
  granule cell(catecholamines분비)


    Stained with h&e
1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa
3 - fibro-elastic layer
4 - tunica adventitia
Epiglottis
1) Elastic cart. (type II collagen + elastin)
2) Fat tissue 많음.
-ant. surface (=lingual surface/ AS): nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi.
-post. surface (=pharyngeal surface/ PS):
          (sup. part- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi.
           inf. part- respiratory epi. , epiglottic glands(eg) in lamina propria)

Larynx
기능: produce sound, close trachea during swallowing

a) Ventricle: b)와 c)사이의 elongated lateral recess
*ventricular folds (vf): pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi.
                         serous gland many lymph nodules in mucosa

b) False vocal cord

c)    True vocal cord
-     Stratified squamous epi.
-     Mucous gland, vocalis muscle, vocal lig.
-    Submucosa: muscle layer (vocalis m.)
-     Blood vessels가 없음.
Nasal conchae
*Goblet cell이 있는지 없는지에 따라 Respiratory portion인지 아닌지…
있으면 respiratory portion~~ 없으면 olfactory portion
1. Respiratory portion
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. (w/ goblet cells)
- Lamina propria: mucoseous glands




2.   Olfactory portion
-    Lamina propria에 venous plexus가 많음.
-    Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. (goblet cell이 없음!!)
-    Serous glands in lamina propria: Bowman’s gland
-    관찰가능 cell: olfactory n. cells (oc-bipolar neuron), sustentacular cells(sus-
     지지세포), brush cells(w/ microvilli), basal cells(bsc-stem cell)




3. Vestibule: stratified squamous epi.
기억해둘것~
1) Conducting Portion에서 Respiratory Portion으로 갈수록…
ciliation ↓, cartilage↓(conducting portion인 bronchiole부터 아예 없음),
cell 모양 (columnar->cuboidal), smooth muscle ↑, elastic tissue ↑

Conducting Portion
*Bronchiole: Clara cell(CC)의 출현(nonciliated columnar cell, ptn.분비)
*Terminal bronchiole(tb): mucosa가 folding, simple ciliated columnar, goblet cells(X)
                           파란색화살표두개 : tb가 끝나는 지점 양쪽으로 이제 rb시작
Respiratory Portion
*Respiratory bronchiole (rb) : nonciliated cuboidal epi. , elastic fiber & smooth mm.,
                            alveoli in the wall
*Alveolar duct: w/ numerous alveoli, simple squamous epi. cells,
*Alveoli: saccular compartment, exchange of O2 and CO2

Lung
-Mixed gland
-Bronchiole: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-Terminal bronchiole: ciliated simple columnar epithelium
-Respiratory bronchiole: ciliated cuboidal에서 simple cuboidal
                    alveolar duct-> alveolar sac-> alveoli
Lung에있는 다양한 Cell들에 대해~

1. Clara cell : ciliated된 cell들 사이에 있는, “NON ciliated cuboidal cell”, secretory
   granulesin (protein을 분비하여 bronchiole의 surface의 산화물질과 inflammation
   억제.

*Alveolar septum
구성요소:
fibroelastic tissue (elastic fiber, collagen type I and III), reticular fiber, GAG,
lymphocytes, mast cell, monocyte, pericyte, septal cells, capillaries(endothelial cells),
    type I and II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophage(MPS, 크고 둥근세포, pulmonary
    surfactant를 degrade시킴)
Air blood barrier: type I pneumocyte, basal lamina of alveolar epi., basal lamina of
    capillary endothelium, endothelial cells of capillaries, plasma memb. of RBC
1. Type I pneumocyte (=pulmonary epithelial cell): squamous모양, 97% 차지
2. Type II pneumocyte (=great alveolar cell): round 모양, surfactant분비, type I과 수
    는 비슷 but 점령면적은 5%, lamellar bodies (phospholipid, surfactant)

*Surfactant
: surface tension을 약화, alveoli의 inflation을 유도, collapse방지.
<Urinary System>
Ureter
1. Transitional Epithelium
2. 3층: a) mucosa b)muscularis c)adventitia (*SUBMUCOSA가없음)
3. Muscularis (internal longitudinal, intermediate circular, external longitudinal)


*Transitional Epithelium
소변이 안 차있을때는 cuboidal한 모양
소변이 차있을때는 공가니 차있어, cell들은 눌리며, flat squamous한 모양이 된다.


