Course material

1. Answer: Introduction People have been more concerned about the effects
Answer:
Introduction
People have been more concerned about the effects of climate change and the resulting
damage in recent years. Buildings produce a significant number of emissions. UK
greenhouse gas emissions from buildings accounted for 37% of the country's overall
emissions in 2012. More than two-thirds of total emissions come from the home sector (66
percent), followed by commercial (26 percent), public sector (eight percent), and industrial
(four percent) (Sarran et al. 2022). 45 percent of total emissions come from burning fossil
fuels, while 55 percent come from electricity use. The UK Climate Change Act aims to reduce
the gases emitted through greenhouse 80 percent by 2050 and 34 percent by 2020. The
building sector has also become increasingly concerned about this problem as a result of the
dire environmental circumstances (Ibrahim and Pelsmakers 2018). Sustainable
Development and global warming are increasingly on the agenda for businesses, as well as
local and global populations, therefore people are completing their home projects (Fawcett
2014).
There is a never-ending supply of new items to satisfy the demands of the public.
Sustainable development and architecture are buzzwords in the design and architecture
worlds, and for good reason: they combine purpose with form (Kerr and Winskel 2020). To
be deemed environmentally responsible, a product's look and setting are the primary
means by which its purpose may be accomplished. There has been an increase in public
awareness about the need of environmentally friendly design and construction, as well. As a
means of reducing their environmental impact, sustainable building design and building
construction may achieve energy efficiency, good impacts on the health and well-being of
occupants as well as an improvement in the living environment. In order to be
environmentally friendly, a construction project must be designed with sustainability in
mind from the outset, which involves taking into account the demands of the end user,
planning ahead of time, and reducing waste via the creation of reuse or recyclable spaces
and materials. A house's energy performance certificate may be improved by using carbon
emission materials.
When a large registered private landlord firm approached me as an energy consultant, I was

2. asked to provide them with practical advice on how they could meet the new legislation's
requirements for owning and developing their properties. The 1880 three-story brick
terraced home is the initial target for renovation. This home has an energy certificate rating
of G, which is quite low. Because of the large amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced
by this dilapidated structure. The single-layer glass employed in the window region does
not efficiently isolate heat. Lofts and walls aren't properly insulated, therefore the EPC
rating is going to be lower than if the homeowner used a solid wall insulation, and the old
heating equipment, such as an old boiler, generates a lot of Carbon Emissions which wastes
people's time and energy. The lighting system, which is based on a three-story brick
terraced town house, is subpar and does not conserve energy like more current lighting
systems. Upgrade the brick, three-story townhouse's required amenities. In order to go up
to a B level from a G level on the EPC scale. I'll need to advise the corporation on its plans to
develop 50 additional homes. An assortment of passive measures, cutting-edge materials,
and cutting-edge construction technology are needed to fulfill level 1 of the family quality
mark I for the company's newest products.
Improve The EPC Rating From G To B
Because of the 1880 date on the brick three-story terraced town house, this occurrence took
place a long time ago. Due to the advancements in technology, research, and sustainable
development, certain facilities will no longer be able to perform their original tasks in the
future.
In most townhouses, the foundations are shallow and the walls sustain the weight of the
structure. A vented sub-floor may have been covered with solid construction on the bottom
floor, while the upper stories were constructed using suspended timber. The pattern of
brickwork used in the walls of Victorian houses varied depending on the construction
system and design of the home. Typical brickwork widths ranged from 100mm to 330mm.
With timber rafters and various types of covering materials, such as slates, the Victorian
roofs were built on-site. The drainage system included cast iron gutters and downpipes.
Windows in Victorian-era homes are known as "double – hung sash windows."
Incorporated internal wood shutters were common on these timber-framed windows. Most
Victorian homes had both fireplaces and gas stoves for heating, and gas lighting was
common in 1880 homes.
In the past, open fires and loose-fitting windows were employed to provide exhaust
ventilation in houses and other constructions. This implies that air tightness and draft
proofing in older buildings should be handled with caution to avoid exposing structural
parts to condensation and mold development, which might lead to fabric deterioration or
have a negative impact on the health of the building's inhabitants.
The above-mentioned design of the 1880 three story brick three terraced building render it
efficient and need to be upgraded to meet the modern design.

