Research

1. Bitthal Nilotpal Sarangi HS15H009

2.  Are the sports entrenchment of Masculinity
ideas to promote physical dominance over
others or a platform to engage all,
irrespective of gender, for physical fitness
and recreation?
 Why does most of the times, Sports invoke a
male image.

3.  HeraeanGames in Olympia - Unmarried
 SpartanWomenTraining – Eugenic
 Plato’s Support forWomen Sports
 First Olympics in 1896 didn’t had women.

4.  Germany’s educationistGutsMuth in 1793
spearheaded the girl’s physical education’s
cause.
 Susan B Anthony, AmericanWoman Activist,
saw physical activity like Cycling as
instrument the break the bondage of gender
stereotype, sign of freedom and self-reliance.
 Communist and Socialist countries promoted
finest female athletes through state-
sponsorship.

5.  Pay Gap:
Women on the U.S national team earned
$99,000 per year, while men earned $263,320
if they were to win 20 exhibition matches.
There is a substantial gap in rewards in regards
to winning the FIFAWorld Cup.The German
men's national team earned 35 million
dollars, while the American women's national
team earned 2 million dollars after winning
theWorld Cup.

6.  Can anyone recall a name from female
hockey team of India or say the captain of
Indian female Cricket team?*
(Michael Messner’s ResearchTable on USTV)
Sport Segment Women Men
1989 5% 92%
1999 8.7% NA
2009 1.6% NA

7. Less Media
Coverage
Less Female Role
Models/coaches
Less Motivation
to break social
stereotype
Lack of
performance in
women sports
Strengthening
of gender
stereotype
Fewer Female
Readership/View
ership
LessAwareness
and Public
Initiative

8.  “The sexualisation of sportswomen in Sunday
reporting is commonplace and aimed at the
mostly male readership. It promotes the idea
of female aesthetics over achievements,
while the coverage of women not directly
involved in sport misrepresents the place of
women in sport and inferiorizes real
sportswomen's achievements." (The Science
Daily)

9.  Menstruation as hindrance in female sports,
with some cases of PMS.
 Hormonal imbalance – Case of Dutee Chand.

10.  Sports to be relieved off of its categories and
All Genders could compete together from the
time of childhood.
 Gender Sensitization should make people
understand and not treat other gender
different and special by infantilizing.

11. 1.Bodenner, Chris. “Why Aren'tWomen's Sports as Big as Men's?YourThoughts.” 9 June 2015.The
Atlantic. 21 September 2018
<https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/06/women-and-sports-world-cupsoccer/
395231/>.
2.Brenkus, John. “Why GirlsAnd Boys ShouldCompeteWith Each Other In Sports .” LasVegas: TEDx, 7
February 2018.
3.Cocozza, Paula. “Menstruation: the last great sporting taboo.” 21 January 2015.TheGuardian. 18
September 2018 <https://www.theguardian.com/sport/shortcuts/2015/jan/21/menstruation-lastgreat-
sporting-taboo>.
4.Duncan, Margaret Carlisle and Michael A. Messner. Gender inTelevised Sports:1989, 1993,1999.
Statistical Investigation. Los Angeles: AmateurAthletic Foundation of LosAngeles, 2000.
5.International Olympic Association.Women and Sports. 18th September 2018
<https://www.olympic.org/women-in-sport/background/key-dates>.
6.Kane, M. J., LaVoi, N. M., Fink, J. S. “Exploring elite female athletes' interpretations of sport media
images: A window into the construction of social identity and "selling sex" in women's sports.”
Communication & Sport 1.3 (2013): 269-298.
7.Krüger, Arnd. “European Culture in Sports.” Krüger, James Riordan & Arnd. Examining the Nations
and Regions. Bristol: Intellect, 2003. 57-88.
8.Sanotra, Nikhita. SheThe PeopleTV. 28 April 2017. 28 September 2018
<https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/challenges-faced-by-female-athletes>.
9.Scanlon,Thomas F.Archeology Archive. 6th April 2004. 18th September 2018
<https://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/olympics/girls.html >.
10.The Science Daily.The weekend as a male entity: How Sunday newspaper sports reporting centre
around male activities, interests and language. 18 September 2013. 29 September 2018
<https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130918090756.htm>.