Urinary bladder
** (Ureter에 비해 더 가지가 많은 미친사슴뿔같은모양)
그리고 Ureter에 비해 muscle층이 조금 더 진하고 그룹을 지어있음 while
Ureter은 그냥 줄처럼 얇게 원지어서 층이 구분이 확실히 되지 않고 층층이 있
음.
-Transitional Epithelium
-Ureter과 같은 구조 그러나 “submucosa층” 이있다.
하지만 mucosa층에 mm.없음. Muscularis 3층
Penis
-Urethra
Initially, the urethra is lined by a transitional epithelium in males and
females. In males, it is replaced by a pseudostratified or stratified
columnar epithelium below the openings of the ejaculatory ducts into
the urethra. The distal end of the male urethra are lined by a stratified
squamous epithelium.

The lamina propria contains loose connective tissue. Smooth muscle
cells in the muscularis are mainly oriented longitudinally. They are
surrounded, in the middle part of the urethra (below the prostate in
males), by striated muscle cells of the sphincter urethrae.
Kidney
-capsule, cortex (nephron관찰가능) , medulla(tubule들 관찰가능)
•Medullary ray에는 straight tubules와 collecting ducts만 있음.

1. Cortex
-Nephron= Renal corpuscle (=glomerulus+Bowman’s capsule) + tubule system
*Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JUX)
: a structure that functions in the regulation of blood pressure
: macula densa + juxtaglomerular cells + extraglomerular mesangial cells
MA: columnar epi. cells near distal tubule, NaCl농도 조절, renin 분비조절
JC: smooth muscle cells w/ secretory granules containing renin (레닌분비 생성)
EC(Lacis cell): afferent and efferent arteriole사이의 cell/ vascular pole에 위치,
             interact w/ JC and MA to regulate 혈압

*glomerulus: arterial portal system
Glomerular capillary: fenestration많음
Intraglomerular mesangial cells: phagocytosis(filtration), capillary support, blood flow↓ by
    angiotensin stimulation

*Bowman’s capsule
a) Parietal layer: simple squamous
b) Visceral layer: podocyte
*filtration barrier: endothelial cell, basal lamina, filtration slit of podocyte
2. Medulla
-tubule이 관찰가능~
Proximal tubule(P)에는 microvilli가 있음 => lumen쪽이 지저분하게 안보임’
                 조밀조밀하지 않고, smooth하지 않음
Distal tubule(D)에는 microvilli가 없음 => lumen이 clear하게 잘보이는 편
                 조밀조밀하고 smooth함.
Tubule: simple cuboidal
Heart
• Endocardium
   – Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium
   – Subendothelial layer: loose connective tissue(fibroblast+collagen
     fiber)+smooth muscle fiber
   – Subendocardial layer: loose connective tissue+smooth muscle
     fiber
       • **Purkinje fiber(일반 심장근세포보다 근형질이 더 넓고 옅게 염색된다
         ∵H&E 염색으로 염색되지 않는 글리코겐이 상당양 함유, 근원섬유가 성
         글게 배열되어 있어서)
• Myocardium: cross striation, intercalated disc
       • **cardiac skeleton(dense connective tissue)
• Epicardium
   – Subepicardial layer: loose connective tissue(coronary blood
     vessels, nerves, adipose tissue)
   – Mesothelium: simple squamous epithelium
Semilunar valve


