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 Normalni pH 7.40 +/- 0.03
 Promjene pH puferiraju karbonatni, fosfatni pufer,

  te proteini
 Bubrezi i pluća najvažniji organi za održavanje pH
 Henderson- Hasselbalchova formula

pH= 6.1 + log (HCO3) /pCO2 x 0.23
  nastupa kada je plazmatska koncentracija
  hidrogenkarbonata smanjena
 Normalan anionski manjak
 Povećani anionski manjak
 (Na +) - (Cl + HCO3)
 Normalan je od 8 -18 mmol/L 
 Ketoacidoza-dijabetička, alkoholna, gladovanje
 Laktična acidoza

 Intoksikacije

 Teški poremećaji bubrežne funkcije

 Gubitak hidrogenkarbonata- dijareja, povraćanje...
 Tip 1- distalni tip- poremećeno izlučivanje
  vodikovog iona- pH urina >5.5
 Može biti zbog više razloga- poremećaj ATP-aze,

  izmjenivača Na, povećane propusnosti membrane
 Tip 2- proksimalni tip- oštećena reapsorpcija

  hidrogenkarbonata (Fanconiev sindrom,
  autoimune bolesti, toksini...)
 Tip 3 je kombinacija tipa 1 i 2
 Tip 1 i 2 su najčešće nasljedni
 Rezultat svih RTA je hiperkloremična acidoza
 RTA renalne insuficijencije- GF < 15-30 ml/min,

  nema dovoljno parenhima za stvaranje
  amonijevog iona
  Tip 4- povezana s hipoaldosteronizmom -
Ili manjak aldosterona ili rezistencija
 manjak mineralokortikoidnog djelovanja

 nema izlučivanja kalija i vodika

 acidoza i hiperkalemija

 TERAPIJA za sve RTA-Većinom uklanjanje

   uzroka, natrijev hidrogenkarbonat, korigiranje
   kalija
   Iz anamneze – povraćanje, upotreba diuretika
   Dobar pokazatelj – ion klora u urinu – koncentracija
    manja od 20 mEq/L je povezana s alkalozom, znači
    depleciju volumena tekućine
   Prisutna je hipokalijemija
   Terapija je korekcija hipokalijemije,nadoknada
    tekućine
   acetazolamid
 Depresija respiracije, otpor u dišnim putevima,
  slaba izmjena plinova...(sedativi, ozljede CNS-a)
 Simptomi uzrokovani promjenom pH

  cerebrospinalne tekućine- glavobolja, nemir- koma
 Natrijev hidrogenkarbonat, uklanjanje primarnog

  uzroka ( plućna bolest )
 Hiperventilacija
 Poremećaji svijesti, simptomi hipokalcemije

 Kronična je često dobro kompenzirana

 Progesteron, salicilati,
 Hipernatrijemija- povećano zadržavanje soli-
  bubrežni poremećaji, hiperaldosteronizam...
 Izo- i hiperosmolalna hiperhidracija
 Arterijska hipertenzija, edemi
 Hiponatrijemija- smanjen unos soli,

  hipoaldosteronizam, osmotička diureza
 Hipokalijemija- posljedica preraspodjele ili
  smanjenog sadržaja-zbog gubitka
 Zbog preraspodjele- primjena inzulina, alkaloza
 mišićna slabost, paralitički ileus, aritmije
 Smanjena tolerancija ugljikohidrata
 Hiperkalijemija- smanjeno izlučivanje, diuretici koji
  štede kalij, simptomi kao u hipokalijemiji

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Acidobaznii

  • 1.  Normalni pH 7.40 +/- 0.03  Promjene pH puferiraju karbonatni, fosfatni pufer, te proteini  Bubrezi i pluća najvažniji organi za održavanje pH  Henderson- Hasselbalchova formula pH= 6.1 + log (HCO3) /pCO2 x 0.23
  • 2.  nastupa kada je plazmatska koncentracija hidrogenkarbonata smanjena  Normalan anionski manjak  Povećani anionski manjak  (Na +) - (Cl + HCO3)  Normalan je od 8 -18 mmol/L 
  • 3.  Ketoacidoza-dijabetička, alkoholna, gladovanje  Laktična acidoza  Intoksikacije  Teški poremećaji bubrežne funkcije  Gubitak hidrogenkarbonata- dijareja, povraćanje...
  • 4.  Tip 1- distalni tip- poremećeno izlučivanje vodikovog iona- pH urina >5.5  Može biti zbog više razloga- poremećaj ATP-aze, izmjenivača Na, povećane propusnosti membrane  Tip 2- proksimalni tip- oštećena reapsorpcija hidrogenkarbonata (Fanconiev sindrom, autoimune bolesti, toksini...)
  • 5.  Tip 3 je kombinacija tipa 1 i 2  Tip 1 i 2 su najčešće nasljedni  Rezultat svih RTA je hiperkloremična acidoza  RTA renalne insuficijencije- GF < 15-30 ml/min, nema dovoljno parenhima za stvaranje amonijevog iona
  • 6.  Tip 4- povezana s hipoaldosteronizmom - Ili manjak aldosterona ili rezistencija  manjak mineralokortikoidnog djelovanja  nema izlučivanja kalija i vodika  acidoza i hiperkalemija  TERAPIJA za sve RTA-Većinom uklanjanje uzroka, natrijev hidrogenkarbonat, korigiranje kalija
  • 7. Iz anamneze – povraćanje, upotreba diuretika  Dobar pokazatelj – ion klora u urinu – koncentracija manja od 20 mEq/L je povezana s alkalozom, znači depleciju volumena tekućine  Prisutna je hipokalijemija  Terapija je korekcija hipokalijemije,nadoknada tekućine  acetazolamid
  • 8.  Depresija respiracije, otpor u dišnim putevima, slaba izmjena plinova...(sedativi, ozljede CNS-a)  Simptomi uzrokovani promjenom pH cerebrospinalne tekućine- glavobolja, nemir- koma  Natrijev hidrogenkarbonat, uklanjanje primarnog uzroka ( plućna bolest )
  • 9.  Hiperventilacija  Poremećaji svijesti, simptomi hipokalcemije  Kronična je često dobro kompenzirana  Progesteron, salicilati,
  • 10.  Hipernatrijemija- povećano zadržavanje soli- bubrežni poremećaji, hiperaldosteronizam...  Izo- i hiperosmolalna hiperhidracija  Arterijska hipertenzija, edemi  Hiponatrijemija- smanjen unos soli, hipoaldosteronizam, osmotička diureza
  • 11.  Hipokalijemija- posljedica preraspodjele ili smanjenog sadržaja-zbog gubitka  Zbog preraspodjele- primjena inzulina, alkaloza  mišićna slabost, paralitički ileus, aritmije  Smanjena tolerancija ugljikohidrata  Hiperkalijemija- smanjeno izlučivanje, diuretici koji štede kalij, simptomi kao u hipokalijemiji