3. SPA And EFC Calculations
SPA Measures how much energy is consumed, how much is lost or gained, and how well the
house retains heat. Several factors go into determining the SAP rating, including the
structure of the house, the quality of the insulation, the heating systems used, the lighting,
the potential for alternative energy sources, and any solar gains.
When doing the SAP computation, several different inputs are used to account for all of the
different aspects of the building.
Each of the building components, such as bricks, lumber, and roofing material, has a unique
ability to insulate.
The materials suggested for thermal insulation
Features of the ventilation, including any chimneys, extractor fans, and the need for window
ventilation.
Efficient heating systems, as well as their control mechanisms.
Features of the home's solar gain and the location of the house.
Sources of energy for space and water heating and lighting.
Any potential new sources of energy for the future.
Procedure To Be Followed To Upgrade EPC From G To B
Replace all of the single-layer glass in this home with double-layer glass to enhance energy
efficiency and minimize heat loss. The wall's heat insulation technique involves injecting the
insulation material via tiny holes in the outer wall and enhancing the wall's heat insulation
capability. Replace aging incandescent lights with LED bulbs, which are more efficient, safer,
and longer-lasting than traditional bulbs. The EPC rating may be improved by using a more
efficient boiler, which saves a lot of energy and is more efficient. By installing loft insulation,
you'll not only improve your home's overall energy efficiency but also raise its EPC rating.
Calculation Of The EPC Rating
Below are the formulas used for SAP calculation
If a refit package is recommended, and the total annual savings is £3500, the updated
annual bill would be £4200 – £3500 = £700. With the new annual bill (total costs) and the
ECF formula:
Using a scale of 1 to 100, SAP scores range from 0 (zero) to 100 (zero). A house with a rating
greater than 100 is one that produces more energy than it consumes in a year. This implies
that the more energy efficient a house is, the cheaper its fuel expenses and CO2 emissions

4. will be, making it more environmentally friendly.
From the above we can say that SAP point is integral, This means that the post retrofitting
rate is B
Payback period Calculation.
Let’s take the house cost to be 1750
Here the payback period is 2 years
Retrofitting Areas
Install Windows With Double Glazed
Figure 1 Double grazed window
Technical Specifications
Figure 2 Double grazed window technical specifications
In terms of benefits, the double-glazed window is an excellent choice as it bears the
following immense advantages.
The ability to keep heat in and cold out. Double-layer glass windows have a low thermal
conductivity, superior thermal insulation to aluminum, and excellent airtightness, thus they
are not chilly to the touch even in cold climates.
A good sound barrier. In accordance with applicable requirements, the double-glazed
structure is well-designed with its joints being tight as well as a sound-insulation effect of
about 30dB.
Resistant to impact. Aluminum-plastic composite profiles and two panes of glass make up
the double-paned window. Aluminum-plastic composite profiles have a good impact
resistance because of their aluminum alloy look.
The ability to keep air out. Each crevice in an aluminum-plastic composite window is filled
with a sealant or rubber strip to provide excellent airtightness and prevent rainwater from

5. penetrating.
Watertightness is an important feature. The rainproof water structure of the doors and
windows isolates rainwater from the outside and fulfills the appropriate national criteria
for water tightness.
Excellent anti-theft capabilities. The high-level ornamental locks and outstanding hardware
accessories of aluminum-plastic composite windows help deter burglars from entering the
room.
If you're concerned about your home's energy efficiency, double-glazed windows are a great
way to save money on your utility bills. The double-layer glass will be standard in most
homes by the end of this century. If the old house doesn't have a double-layer glass window,
it won't be as efficient as a newer house, and this is why it needs to be rebuilt with double-
layer glass. For every 5 to 10 points that new double glazing is installed, the house's Energy
Performance Certificate (EPC) rating will climb. Although triple-glazed windows increase
sound and heat insulation, they are more expensive and less effective than double-glazed
windows, hence double-glazed are the better choice.
Use Wall Insulation (External Wall Insulation, Cavity Wall Insulation)
Figure 3 Cavity wall Insulation
Technical Specifications
Cavity Areas
ADL1A 2013 – England
Notional Dwelling Ratings
Floors (W/m²·K)

