Approaching Green Buildings Using Eco-Efficient Construction Materials A Review of the state-of-the-art.pdf

INTRODUCTION
The pace of actions towards sustainable development depends upon decisions considered by lots of actors in the
engineering process: owners, professionals, designers, businesses, etc. An important decision is the sustainable
selection of building materials to be utilized in building tasks [1].
Accomplishment of the 'Green Buildings' target is performed both at an early stage of the design process and on
the working plan [2]. Materials selection is a sensitive and complex task depends on the tremendous quantity of
building material options. Likewise, multiple factors tend to be considered by the architect when evaluating the
various types of building materials. As a total result, these collections of parameters or factors often present
www.jcepm.org
http://dx.doi.org/10.6106/JCEPM.2018.8.3.001
Vol. 8, No. 3 / Sep 2018
Online ISSN 2233-9582
KICEM Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
Approaching Green Buildings Using Eco-Efficient
Construction Materials: A Review of the state-of-the-art
Karim Aligholizadeh Aghdam1
, Alireza Foroughi Rad1
,Hamed Shakeri1
, and Javad Majrouhi Sardroud2
1
Graduate student, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Iran, E-mail:j.majrouhi@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Central Tehran Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Iran, E-mail:j.majrouhi@iauctb.ac.ir (*corresponding author)
A B S T R A C T
Received: Oct 4, 2017
Revised: Aug 13, 2018
Accepted: Sep 10, 2018
Since the protection the of human being from natural disaster and atmospheric factors have become
an essential requirement, some attempts have been taken place to provide shelter and create a safe
environment to a more comfortable life with welfare. For this purpose, using existing resources in
nature and exploiting them in a different manner have been taken into account. Initially, the
performed exploitations for construction had the least damage to the environment, but over time and
as a result of population growth, aggressive exploitation of nature has led to destroying effects on
the environment and resulted in consequences such as pollution and environmental destruction.
Thus, the construction industry has been identified as the top pollutant factors of the environment.
Among various construction factors, the building materials used in this industry are considered as
the most important effective factors on the environment, as they have direct influences on the
environment from the beginning of construction of the final steps. This research focuses on the
review of the most of the existing green materials definitions and various approaches towards using
eco-efficient construction materials. It presents and discusses possible ways of reducing the destructive
effects on the environment by selecting and using green materials, review current literature and
highlight the necessity of applying such materials in future constructions in all communities. This
paper provides a base for this purpose that sustainable development communities and environment
is realized by elimination of environmental pollution and approaching the criteria of green building
by using sustainable materials.
Keywords:Construction materials, Durability, Sustainability, Recycled materials, Energy consumption,
Green concrete, Low carbon building, Eco-Efficient Materials
Ⓒ Korea Institute of Construction Engineering and Management. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution,
and reproduction in anymedium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 ∙ Mohammad Moin Uddin1 and James Newland
tradeoffs that make your choice process even more technical [3].
The material selection process would integrate social, economic and environmental considerations at every stage
in decision-making [1].
There is not an individual definite criterion of selection always, which means designers or architects have to take
into account a large number of material selection factors. Therefore, the available information or data on building
materials and product options must be constantly assessed to make well-considered and justifiable material choices [3].
Construction is one of the most significant end users of environmental resources and one of the most significant
polluters of man-made and natural environments. Probably selecting sustainable building materials is the most
challenging and trial facing the industry. Achieving the goal of green construction is one way that the construction
industry can make an accound contribution towards guarding the environment. The operation and process of
building construction consumes plenty of materials throughout its service life cycle, so the choice and use of
sustainable building materials play an important role in the design and construction of green building [4].
Much like the design process, mindful awareness of contextual preconditions is essential to selecting appropriate
building products or materials [3]. Buildings have a direct impact on the environment, ranging from the utilization
of raw materials during construction, maintenance and renovation to the emission of harmful substances throughout
the building's life cycle [4]. The building sector's environmental impact is enormous, as it accounts for the use of
40% of the natural resources extracted in the industrialized countries, the intake of 70% of the electricity and the
12% of potable water, and the creation of 45-65% of the waste disposed in landfills. Additionally, it is expected to
increase, because of the development in global inhabitants from 6.5 billion in 2005 to roughly 9.0 billion in 2035. In
this scenario, the mitigation of the environmentally friendly impact of properties is an initial issue [2].
The construction industry and the environment are associated inextricably. It had been inevitable that the
industry has found itself at the center of concerns regarding environmental impact [4]. The earlier try to “establish
comprehensive means of simultaneously assessing a wide selection of sustainability concerns in building
materials” was the Building Research Establishment Environmental Examination Method (BREEAM). BREEAM
known as the first commercially available & most widely used diagnostic method was proven in 1990 in Britain.
Since then numerous tools have been launched across the world such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED). BREEAM, LEEDS, and other existing methods for assessing building whose remit is basically
restricted to an environmental security and resource efficiency agenda has limited energy for evaluating sociol and
monetary factors as opposed to environmental sustainability. It should be noted that achieving the goal of
sustainable building is not about restricting the quantity of construction. It is concerning how to pay more attention
to how the design and selection of green building materials can complement the environment to boost living
quality, end-user health and comfort [4]. In order to be considered truly ecological, assessment methods shall need
to be recast under the umbrella of sustainability environmental, social and economic. Broadening the scope of
discussion beyond environmental responsibility and embracing the wider agenda of sustainability are increasingly
necessary requirements [1].