             -염색: Verhoeff
             -Endocardium으로 싸여
             있다
             -annulus fibrosus에서 기
             원한 connective tissue
             core가 valve의 central
             core를 형성한다
Aorta
• 조직의 종류: 탄력형 동맥(Elastic artery)
• 염색: Verhoeff
• Tunica intima: muscular a.에 비해 두껍다
   – Endothelium: simple squamous epi.
   – Subendothelial CT
   – Internal elastic lamina: 잘 보인다!
• Tunica media: 매우 두껍다
   – elastic lamellae이 40-70층
   – 이 사이에 smooth muscle fiber는 덜 풍부
   – External elastic lamina는 뚜렷하지 않다
• Tunica adventitia: 얇다
   – Loose CT
   – Vasa vasorum(arteriole, venule), nervous tissue
Renal artery
    •   조직의 종류: 근육형 동맥(muscular
        artery)
    •   염색: H&E 와 Verhoeff
    •   Tunica intima:
         – Endothelium: simple squamous epi.
         – Subendothelial layer: dense CT
         – Internal elastic membrane: 뚜렷하다
    •   Tunica media:
         – 여러층의 smooth muscle fiber
         – 그 사이에 존재하는 collagenous, elastic
           fiber
         – External elastic membrane: 뚜렷하지 않
           다
    •   Tunica adventitia: muscular a.에서 가
        장 두껍다!
         – Loose CT with collagenous
           fiber&fibroblast
    •   Renal vein도 층은 똑같으나 더 얇다.
Oviduct
   • 조직의 종류: 소동맥(arteriole), 소
     정맥(venule)
   • Tunica intima
      – Endothelial layer: simple
        squanous epi.
      – Subendothelial layer는 거의 없다
      – Internal elastic membrane: H&E
        에서는 안보인다
   • Tunica media
      – 한층, 두층의 smooth muscle fiber
      – External elastic membrane은 뚜
        렷하지 않다
   • Tunica adventitia
      – 얇은 CT
Toe skin
   • Glomus: highly coiled
     arteriovenous shunt가
     collagenous CT에 둘러싸인 구
     조
     – AV shunt: capillary를 bypass
       하고 artery에서 바로 vein으로
       연결되는 구조
     – 기능: 혈류를 조절하여 체온을
       유지한다
   • Glomus에는 highly coiled
     vessel이 있기 때문에
     transverse section시 한
     glomus에 여러 vessel의
     lumen이 보인다
   • Thick skin의 dermis에 주로 위
     치!
정답
• Heart                              – 2. Tunica media
   – 1.                              – 3. Vasa vasorum의 arteriole
     epicardium/myocardium/end • Renal artery
     ocardium
                                  – 1. Muscular artery
   – 2. endocardium의
     subendocardial layer         – 2. Tunica adventitia
   – 3. Aortic semilunar valve    – 3. Internal elastic lamina
• Semilunar valve                 • Toe skin
   – 1. Semilunar valve              – 1. Glomus
   – 2. Endocardium, connective      – 2. Thick skin의 dermis
     tissue core                     – 3. AV shunt로서 체온 유지 기
   – 3. Verhoeff                       능
• Aorta
   – 1. Elastic artery