6. 0.15
Walls (W/m²·K)
0.17
Roofs (W/m²·K)
0.11
Wall Insulation Has Several Benefits, Including
Lower energy cost. Reduce the amount of heat that is lost via the outer wall. In the winter,
homeowners can expect to lose up to 40% of their heat through their walls. External wall
insulation may help homes save up to £400 a year in heating expenses by reducing this.
Putting up external wall insulation costs a lot, but it pays for itself over time by saving you
money on your heating bills.
Minimize the influence on the environment. Cavity wall insulation has already been linked
to a reduction in environmental impact. The quantity of harmful gases emitted into the
atmosphere is determined by the amount of energy used. It's a no-brainer: using less energy
means leaving a smaller carbon imprint behind. This implies that installing insulation in
your home will save you money while also protecting the environment, which is a win-win
situation for everyone involved.
Cost-effective. It may be quite effective and save a lot of money compared to other methods,
therefore it has a certain return on investment. It's not possible to install insert wall
insulation materials on your own, but the cost varies depending on your country, but
typically the price of bungalows or mid-rise houses is 3-400 While detached houses cost
more than 700 pounds, semi-detached houses and bungalows fall somewhere in between.
Those who qualify for specific benefits can receive free wall insulation. An inexpensive
three-story brick teepee-style townhouse can be quickly and easily constructed.

7. Installing the system is simple. Because of advances in science and technology, this
installation will have little impact on the original structure and will be completed in a very
short period of time, as well. It is the exterior wall that brings everything to a successful
conclusion. In order to finish the filling of the mortar joints in a wall, the insulating
materials must be circulated through the wall. The whole installation period is around an
hour and a half.
One of the most common and practical ways to save energy is by installing enough
insulation. It might be less expensive than other options. Improved scores may be achieved
by using new insulating materials, especially if the old ones were subpar or nonexistent. At
least 270 mm of attic insulation will significantly reduce the amount of energy escaping
through the roof. Up to a third of the heat from an uninsulated roof is lost through the roof.
Using solid brick walls to insulate an older structure (built before 1920) is a great approach
to improve the energy efficiency of the building. Both hollow walls (in which a space exists
between two layers of brick) and solid wall insulation work well. There is a broad range in
prices, nevertheless The average cost of installing a hollow wall in a normal semi-detached
house is between £370 and £500, making it a quick, simple, and inexpensive step that might
have a substantial influence on your home's total EPC rating. The EPC rating may be
improved by 10-20 points by installing cavity wall insulation.
Upgrade To LED Lights
Figure 4 18W LED Tri-Colour Bulkhead White
Technical Specifications
Light clour
Temprature
Luminous efficiency
Life span

8. Power rating
Warm / Cool / Day Light
3000K
75Lm/W
30000 hrs
18 W
There are many advantages to using LED lamps.
Longer life span. LED components and the manner they generate light considerably increase
the bulb's lifespan. It is possible for LED bulbs to last for thousands of hours longer than
other kinds of bulbs owing to their low heat, durability and energy economy.
The filament and other critical components of the bulb often degrade with time, resulting in
the bulb's eventual failure. LEDs, on the other hand, never go out. Lumen depreciation is the
term used to describe this phenomenon. If you don't mind or don't want to cut the lumen
output of an LED bulb to 30%, the bulb's span may be longer than the average rated life
hours given on the packaging. I had no idea the light had dimmed. In comparison to
incandescent lights, LED bulbs have an average rated life of 4000–3000 hours greater,
however several manufacturers have rated lives exceeding 25000 hours.
Reduced use of energy. A few kilowatts every 1000 hours is all that an LED bulb uses, but a