Sources of Cost Saving Opportunities in Highway Construction Quality Assurance Practices ∙ 3
METHODOLOGY
Sustainable development is the most vibrant and powerful force to impact the building design and construction
field in more than a decade. The type of research that will be used in this study is qualitative and quantitative
research. Sustainability of building materials depends on the local context. Due to the lack of available data in
developing countries and the complexity of the life cycle assessment methodology, other relevant instruments can
be applied on the analysis of sustainability, such as the international environmental product declaration system and
certification schemes and labels.
Qualitative search has been done with an understanding of sustainable building using eco-efficient construction
materials. Therefore, the literature search has been done based on keywords, and database, allowing for the
identification of related journal articles across several research disciplines and sources.
Table I shows a list of keywords and database to this article:
TABLE I. LITERATURE SEARCH DESIGN
Keywords
- Construction materials
- Durability
- Sustainability
- Recycled materials
- Energy consumption
- Green concrete
- Low carbon building
- Eco-Efficient Materials
Database
Elsevier
onlinelibrary. wiley
springer
Scholar. Google
Scopus
Ebscohost
Engineering village
THE USE OF GREEN MATERIALS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Generally, construction is not an environmentally friendly process and it includes major effects on the depletion
of natural resources and on the emissions of Green House Gas (GHG) consequently of fossil gas combustion [4].
The selection of ecological building materials should not only give attention to the performance requirements but
also attention requires for materials, which may have the lowest GHG emissions.
The construction, fit-out, procedure and ultimate demolition of properties are significant factors of real human
impact on the environment both directly (through materials and energy consumption and the consequent pollution
and waste products) and indirectly (through the pressures on often inefficient facilities). In response to these effects,

there is growing consensus among organizations focused on environmental performance targets that appropriate
strategies and actions are needed to make construction activities more sustainable. Careful collection of ecological
building materials has been discovered as the easiest way for designers to start incorporating sustainable ideas in
building projects. Selecting building materials are undoubtedly a multi-criteria decision problem [5]. The following
set of guidelines has been developed to aid the decision of standards to assess your options under consideration [1]:
Comprehensiveness
The conditions chosen should cover the four types of economic, environmental and social, to be able to ensure
that the account is being considered for improvement towards the sustainability objective.
Applicability and transferability
The factors or variables chosen will be applicable across the range of options under consideration as well as
transferable across regions irrespective of the geographical setting of the regions. This is needed to ensure the
comparability and compatibility of the options regardless of the local conditions.
Practicability
The set of factors/variables selected will be used to form a practicable tool or system to enable potential users to
reach a better solution of making effective decisions in selecting appropriate materials in less time, with fewer
resources and errors. The choice of factors or variables is to influence the outcome of the decision being made, as
well the method of comparison or aggregation is chosen.
Before years, a great effort was addressed toward the reduced amount of the energy required during the procedure
period of the building (energy required for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, hot water, operating devices, etc.)
and the adoption of more efficient technical solutions and materials led to an improvement in the fullness of energy
performance of structures during their service life. The modern impulse to the exploitation of alternative energy
sources led to a rapid development of the Zero Energy Building (ZEB) idea, implying a zero annual balance
between your energy used for the building's procedure and the energy gained from renewable sources, such as in
'solar homes [2].
Sustainable building concerns judgment and behavior to help ensure long-term environmental, social and
financial growth in the construction. In buildings, it involves the efficient allocation of resources, minimize energy
consumption, low embodied energy intensity in building materials, recycling and reuse, and other mechanisms to
attain effective and effective brief- and long-term use of natural resources [4].
Recent studies now argue that the utilization of local and recycled building materials offers the advantage of
reducing CO2 emissions, producing healthier building, while conditioning the local current economic climate. With
the evolution of the low-carbon building motion, research and development are progressively more devoting
considerable amount of resources to intentionally promote and prioritize the utilization of local and recycled