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이론모음

  • 1. <Endocrine Organs> Hypophysis -Sella turcia (sphenoid bone)에 위치 A) anterior lobe (Adrenohypophysis) : glandular (염색성이 더 짙음) * Oropharynx의 Ectoderm기원 A-1 (pars distalis부분쪽) -chromophils (x: acidophils 세포질이 붉은색 y: basophils 세포질이 푸름) • Acidophil분비물질: growth hormone, prolactin 분비 • Basophil분비물질: ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH분비 -chromophobes (z: chromophobe – 세포질이 좀 투명) -S: sinusoid (당연히 endocrine이니까 BV종류가 잘 발달~) A-2 (pars intermedia) -colloid vesicles로 pars intermedia 구분 가능 -화살표: 핑크색으로 채워진 colloid관찰 가능 -MSH: 멜라닌색소 자극 호르몬 B) posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis) : neuronal •염색성이 더 연함 due to unmyelinated axons. *origin- 뇌의 3rd ventricle에서 neuronal ectoderm이 자라나서~ *oxytocin, vasopressin(ADH)분비 (pars nervosa) p: pituicyte (glial cell- astrocyte like function) *Herring body: 신경분비물 축적소체 (생성은 hypothalamus)
  • 2. Thyroid gland -핑크색 colloid로 채워진 follicle들 관찰가능. -f: follicular cell (basophilic cells w/ microvilli) 기능: thyroid H 생성, 분비, 흡수 형태에 따라 시기 구분 가능: squamous(비활성기), cuboidal(분비기), columnar(합성기) -I: interstitial tissue(= interfollicular tissue) Follicle 사이사이에 있는 tissue -p: parafollicular cell=c cell (in interfollicular tissue) 특징: interstitial tissue에 줄지어 서있거나, clump로 있음. 기능: Calcitonin분비 (뼈의 Ca++흡수를 자극-> 칼슘농도 조절) Parathyroid gland -c: chief cell *more #ous, parathormone PTH: 뼈에서의 Ca++ 방출 촉 진 (<-> parafollicular cell와 반대) -o: oxyphil cell *single, clumped/ larger/ 세포질: eosinophilic
  • 3. Adrenal gland -c: cortex (mesoderm origin) <층구분하기> Zona glomerulosa (토리층): round ovoid clusters, mineralocorticoid분비 Zona fasciculata (다발층): parallel cords, large foamy cells, glucocorticoid분비 Zona reticularis (그물층): branching or anastomosing cords, 다발층보다 작은 cells ACTH자극에 영향-> gonadocorticoid 분비 -m: medulla (neural crest origin) 구멍이 약간 뻥뻥 뚫린것이 medulla. *Chromaffin cell가 있으며, 이 cell은 Epinephrine, Norepinephrine을 분비
  • 4. Pancreas (H&E와 Gomori) -Islet of Langerhans (랑게르한스 섬) A) A cell: periphery에 위치, Glucagon 분비 B) B cell: center에 위치, cord로 배열, Insulin 분비 *: pancreatic acini 인티케이터가 섬의 한가운데에 있으면: B cell 섬의 테두리에 있으면 : A cell 이 구조의 이름: 랑게르한스 섬
  • 5. <Lymphatic Organs> •No afferent lymphatic vessels in the lymphatic organs that we’ve seen during class except for lymph node!! •APC에는 dendritic cell, macrophage, b cell etc. •B cell: Naïve B cell, Effector B cell (=Plasma cell) •T cell: Naïve T cell, Effector T cell (Cytotoxic T cell and Helper T cell) *Helper T cell: MHC class II (CD4+/ APC역할가능) Th1: macrophage 활성화, Th2: 기생충, allergic reaction Cytotoxic T cell: MHC class I (CD8+), Perforin/ Granzyme분비 Ileum -GALT: gut associated lymphoid tissue / MALT: mucosa associated lymphoid tissue -소장의 epithelium밑의 lamina propria의 loose CT에 lymphatic cells가 분포. 소장으로 들어오는 유해물질을 걸러주는 역할을 함. -Peyer’s patch: Aggregated lymphatic nodules. •No capsule, food antigen에 대한 면역 반응 •Follicle쪽에는 B-cell •Germinal center양쪽으로는 T-cell •원래 주변의 Epithelium은 Simple columnar인데, Peyer’s patch있는 부위의 Epithelium은 Simple Squamous => Gut lumen epithelium의 M cell들