9. 60-watt incandescent light uses one kilowatt per a dozen hours, according to reliable
sources. An LED's high lumen output per watt enables it to provide light with 70%
efficiency. As a result, they are more energy-efficient than other types of bulbs, which
squander a significant amount of energy as heat. LED bulbs can provide 40 watts of
incandescent light with just 6 watts of power.
Lesser risk of injury and a safer environment. When combustible materials (such as a
curtain) come into contact with an incandescent light bulb, they can cause a fire. A painter
left a 1,000-watt halogen bulb on near a pair of heavy draperies in November 1992, causing
them to catch fire and scorch Windsor Castle for nine hours. It cost £36.5 million to restore
more than 100 rooms that were destroyed. When in operation, LED lights generate almost
little heat, thus they are safe for use around people and their homes. Light is produced when
an LED bulb is powered up and electromagnetic energy is emitted. LEDs can operate at a
low temperature than previous kinds of lightings because they convert energy into light
rather than heat.
Reliability. With no filament or other delicate elements, LED lights can function at lower
temperatures and with higher shock and vibration resistance than traditional bulbs, making
them an extremely durable and dependable lighting option. This stability makes it perfect
for use in places with varying temperatures, harsh weather, and a lot of activity.
Physically, LED lights are tiny. The LED gadget itself is relatively modest in size. It is
possible for big power devices to be as tiny as a square millimeter for small power devices,
and vice versa. Because of their modest size, they may be used in a wide variety of lighting
applications. A broad range of LED applications may be traced back to its origins in circuit
board illumination and traffic lights, as well as its widespread usage in stadium lighting. The
dazzling impact is clearly visible even if the light is just illuminating the inside of the home.
The Color Rendering Index Of LEDs Is Excellent (CDI)
As an indicator of how well an object's color is revealed by a light source, the CRI (Color
Rendering Index) can be calculated (natural light). It is almost always preferable to have a
high CRI (depending on the application, of course). It's common for LEDs to have a high CRI
rating when CRI is considered. The simplest way to comprehend CRI with LED lighting is to
compare it to previous lighting systems which have lower CRI and, in some cases, are
almost monochromatic.
Dimming capabilities of LEDs. LEDs may function at any proportion of their rated power,
from 0% to 100%. It should be noted that dimming requires hardware particular to LED.
When LEDs are operated at a lower than optimal power level, they become more energy
efficient. This also extends the lamp's lifespan. Metal halides, for example, lack these two
benefits. They're less effective at low power and can't be dimmed in many situations.In
recent years, LED lighting has become a popular method of saving money on the utility bill..

10. Increasing the EPC rating is also a cost-effective approach to do it.
A More Efficient Boiler To Be Installed.
GCV efficiency ranges from 92 percent to 99.5 percent.
Oil and gas control that is modulating, high/low, and on/off.
Low NOx levels, with a maximum of 50 ppm on gas and 80 ppm on oil, and a 0% O2 DAF.
Flues up to 50 meters long, balanced or conventional
The maximum operating pressure is 5 BARS.
The maximum operating temperature is 95 degrees Celsius. Accessible through most
entrances and elevators when dismantled.
An Efficient Boiler Has Several Advantages.
It takes up less space, for starters. Smaller and more than one-floor space may be found on
high-efficiency boilers. Because to their smaller size, they have a less impact on the
environment, as well as being more compact. There are a variety of facilities where saving
square feet is a critical issue. With centralized boiler systems, owners and administrators of
multi-family homes may reap enormous benefits. The value of a property may be increased
by canceling individual units in each residence. It may also make safe operation and
maintenance easier. It's a compact size that doesn't take up a lot of room. It can be deployed
in a variety of locations and used at any time.
More efficient. Your business will run more smoothly if your boilers are efficient. Boilers
that are more efficient in terms of energy usage are not the only ones that are better. It is
less probable that the facility will be disturbed owing to maintenance downtime. A growing
number of people are opting for modern systems that have many independent,
interconnected modules, each with its own heating unit. As long as the other modules are
functioning, the missing unit is covered until it can be fixed. If the old boiler breaks down,
the whole system will be out of commission until the essential repairs are made.
Save money on your utility expenses. These facility managers can replace your old boiler
with a more modern and efficient one, which will lower your annual energy costs because it
uses less power. Because the old equipment must be repaired to work properly, regular
maintenance is an expensive problem to have, but with the new boiler, you won't have to
worry about it. After then, the reduction in energy costs will result in a profit.
Using a new and efficient boiler to replace the old one in this three-story brick townhouse is
very essential. It doesn't matter what kind of boiler is used, as long as the EPC rating of the
property is improved. It's no secret that efficient boilers are in demand. With their
attractive design and low weight, high-efficiency boilers are simpler to install in homes.
High-efficiency boilers are popular primarily because they perform and operate more
efficiently than regular boilers.