building materials in mainstream practice [3].
The improvement in environmentally friendly performance of properties will indeed encourage higher
environmental responsibility and place a higher value on the welfare of future decades [4]. Some of the indexes for
using sustainable materials in construction have been reviewed. This forum explores in below:
A. Reuse of waste materials in its original forms.
B. Environmental impact of selecting green materials.
C. The Durability of materials in sustainable construction.
D. Interaction between local economy and selecting local -green materials.
E. Influence of energy consumption in selecting materials.
F. Choosing materials and components with lower carbon emission and prevalence the low carbon building
technology.
G. Using sustainable components for providing green concrete as a popular material in construction.
H. Use of in-site materials and recycled materials as a raw material for products
Reuse of a waste material in its original form
Considering the recent industrial development's construction, and world population growth and meanwhile
demolition of residential & industrial buildings has imposed many undesirable expenditures to every society
worldwide, which, according to Statistics almost 50% of consumable resources on earth are dedicated to this field.
Energy consumption for construction and encountering a huge amount of structural waste has brought lots of
environmental problems to most countries worldwide. Lack of raw material for construction and the increasing rate
of environmental problems have drawn the attention of most governments to find a solution regarding sustainable
development in this field.
Therefore, applying recyclable material or reusable ones in the process of building, renewal and returning into a
nature cycle with an environmental adaptability and saving energy consumption is one of the many possible ways to
cross this critical era successfully.
Every building material comes with an environmental cost of some sort. However, some principles can help
guide your choice of ecological structure and materials systems. Careful analysis and collection of materials and the
way they can be combined can yield significant improvements in the comfort and cost effectiveness of your house,
and help reduce its life cycle environmental impact. The first step in any way sustainable materials is to lessen the
demand for new materials. Instead of knocking down and rebuilding a home, it's worth trying where possible to
refurbish or at least reuse materials from the existing home. Consider building smaller, well-designed, minimizing
houses wastage by using prefabricated or modular elements and preventing unneeded surface finishes and linings.
During construction and design, incorporate approaches that can make it simpler to adapt, reuse and finally
dismantle the building. By choosing durable, zero-maintenance materials, you can minimize the need for new
materials and finishes within the building's lifetime. The next thing is to choose materials with low environmental

impact put simply, a 'sustainable' material is one that will not impact negatively on non-renewable resources, the
environment or real human health. Most products have a net-negative impact on the environment.
When looking at the environmental impact of any material or product. It is critical to decrease the negative
influences of any materials you select, in another word, we should consider all phases of the life pattern - the
upstream level (materials extraction and produce), the in-use or operational stage, and the downstream level
(disposal or reuse).
Table II has indicated some of the research sources about reuse of waste material:
TABLE II. PUBLISHED RESEARCH RELATED TO REUSE OF WASTE MATERIAL
Ref. Title of Article Year Result
6
Sustainable Use of Recycled Materials In
Building Construction
2002
model to determine the degree of
sustainability
7 Material efficiency: A white paper 2010
questions about the implementation of
material efficiency
8
Development of sustainable construction
material using industrial and agricultural
solid waste: A review of waste-create
bricks
2011
Enhance performance in terms of
achieved lighter density, lower thermal
conductivity and higher compressive
strength of the various waste create
brick (WCB)
9
Fired clay bricks manufactured by adding
wastes as sustainable
construction material -A review
2014
Depending on which standard is
followed, almost all additives provide
results in this paper the maximum
allowed values.
10 Reuse of building materials 2015
method of constructing objects
neglecting their lifetime and the
possibility of cautious deconstruction
11
Durability against wetting-drying cycles of
sustainable Lightweight
2015
fly ash improves flow ability of LCC
mixture (before hardening) and
durability of LCC material
12
Development of sustainable geo-polymer
mortar using industrial
2016
palm-oil-fuel-ash (POFA)- fly-ash
(FA)- blast-furnace-slag (BFS) and
manufactured (M-sand) ,viable
alternative to the conventional materials
Environmental impact of selecting green materials
The construction process can have a significant impact on environmental resources. Environmentally mindful
development practices can markedly reduce site disturbance, the amount of waste sent to landfills, and the use of
natural resources during building. Additionally, it may minimize the chance of adverse indoor quality of air in the
finished building. In addition to yielding environmental benefits, many of these activities can lower project costs.
Selecting environmentally preferable building materials is one way to improve a building's environmental
performance. To be practical, however, environmental performance must be well balanced against financial
performance. Even the most environmentally conscious building custom made or building materials maker will