  • 6. Lymph node *2차 림프기관: 항원을 만나 effector T, B 림프구가 분화하는 곳. 림프여과, 항체생산 (plasma cell이 생성되어서), 암세포전이 -분포지역: 척추 앞, 장간막, 목, axillary, inguinal -cap: capsule / sin: sinus (사이사이 하얀 빈공간) -C: cortex (더 basophilic함 w/ nodules) 1) Outer cortex • Lymphoid follicle (lymphatic nodule): B-cell zone • Subcapsular sinus: capsule바로 아래의 sinus • *Germinal center: lymphatic nodule에서 좀 하얀 부위, 기능: B cell proliferation, maturation (Ag 자극이 있을시) 여기의 helper cell: follicular helper T cell, follicular dendritic cell 2) Inner cortex (paracortex) • Diffused lymphatic tissue가 loose 하게 분포, T-cell들이 분포 • T-cell분화의 도우미 세포: interdigitating dendritic cells • *HEV(high endothelial venule)의 발달 : 그냥 venule들은 squamous 하지만, HEV which are postcapillary venules로 “simple cuboidal/ columnar”임. Basal lamina가 부분x2없음. => 여기로 쉽게 주변의 t-cell들이 지나감. -M: medulla *Medullary cord와 sinus가 있음. Cord: diffused LT, reticular tissue + 혈구세포, 림프구, 대식세포, 형질세포 Medullary sinus: cord와 trabecula사이 림프가 흐르는 길, efferent LV와 연결. 림프의 경로: afferent lymphatics-> subcapsular sinus-> trabecular sinus -> medullary sinus-> efferent lymphatics
  • 7. Palatine Tonsil (더보라색이고 lobe가 많이 나누어져있지 않음!!) -MALT, GALT에 속함. -tonsil의 종류: palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, tubal -hemi capsulated -tonsilar ring: aggregated lymphatic nodules, germinal center발달. -tonsilar crypt: 항원 유입경로, stratified squamous epithelium.
  • 8. Spleen -가장 큰 림프기관, secondary lymphoid organ -기능: 면역작용, 혈액여과, 노쇄 적혈구 파괴, 혈액저장, 태생기 조혈작용 -framework: 특히 trabecula의 발달, capsule, reticular tissue -no afferent lymphatics, no lymphatic sinuses, no HEV -Open and Closed circulation 둘다 가능. (central a.-> penicullar arteriole->capillary-> open or closed circulation) 1) White pulp (동글동근한곳~ 보라색 덩어리) -림프구 분화 및 성숙이 일어남. -PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath= periarterial lymphatic sheath) : central a.를 둘러싸며 발달, T cell zone, diffused LT. -lymphatic nodule (splenic follicle) : B cell zone, germinal center 포함 -marginal zone (white pulp의 가장자리) : 면역작용이 먼저 일어나는 부위, 세포 밀도가 낮음. (red & white사이), 대식세포가 많이 있음(혈관이 많이 분포하여, 혈액에서 유래한 항원 처리 기능) marginal B cell 분포. 2) Red pulp (RBC가 많고 혈액을 많이 보관, white pulp 아닌부위) -loosely organized, trabecula와 white pulp아닌 부위, 혈액때문에 붉게보임 -Splenic cord: reticular cell과 reticular fiber가 입체망을 이룬 reticular tissue 다수의 macrophage, 노쇄 RBC처리, -Splenic sinus: 정맥혈이 흐름, 내강 불규칙 벽이 얇은 혈관, 혈구 유동 수월 RBC많음.
  • 9. Thymus (오로지 Tcell만 있음 w/ dendritic cells) *Palatine tonsil에 비해 nodule이 없어서 좀 흐지부지하게 생김. LACKS FOLLICLES -Primary lymphoid organ for T-cells (Primary lymphoid organ 2가지: Thymus & Bone marrow) -늙으면, fat tissue로 대체, 여러 lobule로 되어있음. -Framework Capsule: dense irregular CT Reticular tissue없음 (그러나 epithelial reticular cell에 의한 cellular reticulum은 있음 순 수한 t-lymphocyte를 만들기 위해 밖에서 들어오는 것들을 차단) No nodules (thus no b cells) 1) Cortex •t-림프구 밀집 •Cortex에서 더 안으로 갈수록 성숙된 t림프구, 크기도 작아짐 •Epithelial reticular cell (cortex에서는 잘 안보임, 조금 흐린cell임.) •이곳에서 98%의 thymocyte가 제거됨 macrophage에 의해. 2) Medulla •cortex보다 세포수가 적음 (a lot more mature t cells) •Epithelial reticular cell이 잘 보임 (acidophilic) “Blood thymus barrier에 참여” •Hassall’s thymic corpuscle이 관찰: epithelial reticular cell이 퇴화되어 생긴 구조. (type 4 epithelioreticular cells) •Postcapillary venule이 발달: t림프구의 이동경로가 됨.