11. A more efficient condensing boiler is thus more desirable, since it may drastically cut your
monthly heating expense, which is something everyone in the UK is seeking for at a time
when living costs are growing.
Insulation In The Loft
Figure 5 Loft installation
Installing Loft Insulation Has Several Advantages.
Energy costs may be reduced. Installing insulation in your attic may help you save money on
your heating bills while also improving the comfort of your home throughout the year. If
you want to save money, spray foam insulation is your best option. You'll see a return on
your investment within three years of installing it, compared to alternative insulating
materials like as glass fibber. Saving 35% of your yearly heating bills (about £ 225 for the
average home) is also an option.
Minimize the influence on the environment. The environment will be less harmed if the
property uses less energy. Carbon dioxide emissions and the discharge of pollutants from
air conditioning equipment may be reduced by insulating the attic of your home. Attic
insulation may be made from a variety of materials, including new resources (like recycled
plastic bottles) and old ones (like wool rugs).
While each kind of insulation is done differently, most blanket insulation materials may be
installed as a do-it-yourself (DIY) effort. Some preparatory work is necessary, no matter
what sort of insulation is used. The attic has to be cleaned out. The attic should always be
cleaned before bringing in a professional attic insulation installation. To ensure the integrity
of the wiring, it must be handled with care. Keep the wire above the insulation, but don't
extend it if it can't reach the wire comfortably. If there is any trouble with the wiring, the
electrician will be able to re-route it for you. Which one should you go to if you want to
discover a reputable electrician in your area? Look for a trustworthy businessperson in
your area. Tanks and pipes for water. Because less heat is absorbed into the attic, the pipes
and water tanks in the attic should be properly insulated to prevent pipes from freezing. If
in doubt, put the insulation according to the manufacturer's instructions to get the most out
of it.
The New Building
There should be a similarity between the 50 new houses and the brick three-storey terraced
townhouse in shape, form, and size, based on this information. 50 new dwellings will make
use of appropriate materials and building methods in order to meet the BRE's Home Quality

12. Mark One Technical Standard to level 1 (the minimal pass level).
Reducing Heat Loss
Designed U-Values
An excellent alternative for mineral wool insulation is to install it on the outside wall. It has
certain advantages in that it may lower the amount of heat lost through the wall. First and
foremost, mineral wool is very light and pliable, making it a breeze to install. Fixing it
between the wood, metal, and R-piece frames is not necessary. In other words, this suggests
that it's simple to set up and utilize. Several insulating materials (such as is over's G3 touch)
have been made lighter and simpler to handle thanks to the new production procedure
while yet keeping their great performance. Second, it is environmentally friendly, having a
"a" certification in the BRE group's "green code guide" due to its low waste production.
Mineral wool is a leader in the thermal insulation business in terms of sustainability. In
addition, spent mineral wool may be recycled and reintroduced directly into the
manufacturing process. In addition, since mineral wool is created from recycled raw
materials, such as glass, it has a lower environmental effect because it employs recycled
resources. Because we employ 86 percent recycled glass in the production process, which is
the maximum possible composition. Installing the 270mm over mineral wool in an
uninsulated attic saves roughly 800kg of CO2 per year for the average family. Customers
may save money and gasoline while also enhancing their home's environmental
friendliness, as a result of this feature. As a last point, the European Insulation
Manufacturers Association says that mineral wool is one of the most examined products in
the construction industry, making it safe. More than 1000 studies have been undertaken
over the last 50 years by prominent experts in Europe and the United States to verify that
this material is safe for use in our buildings and enterprises.
It is possible to employ a suspended wood floor with mineral wool insulation based on the
loft insulation. Mineral wool is a long-lasting insulator with the added benefit of being able
to boost a home's energy efficiency.
A smart option to prevent heat loss and enhance energy efficiency is to install double- or
triple-glazed windows, depending on the location of the windows. It's worth mentioning
that the windows aren't prohibitively pricey.
The construction of double-glazed windows has been shown in this article. Making use of an
energy-efficient lighting system, such as LED light bulbs, is a safe and low-temperature
solution to extend the life of the lighting system. As a whole, the building benefits from its
reliability and physical compactness.