ultimately want to ponder environmental benefits against economic costs. They would like to identify building
materials that improve environmental performance with little or no increase in cost.
Table III introduces research source about environmental impact on green material:
TABLE III. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON GREEN MATERIALS
13
Sustainable Building Material for
Green Building Construction
Conservation and refurbishing
2012
How sustainable building material can
contribute to lessen the impact of
environmental degradation
Durability of materials in sustainable construction.
Durabilityis thecapabilitytolast alongtimewithout significant deterioration. Adurablematerial helpstheenvironment
by conserving resources and lowering wastes and environmentally friendly impacts of repair and replacement unit. The
development of alternative building materials depletes natural resources and can produce water and air pollution.
Producing materials with high durability prevents the repeated production costs so that in case of using the highly
durable materials, the expenses of demolition, transport, recycle and reuse would be excluded. The related cost and
energy can be spent in other parts of the construction. One method for recognizing the highly durable materials is
testing and experimenting them, which there exists the specified codes and specifications in this regard.
Durability on materials in sustainable buildings are shown in table IV.
TABLE IV. DURABILITY OF MATERIALS IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
14
life cycle sustainability and the transcendent
quality of building materials
2007
Considers the possibility of creating durable works
with ephemeral materials.
15
Optimization of Cementitious Material Content for
Sustainable Concrete Mixtures
2012
A method to optimize the cement and fly ash contents
in concrete on the basis of the hardened concrete
properties testing and environmental effects.
16
Ultrahigh Performance Concrete: A Potential
Material for Sustainable Marine Construction in
View of the Service Life
2013
Constructed with UHPC have much longer service
life than that of normal concrete (NC) and high
performance concrete (HPC)
17
Achieving Sustainable Building Maintenance
through
Optimizing Life-Cycle Carbon, Cost, and Labor:
Case in Hong Kong concrete subjected to elevated
temperatures
2014
Suggest sensitivity analysis or fuzzy set theory should
be incorporated.
18
Life cycle assessment (LCA) of sustainable
building materials : an overview
2014
Sets out to present an overview of sustainable
building materials and their impacts on the
environment
19
A study of the durability of recycled green
building materials in lightweight aggregate
concrete artificial reef concrete containing high
volume of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash
2015
Waste tire powder and waste liquid crystal display
(LCD) glass sand use as recycled materials

Interaction between local economy and selecting local- green materials.
Understanding what a green material is, depends upon understanding relationships between nature and the
Economy. It is an extremely complicated subject and always changing. What is considered a green material is also
constantly changing. It’s important to look closely at every individual product and material, certainly, but it is more
efficient to look first at the building system. This is particularly clear whenever we see systems now being made to
allow buildings to be easily dismantled rather than demolished. The context in which a material can be used is
crucial. A conventional petrochemical-based building material might be used in innovations and structures that are
quite ecological in overall impact. Similarly, a “green” material might be deployed or installed in destructive
techniques completely negate their positive characteristics.
When salvaged and used again extremely standard materials might become a green material, it is a question of
relationships that are multi-dimensional and constantly shifting.
That is an important question, and cannot be separated from the relevant question of how exactly we can reduce
the use of materials. In a sense, they may be two articulations of the same dilemma: how to comprehend, revalue
and reorganize flows throughout the market.
A green material is one which simultaneously does the most with the least, matches most within ecosystem
techniques harmoniously, helps eliminate the use of other energy and materials, and contributes to the attainment of
your service-based overall economy.
Due to the building industry's significant impact on the national overall economy, even humble changes that
promote resource efficiency in building and businesses can make major contributions to economic wealth and
environmental improvement.
Table V consist of research sources related interaction between local economy and local green materials:
TABLE V. RESEARCH SOURCES LOCAL ECONOMY AND LOCAL GREEN MATERIAL.
20
Selecting Cost-Effective Green Building
Products:
Bees Approach
1999
Environmental and economic performance are
combined into an overall performance measure using
the ASTM standard for multi attribute decision analysis
21
Sustainable construction: some economic
challenges
2000 Sustainable development across the national economy
22
A checklist for assessing sustainability
performance of construction projects
2007
Provides a tool that enable all parties to assess
the sustainability performance of the project
23
Optimization model for the selection of
materials using a LEED-based
green building rating system in Colombia
2009
mixed integer optimization model that incorporates
design and budget constraints
24
Architects’ considerations while selecting
materials
2011
Basic material selection considerations for an
architectural design project
25
Developed Sustainable Scoring System
for Structural Materials Evaluation
2012
Sustainable development embraces issues in three
dimensions: environmental, social, and economic