  • 10. <Respiratory System> Bronchus a) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium b) Lamina propria c) Muscularis mucosae d) Submucosa: Serous gland e) Tunica adventitia f) Cart. Plate (hyaline cart.가 부분x2 나뉘어져있음)
  • 11. TRACHEA 1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. 2. Lymphocyte, mucous gland (goblet cell), trachelis mm.(post. wall쪽으로), serous gland 3. Hyaline cart. (type II collagen) 4. Submucosa에 mixed gland 분포 *관찰가능한 cell: ciliated columnar cell, goblet cell, basal cell, brush cell, small granule cell(catecholamines분비) Stained with h&e 1 - tunica mucosa 2 - tunica submucosa 3 - fibro-elastic layer 4 - tunica adventitia
  • 12. Epiglottis 1) Elastic cart. (type II collagen + elastin) 2) Fat tissue 많음. -ant. surface (=lingual surface/ AS): nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi. -post. surface (=pharyngeal surface/ PS): (sup. part- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi. inf. part- respiratory epi. , epiglottic glands(eg) in lamina propria) Larynx 기능: produce sound, close trachea during swallowing a) Ventricle: b)와 c)사이의 elongated lateral recess *ventricular folds (vf): pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. serous gland many lymph nodules in mucosa b) False vocal cord c) True vocal cord - Stratified squamous epi. - Mucous gland, vocalis muscle, vocal lig. - Submucosa: muscle layer (vocalis m.) - Blood vessels가 없음.
  • 13. Nasal conchae *Goblet cell이 있는지 없는지에 따라 Respiratory portion인지 아닌지… 있으면 respiratory portion~~ 없으면 olfactory portion 1. Respiratory portion - Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. (w/ goblet cells) - Lamina propria: mucoseous glands 2. Olfactory portion - Lamina propria에 venous plexus가 많음. - Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. (goblet cell이 없음!!) - Serous glands in lamina propria: Bowman’s gland - 관찰가능 cell: olfactory n. cells (oc-bipolar neuron), sustentacular cells(sus- 지지세포), brush cells(w/ microvilli), basal cells(bsc-stem cell) 3. Vestibule: stratified squamous epi.
  • 14. 기억해둘것~ 1) Conducting Portion에서 Respiratory Portion으로 갈수록… ciliation ↓, cartilage↓(conducting portion인 bronchiole부터 아예 없음), cell 모양 (columnar->cuboidal), smooth muscle ↑, elastic tissue ↑ Conducting Portion *Bronchiole: Clara cell(CC)의 출현(nonciliated columnar cell, ptn.분비) *Terminal bronchiole(tb): mucosa가 folding, simple ciliated columnar, goblet cells(X) 파란색화살표두개 : tb가 끝나는 지점 양쪽으로 이제 rb시작 Respiratory Portion *Respiratory bronchiole (rb) : nonciliated cuboidal epi. , elastic fiber & smooth mm., alveoli in the wall *Alveolar duct: w/ numerous alveoli, simple squamous epi. cells, *Alveoli: saccular compartment, exchange of O2 and CO2 Lung -Mixed gland -Bronchiole: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium -Terminal bronchiole: ciliated simple columnar epithelium -Respiratory bronchiole: ciliated cuboidal에서 simple cuboidal alveolar duct-> alveolar sac-> alveoli