13. Ventilation systems will be installed in each of the 50 new homes to help residents breathe
easier. Passive cooling methods like openable windows and mechanical ventilation and heat
recovery provide more fresh air. More high-quality air may be obtained via the use of the
Ventit mechanical ventilation system. Such a ventilation system automatically recycles the
bad quality air, which is preferable than providing the air of excellent quality to the people,
since the living environment would certainly include excessive water, carbon dioxide, and
volatile organic compounds. Paints, cleansers, and solvents emit these hazardous gases,
which are then released into the air after they have been used in the kitchen or the
bathroom. Toxic gases, such as carbon dioxide, will continue to rise. Despite the fact that
opening the windows may lessen the quantity of toxic gas, the impact is not immediately
apparent. Mechanical ventilation is still required to monitor the air in the house and
conduct the best possible ventilation. This ventilation system has the added benefit of
allowing residents to independently regulate the ventilation volume and quality of the
indoor air, both of which contribute to better air quality and lower utility costs for the
household.
Houses must have a heating system. In order to achieve a pleasant temperature, the
homeowner may use this device to regulate the air temperature. It may also lower the cost
of heating and become more energy-conscious.
There will be a total of 50 new residences erected in a city center, and the danger of flooding
will need to be analyzed at that area. A meeting of project stakeholders is needed to clarify
everyone's roles and responsibilities, as well as to establish a set of measures to manage the
construction process and quality, carry out relevant inspections, and take measures for
related risks prior to beginning the detailed design phase of the project. As soon as
everything has been prepared, it's time to put the system through its paces and have it
tested by individuals who weren't involved in the initial installation. When the home is
finished, check it to make sure there are no flaws or to fix any that are found. Before moving
into their new residences, residents can be certain that the developer will show them
around the property and teach them about its features.
If these practices and materials are followed to their full potential, the house's HQM rating
will most certainly be higher than level 1, and the EPC rating of the new house will certainly
be higher than the previously modified house, so it's safe to say that the new house's EPC
rating will be at least level B.
Behaviour Change.
A variety of materials are used depending on the circumstances of the retrofitted home and
the newly constructed house. Double-glazed windows are used to further strengthen
thermal insulation, as well as to ensure the safety of the bulbs and to save on energy costs,
as well as reducing the temperature of the home by a significant amount. Additionally, an
efficient water heater ensures that people can use it every day, which saves time. As far as

14. we can tell, new residences are built using more environmentally friendly materials and
building methods. It has the potential to conserve more energy and, as a result, lower your
monthly energy expenses. It is possible for a homeowner to set a timer to turn on certain
appliances, such as water heaters, heating systems, and air conditioning units. Only the
windows may be left open while no one is home to keep the house cool. Energy savings are
possible with this kind of management style.
Conclusion
Sustainable development is becoming increasingly popular as environmental degradation
and climate change become more prevalent. Buildings are becoming more environmentally
friendly as individuals continue to utilize more sustainable materials, such as wood, and less
polluting ventilation and heating systems, as highlighted in the research. As far as feasible,
the EPC score of the new dwellings will be improved, as will the HQM minimum
requirement. The new homes' measures and equipment will be more in line with
sustainable development, and they will be upgraded over time as the path to sustainable
development continues to be improved.
Energy and Environment aims to bring together energy policy analysts, natural scientists
and engineers, and legal experts to contribute to mutual understanding and learning.
According to Lee et al. (2021) increased communication among experts will enhance policy
quality, contribute to societal progress, and lessen conflict. In order to inform policymakers
and practitioners, it is important to tracks and analyzes energy demand and supply from a
social science perspective. Energy supply, transportation, production, and consumption at
all levels must be considered in policymaking if it is to be effective. Submissions based on
the study of policy implementation, which is ultimately more important than policy
formation, are especially encouraged (Lee et al. 2019). In today's world, national and local
politics, as well as global energy politics, are all impacted by environmental regulations and
new technologies. In Energy and Environment, professional information is shared and
debated across various fields and professions, including finance.
Reference List
Fawcett, T., 2014. Exploring the time dimension of low carbon retrofit: owner-occupied
housing. Building Research & Information, 42(4), pp.477-488.
Ibrahim, A. and Pelsmakers, S.L., 2018. Low-energy housing retrofit in North England:
Overheating risks and possible mitigation strategies. Building Services Engineering
Research and Technology, 39(2), pp.161-172.
Kerr, N. and Winskel, M., 2020. Household investment in home energy retrofit: A review of
the evidence on effective public policy design for privately owned homes. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 123, p.109778.

15. Lee, J., Shepley, M.M. and Choi, J., 2019. Exploring the effects of a building retrofit to improve
energy performance and sustainability: A case study of Korean public buildings. Journal of
Building Engineering, 25, p.100822.
Liu, G., Tan, Y. and Huang, Z., 2021. Knowledge Mapping of Homeowners’ Retrofit Behaviors:
An Integrative Exploration. Buildings, 11(7), p.273.
Sarran, L., Lex, S.W. and Wærsted, E.H., 2022. Comfort and technical installations in Danish
low-energy homes: reconnecting design intention and domestic perceptions. Building
Research & Information, 50(3), pp.308-324.