TABLE V. RESEARCH SOURCES LOCAL ECONOMY AND LOCAL GREEN MATERIAL. (CONTINUED)
26
Economic and Environmental Evaluation
Model for Selecting the Optimum Design of
Green Roof Systems in Elementary Schools
2012
develop an optimal-scenario selection model that
considers both the economic and the environmental
effect in applying Green-roof systems to educational
facilities
27
Evaluating Sustainable Building-Maintenance
Projects: Balancing Economic, Social, and
Environmental Impacts in the Case of Hong
Kong
2015
Enhance the sustainability performance of the global
building construction sector in overcoming the universal
barriers
28
Selecting Globally Sustainable Materials: A
Case Study Using Choosing by Advantages
2016
Practical advice for decision makers by demonstrating
the application of a method, called choosing by
advantages (CBA)
29
Sustainability Actions during the Construction
Phase
2016 Construction Phase Sustainability Actions
Influence of energy consumption in selecting materials
Energy efficiency is one of the key objectives of green buildings [30]. There are numerous motivations to boost
energy efficiency. Lowering energy use reduces energy costs. Reducing energy use is also seen as a solution to the
problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings are constructed with a variety of building materials and
each material consumes energy throughout its stages of manufacture, deconstruction, and use. There are several
studies in the field of raw material extraction, transport, manufacture, assembly, installation as well as its
disassembly, deconstruction and decomposition. The energy consumed in production is called the 'embodied
energy' of the material and is the concern of energy consumption and carbon emissions on the other hand
'Functioning energy' means the expended in preserving the inside environment through procedures such as heating
and cooling, light and operating gadgets [31].
Decreasing the vitality consumption of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems is now
remarkably significant anticipated to increasing cost of fossil fuels and environmental concerns [32]. According to
the International Energy Agency, upgraded energy efficiency in structures, industrial functions and travel could
reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help control global emissions of greenhouse gases.
Table VI has introduced research resources about influence of energy consumption in materials:
TABLE VI. RESEARCH RELATED TO ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN MATERIALS
33
A review on energy conservation in building
applications
with thermal storage by latent heat using
phase change materials
2004
Thermal energy storage systems incorporating
phase change materials for use in building
applications.

TABLE VI. RESEARCH RELATED TO ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN MATERIALS (CONTINUED)
34
Development and performance evaluation of
naturaltermal insulation materials composed
of renewable resources
2011
develop a new insulating material from
renewable resources with comparable building
physics and mechanical properties
35
Renewable materials to reduce building heat
loss: Characterization of date palm wood
2011
use palm wood material in the manufacture of
thermal insulation
36
Life cycle assessment of building materials:
Comparative analysis of energy and
environmental impacts and evaluation of the
eco-efficiency improvement potential
2011
the impact of construction products can be
significantly reduced by promoting the use of
the best techniques available and
eco-innovation in production plants
37
Affordable construction towards sustainable
buildings: review on embodied energy in
building materials
2013 embodied energy and carbon
38
A multidisciplinary approach to sustainable
building material
selection: A case study in a Finnish context
2014
inﬂuence of building material choice on the
embodied environmental impacts,
environmental beneﬁts and material cost of a
building
39
Energy Efficient Materials for Sustainable
Building
2014
energy efficient materials such as solar cells
with super capacitors and efficient lighting
materials in buildings
40
Development of green building standard in
china
2014
Some suggestions are proposed for green
building standards
41
Blue Star: The proposed energy efficient tall
building in Chicago
and vertical city strategies
2015
optimize the energy and resource efficiency
design
42
Introduction of the standard for energy
efficient building evaluation
2015
status of energy efficient building evaluation
standards in China
43
Lightweight plasters
containing plastic waste for sustainable
and energy-efficient building
2015
reduction of energy consumption in
construction
44
Insulation materials for commercial buildings
in North
America: An assessment of lifetime energy
and environmental
2015
assessments of the lifetime environmental
impacts of selected insulation materials for
commercial buildings in North America
45
Sustainable target value design: integrating
life cycle assessment and target value design
to improve building energy and
environmental performance
2015
combines life cycle assessment (LCA) and
target value design (TVD) to rapidly produce
more sustainable building designs
46
Multi objective optimization of mix
proportion for a sustainable construction
material
2015
mix proportion for designing the sustainable
material
47
Energy Efficient Sustainable Building
Materials: An Overview
2015
understand the role of sustainable building
materials and use them intelligently
48
Advanced energy storage materials for
building applications and their thermal
performance characterization: A review
2016
the building incorporated phase change
materials has ability to reduce energy usage
and improve building comfort