  • 15.
  • 16. Lung에있는 다양한 Cell들에 대해~ 1. Clara cell : ciliated된 cell들 사이에 있는, “NON ciliated cuboidal cell”, secretory granulesin (protein을 분비하여 bronchiole의 surface의 산화물질과 inflammation 억제. *Alveolar septum 구성요소: fibroelastic tissue (elastic fiber, collagen type I and III), reticular fiber, GAG, lymphocytes, mast cell, monocyte, pericyte, septal cells, capillaries(endothelial cells), type I and II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophage(MPS, 크고 둥근세포, pulmonary surfactant를 degrade시킴) Air blood barrier: type I pneumocyte, basal lamina of alveolar epi., basal lamina of capillary endothelium, endothelial cells of capillaries, plasma memb. of RBC 1. Type I pneumocyte (=pulmonary epithelial cell): squamous모양, 97% 차지 2. Type II pneumocyte (=great alveolar cell): round 모양, surfactant분비, type I과 수 는 비슷 but 점령면적은 5%, lamellar bodies (phospholipid, surfactant) *Surfactant : surface tension을 약화, alveoli의 inflation을 유도, collapse방지.
  • 17. <Urinary System> Ureter 1. Transitional Epithelium 2. 3층: a) mucosa b)muscularis c)adventitia (*SUBMUCOSA가없음) 3. Muscularis (internal longitudinal, intermediate circular, external longitudinal) *Transitional Epithelium 소변이 안 차있을때는 cuboidal한 모양 소변이 차있을때는 공가니 차있어, cell들은 눌리며, flat squamous한 모양이 된다. Urinary bladder ** (Ureter에 비해 더 가지가 많은 미친사슴뿔같은모양) 그리고 Ureter에 비해 muscle층이 조금 더 진하고 그룹을 지어있음 while Ureter은 그냥 줄처럼 얇게 원지어서 층이 구분이 확실히 되지 않고 층층이 있 음. -Transitional Epithelium -Ureter과 같은 구조 그러나 “submucosa층” 이있다. 하지만 mucosa층에 mm.없음. Muscularis 3층
  • 18. Penis -Urethra Initially, the urethra is lined by a transitional epithelium in males and females. In males, it is replaced by a pseudostratified or stratified columnar epithelium below the openings of the ejaculatory ducts into the urethra. The distal end of the male urethra are lined by a stratified squamous epithelium. The lamina propria contains loose connective tissue. Smooth muscle cells in the muscularis are mainly oriented longitudinally. They are surrounded, in the middle part of the urethra (below the prostate in males), by striated muscle cells of the sphincter urethrae.
  • 19. Kidney -capsule, cortex (nephron관찰가능) , medulla(tubule들 관찰가능) •Medullary ray에는 straight tubules와 collecting ducts만 있음. 1. Cortex -Nephron= Renal corpuscle (=glomerulus+Bowman’s capsule) + tubule system *Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JUX) : a structure that functions in the regulation of blood pressure : macula densa + juxtaglomerular cells + extraglomerular mesangial cells MA: columnar epi. cells near distal tubule, NaCl농도 조절, renin 분비조절 JC: smooth muscle cells w/ secretory granules containing renin (레닌분비 생성) EC(Lacis cell): afferent and efferent arteriole사이의 cell/ vascular pole에 위치, interact w/ JC and MA to regulate 혈압 *glomerulus: arterial portal system Glomerular capillary: fenestration많음 Intraglomerular mesangial cells: phagocytosis(filtration), capillary support, blood flow↓ by angiotensin stimulation *Bowman’s capsule a) Parietal layer: simple squamous b) Visceral layer: podocyte *filtration barrier: endothelial cell, basal lamina, filtration slit of podocyte