TABLE VI. RESEARCH RELATED TO ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN MATERIALS (CONTINUED)
49
Building Information Modelling for analysis
of energy efficient industrial buildings - A
case study
2016
the potentials and deficits of the modeling,
analysis and optimization of energy efficient
industrial buildings using BIM
50
Environmental performance of energy
systems of residential buildings: Toward
sustainable communities
2016
the analysis of the production, disposal and
transportation of the materials used for the
manufacturing processes of the building’s
energy systems
51
In-use office building energy characterization
through basic monitoring and modelling
2016
proposing some modifications on the existing
ISO 9869 method and co-heating method to
make them usable with basic energy
monitoring data of in-use buildings and obtain
their main thermal characteristics
52
Simulating the Inter-Building Effect on
energy consumption from embedding phase
change materials in building envelopes
2016
embedded building envelopes could potentially
mitigate negative thermal-energy impacts
53
System impact of energy efficient building
refurbishment within a district heated region
2016
the impact that energy efficient refurbishment
of multi-family buildings has on the district
heating and the electricity production
54
User satisfaction and well-being in energy
efficient office buildings: Evidence from
cutting-edge projects in Austria
2016
energy use and well-being in energy efficient
office buildings
Choosing materials and components with lower carbon emission and prevalence the low carbon building
technology
Low-carbon buildings (LCB) are structures which are constructed with GHG lowering specifically. So by
definition, a LCB is a building which emits less GHG than a regular building. The developed professional country
should use the production technology that reduces the emission of CO2, to be able to protect the environment while
maintaining the financial growth. The CO2 and ozone in the atmosphere can absorb the glowing heat from sunlight
and avoiding its escape from the earth, therefore empowering the atmosphere of the natural greenhouse result. If the
density of greenhouse gases such as CO2 rises, the absorbed radiant heat shall increase and heat given out by the
planet earth will be reduced, thus resulting in global warming. Global warming shall melt the glacier, improve the
sea level, reduce the continental area, set up harbors and ruin the marshland and river plain, because of this, getting
great unwanted effects to the Economic of coastland area. Moreover, global warming shall shift the climate zone to
high latitude, change the ecosystem using the increase and area infectious diseases and the consumption of
ozonosphere. The average temperature of the earth's surface in China has increased by 1.1 degrees of centimeter
over the last 100 years. Going back 30 years, the sea level has increased by 90mm typically. The low-carbon
technology has relationships with electricity sector, travel sector, structure sector, chemistry industry and a great
many other new systems. From the real point of low-carbon building technology, it ought to be taken into
consideration of choosing materials and components with lower carbon emission during the designing and

development process [55].
Table VII represents some of research sources about materials with low carbon emission:
TABLE VII. RESEARCH SOURCES ON MATERIALS WITH LOWER CARBON EMISSION
56
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds
from Several Green and Non-Green Building
Materials A Comparison
2005
measured and compared the volatile organic
compound VOC emissions from decking
wood pressure treated decking wood ceramic
ﬂoor tile
55
Discussion on low-carbon economy and
low-carbon building technology
2009
introduced low-carbon economy and
low-carbon technology
57 Regulations and robust low-carbon buildings 2009 Naturally ventilated
58
Performance-based low carbon building
technology screening
2012
low carbon technology screening under
different
building function and climate conditions
59
A review of benchmarking in carbon labelling
schemes for building materials
2015
consumer-purchasing habits to low-carbon
alternatives
60
An investigation on life-cycle energy
consumption and carbon emissions of building
space heating and cooling system
2015
System operation stage is the key stage of life
cycle energy consumption and carbon
emissions
61
Comparing carbon emissions of precast and
cast-in-situ construction methods - A case study
of high-rise private building
2015
recommended to adopt precast concrete in
building construction
62
Design strategies for low embodied carbon and
low embodied
energy buildings: principles and examples
2015
presents five examples of environmental
optimizations of construction elements,
structures and whole buildings
63
Low carbon buildings: Sensitivity of thermal
properties of opaque envelope construction and
glazing
2015
investigated the sensitivity of building
envelope construction comprising
multi-layered wall construction
64
Methodological challenges and developments
in LCA of low energy buildings: Application to
biogenic carbon and global warming
assessment
2015
life cycle assessment results for low energy
buildings
65
The indispensability of good operation &
maintenance (O&M) manuals in the operation
and maintenance of low carbon buildings
2015
need for a change in the way O&M manuals
are being prepared particularly for LCBs
66
What leads to low-carbon buildings ?A china
study
2015 low carbon building developments
67
A detailed analysis of the embodied energy and
carbon emissions of steel-construction
residential buildings in China
2016
the embodied energy consumption of steel
members, concrete and cement account for
more than 60% of the total energy
consumption of all building components
68
A novel roof type heat recovery panel for
low-carbon buildings: An experimental
investigation
2016
results of a novel heat recovery system
developed for low-carbon buildings

Using green components for providing green concrete as a popular material in construction
Concrete is one of the most trusted building materials. CO2 emitted from concrete creation is one of the
man-made source of CO2 in the atmosphere; consequentially, its environmental burden is considerable in
conditions of environmental emissions. Therefore, investigations and explorations on the development of greening
technology for concrete vigorously have been done by researchers [73].
Cement, which is the concrete constituent in charge of the vast amount of energy use and Green House Gas
(GHG) emissions has been partly replaced by Supplementary Cementations Materials (SCMs) in such “green”
mixes. Also, there were numerous studies that looked into the alternative of aggregates in cement by solid spindle,
for example by Thomas et al. (2014) who investigated the suitability of misuse tires in cement as an incomplete
substitution of natural fine sand [74]. Extensive research works have been carried out to utilize farming waste
materials such as those from palm oil, coconut, sugarcane as well as the paddy industry and these studies signify
potential of utilizing such materials in concrete. Recently, there is an emerging trend in utilizing alternative farming
spend for concrete, such as those from agriculture (bamboo, banana, corn, whole wheat, sisal, lawn etc.) (Pappu et
al., 2007; Karade, 2010) as well as aquaculture farming, such as oyster, cockle, clam and periwinkle (Prusty and
Patro, 2015). Commonly, researchers have applied agricultural farming residues as partial cement replacement
material in concrete [75].
Table VIII shows a list of research related to sustainable components for providing green concrete:
TABLE VIII. RESEARCH SOURCES ON GREEN CONCRETE WITH GREEN COMPONENTS
74
A life-cycle approach to environmental,
mechanical, and durability properties of “green”
concrete mixes with rice husk ash
2016
Fly ash, rice husk ash (RHA) a highly-reactive
pozzolanic material
75
Green concrete partially comprised of farming
waste residues: a review
2016
Usage of farming waste materials in different
form in concrete, such as partial cement and
aggregate replacement
TABLE VII. RESEARCH SOURCES ON MATERIALS WITH LOWER CARBON EMISSION (CONTINUED)
69
Assessing the impacts of preferential
procurement on low-carbon
2016
How bid discounts change owners'
procurement costs and the magnitudes of
emission mitigation.
70
Challenges for energy and carbon modelling of
high-rise buildings: The case of public housing
in Hong Kong
2016
challenges for energy and carbon modelling
of high-rise buildings
71
The effect of carbon reduction regulations on
contractors' awareness and behaviours in
China's building sector
2016
carbon reduction regulations positively
correlate with carbon reduction awareness and
behaviours
72
Towards a computer based framework to
support the low carbon building design process
2016
integrate the range of activities, tools and
information that constitute the low carbon
building design process

TABLE VIII. RESEARCH SOURCES ON GREEN CONCRETE WITH GREEN COMPONENTS (CONTINUED)
76
Engineering and transport properties of
high-strength green concrete
2012
The engineering and transport properties of
high-strength green concrete (HSGC) containing
up to 60% of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash
77
Green building materials evaluation and
empirical research based on the regional
endowment Materials: A Comparison waste
materials concrete subjected to elevated
temperatures
2012
Introduces the data envelope method to solve the
evaluation of green building materials
78
The use of stabilised Spanish clay soil for
sustainable construction materials 2012
Engineering Geology
2012
Producing an economical, ecological and
sustainable building material
79
Investigating the properties of lightweight
concrete
containing high
2013
Recycled green building materials can increase
the slump of lightweight concrete
80 Green recycled aggregate concrete 2013
Concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate,
low cement content and high content of different
mineral supplements
81
concrete containing high contents of recycled
green building materials
2013
Influence of high contents of recycled aggregate
and recycled pozzolanic admixtures on the
properties of the concrete.
82
Environmental assessment of green concrete
containing natural zeolite on the global warming
index in marine environments
2014
Environmental impact of concrete containing
zeolite and conventional one on the global
warming
83
Nano-mechanical behavior of a green ultra-high
performance concrete
2014
Most fly ash and about half of cement remain un
reacted after curing. Theses un reacted particles
show hight mechanical behavior
84
Static properties and impact resistance of a green
Ultra-High Performance Hybrid Fibre
Reinforced Concrete (UHPHFRC): Experiments
2014
Static properties and impact resistance of a
‘‘green’’ Ultra-High Performance Hybrid Fiber
Reinforced Concrete
85
The advantage of natural polymer modified
mortar with seaweed: green construction
material innovation for sustainable concrete
2014
That natural polymer modified mortar with
seaweed powder
86
Toward green concrete for better sustainable
environment contents of recycled green building
material
2014
Substituting relatively high percentage of cement
by fly ash (upto 100%), the use of other natural
pozzolans
87
A study of the durability of recycled green
building materials in lightweight aggregate
concrete
2015
waste tire powder and waste liquid crystal display
(LCD) glass sand are used as recycled materials
88
Blue is the new green - Ecological enhancement
of concrete based coastal and marine
infrastructure
2015
the ability of design substrate alterations to
facilitate competition for space between local and
invasive species on Concrete based coastal and
marine infrastructure (CMI)
89
Designing more sustainable and greener
self-compacting concrete
2015
Mixing proportion parameters of self-compacting
concrete (SCC) and its environmental impact and
thus developing more greener SCC.
90
concrete containing high
2015
The removal of contaminant from recycled
aggregates is a more