  • 20. 2. Medulla -tubule이 관찰가능~ Proximal tubule(P)에는 microvilli가 있음 => lumen쪽이 지저분하게 안보임’ 조밀조밀하지 않고, smooth하지 않음 Distal tubule(D)에는 microvilli가 없음 => lumen이 clear하게 잘보이는 편 조밀조밀하고 smooth함. Tubule: simple cuboidal
  • 21.
  • 22. Heart • Endocardium – Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium – Subendothelial layer: loose connective tissue(fibroblast+collagen fiber)+smooth muscle fiber – Subendocardial layer: loose connective tissue+smooth muscle fiber • **Purkinje fiber(일반 심장근세포보다 근형질이 더 넓고 옅게 염색된다 ∵H&E 염색으로 염색되지 않는 글리코겐이 상당양 함유, 근원섬유가 성 글게 배열되어 있어서) • Myocardium: cross striation, intercalated disc • **cardiac skeleton(dense connective tissue) • Epicardium – Subepicardial layer: loose connective tissue(coronary blood vessels, nerves, adipose tissue) – Mesothelium: simple squamous epithelium
  • 23. Semilunar valve -염색: Verhoeff -Endocardium으로 싸여 있다 -annulus fibrosus에서 기 원한 connective tissue core가 valve의 central core를 형성한다
  • 24. Aorta • 조직의 종류: 탄력형 동맥(Elastic artery) • 염색: Verhoeff • Tunica intima: muscular a.에 비해 두껍다 – Endothelium: simple squamous epi. – Subendothelial CT – Internal elastic lamina: 잘 보인다! • Tunica media: 매우 두껍다 – elastic lamellae이 40-70층 – 이 사이에 smooth muscle fiber는 덜 풍부 – External elastic lamina는 뚜렷하지 않다 • Tunica adventitia: 얇다 – Loose CT – Vasa vasorum(arteriole, venule), nervous tissue
  • 25. Renal artery • 조직의 종류: 근육형 동맥(muscular artery) • 염색: H&E 와 Verhoeff • Tunica intima: – Endothelium: simple squamous epi. – Subendothelial layer: dense CT – Internal elastic membrane: 뚜렷하다 • Tunica media: – 여러층의 smooth muscle fiber – 그 사이에 존재하는 collagenous, elastic fiber – External elastic membrane: 뚜렷하지 않 다 • Tunica adventitia: muscular a.에서 가 장 두껍다! – Loose CT with collagenous fiber&fibroblast • Renal vein도 층은 똑같으나 더 얇다.
  • 26. Oviduct • 조직의 종류: 소동맥(arteriole), 소 정맥(venule) • Tunica intima – Endothelial layer: simple squanous epi. – Subendothelial layer는 거의 없다 – Internal elastic membrane: H&E 에서는 안보인다 • Tunica media – 한층, 두층의 smooth muscle fiber – External elastic membrane은 뚜 렷하지 않다 • Tunica adventitia – 얇은 CT
  • 27. Toe skin • Glomus: highly coiled arteriovenous shunt가 collagenous CT에 둘러싸인 구 조 – AV shunt: capillary를 bypass 하고 artery에서 바로 vein으로 연결되는 구조 – 기능: 혈류를 조절하여 체온을 유지한다 • Glomus에는 highly coiled vessel이 있기 때문에 transverse section시 한 glomus에 여러 vessel의 lumen이 보인다 • Thick skin의 dermis에 주로 위 치!
  • 28. 정답 • Heart – 2. Tunica media – 1. – 3. Vasa vasorum의 arteriole epicardium/myocardium/end • Renal artery ocardium – 1. Muscular artery – 2. endocardium의 subendocardial layer – 2. Tunica adventitia – 3. Aortic semilunar valve – 3. Internal elastic lamina • Semilunar valve • Toe skin – 1. Semilunar valve – 1. Glomus – 2. Endocardium, connective – 2. Thick skin의 dermis tissue core – 3. AV shunt로서 체온 유지 기 – 3. Verhoeff 능 • Aorta – 1. Elastic artery