TABLE VIII. RESEARCH SOURCES ON GREEN CONCRETE WITH GREEN COMPONENTS (CONTINUED)
91
Usage of green concrete technology in civil
engineering contents of recycled green building
materials
2015 New ecological geopolymer binders
92
Influence of recycled coarse aggregates on
normal and high performance
2016 Recycled concrete aggregates
93
On the use of blast furnace slag and steel slag in
the preparation of green
2016
The density of developed green artificial reef
concrete(GARC) is 2765.5 kg/m3 higher than
normal concrete with a typical density of 2400
kg/m3.
94
Palm oil fuel ash as potential green micro-filler
in polymer concrete
2016
The potential of utilizing an agricultural waste;
palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as micro-filler in
polymer concrete
95
Retrofitting of damaged reinforced concrete
beams with a new green
2016 Green-USM-Reinforced Concrete
96 Developing Sustainable High Strength 2016
Development of high strength concrete by using
both local materials and recycled concrete
aggregate
97
Looking for Oil free Building Materials Clay
Pipes to Replace Polymer Pipes 2016 Procedia
Technology
2016 Search for alternative oil-free building materials
Use of in-site materials and recycled materials as a raw material for products
With the progression of the low-carbon building movement, research and development are significantly
devoting. The significant amount of resources to intentionally promote and prioritize the use of local and recycled
building materials in mainstream practice. Recent studies now claim that the use of local and recycled building
materials supplies the advantage of minimizing CO2 emissions, producing healthier buildings, while also building
up the neighborhood market [3].
This part focuses on two aspects of ecological construction building materials; local use of constituent materials
and the use of recycled materials. Building materials dispatch long ranges and internationally oftentimes usually,
raise the cost of the material. Therefore by focus on local materials, construction projects can become more
affordable to wide selection of construction applications. Using local products decreases emissions associated with
long shipping routes drastically. Replacing new materials used in production with recycled materials drastically
increases the sustainable impact of the material. By using discarded waste material in new construction, the strain
for new and virgin materials is alleviated while also lessening the demand for landfill space [96].
Some studies about this matter have been introduced in table IX:

TABLE IX. PUBLISHED ARTICLES RELATED TO USE OF IN-SITE AND RECYCLED MAT
98
Recycled construction and demolition materials
in permeable pavement systems: geotechnical
and hydraulic characteristic
2014
Geotextile layer increases pollutant removal
efficiency of the construction and demolition
(C&D)materials
99
Environmental life cycle assessment of
lightweight concrete to support recycled
materials selection for sustainable design
2016
Convert ornamental stone
and ceramic
wastes into raw resources for producing new
materials
100
Comparative environmental evaluation of
aggregate production from recycled waste
materials and virgin sources by LCA
2016
Recycled aggregates production from construction
and demolition C&D waste and waste glass and
saving of 58% non-renewable energy consumption
DISCUSSION
Nowadays, in order to produce building materials, due to the low price of raw materials, there is no tendency to
use environment-friendly materials. The least damaging in some societies which unsystematically applying and
exploiting natural resources are irrecoverable damages the environment, whose effects would remain for so many
years. Understanding this fact that damage to the environment would cause hazards in daily and future life and in
order to solve this issue, some decisions must be made to prevent progress continuance. In this respect, using and
producing green materials through persuasive and mandatory codification by stakeholder organizations in building
area should be increased.
However, before performing any action in this respect, it is necessary to make culture, provide production base,
and train involved agents and citizens for using green materials in construction. For this purpose, at first the
environmental advantages and necessity of energy conservation as the most important reasons for using green
materials must be explained for societies and inform them on protecting resources and healthy life situations for
future generations. In this respect, we could proceed to creat an essential base to produce green materials by
codifying tax laws, investment incentives, funding and lending and also codifying environmental regulations, so
that could promote the community awareness on this respect by paying more attention to education and awareness.
Therefore, the necessary culture, making could be taking place either by organizing meetings and conferences in
construction area or using specialized press and newspapers and cooperation of mass media such as radio and
television. In the following classification (Fig 1) there is some category as a guideline for selecting sustainable
materials in construction building. This article introduces several of them and there are many subjects for future
research. One of the most considerable issues on this topic would be the amount of water consumption in the
production and utilization of material in constructing buildings.

CONCLUSIONS
Base on a systematic review of journal publications on green material, this research introduces the eco-efficient
materials and their benefits to our environment. Then explored potentials for achieving sustainable construction by
using eco-efficient materials. In this manner, eight categories for discussing about using and selecting green
materials for construction have been provided and their benefits highlighted. There are many different reported
benefits for using green materials in construction, one of these benefits is the potential for reducing G.H.G emission
to be able to protect the environment and reduce global warming. In order to solve real world problems and improve
environmental protection while maintaining the financial growth, the review also highlights using of local and
recycled materials as a raw material for products. This study tries to consider a need for all stakeholder
organizations' participation in this area by planning and changing the attitude of replacing the usage of raw
productive materials with green materials in the construction industry. Life cycle assessment items for each step as
above can be applied to the material and resource items in green building, and the database establishment is
required to build the database and set up reference values on a variety of building materials for the future life cycle
assessment. Therefore, people participation, structure modification and necessity of applying green materials could
be effective actions in reach stability in construction building.
*Topic contents in this article
FIGURE I. GUIDE LINE FOR SELECTING SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION

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