1. CHAPTER 18 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1) Define "sport sociology."
2) How much money was spent on licensed sport merchandise in 2005?
3) Explain how sport is a socializing agent.
4) Explain how sport is a unifer.
5) What year was Title IX passed?
6) The year Title IX was passed, what was the average number of sports per school
available for women? What was that number in 2008?
7) Since the passage of Title IX, what % of athletic scholarships at the intercollegiate level
have women received? During that same time, what % of all undergraduates nationwide
have women represented?
8) In 2008, what % of all head coaches in women's athletics were female?
9) As of 2009, what was the only sport league to have any female head coaches?
10) Define: gender roles, role learning, race logic, stacking.
11) What does the Rooney Rule mandate?
12) How many African American head coaches were there in the NFL in 2008? How many
are there right now (use that Internet thing to figure it out).
13) In 2008, what % of Division I athletic directors were African American men?
14) Why does sport sociology have significant implications for sport managers?
2. SPORT SOCIOLOGY
“THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN SPORTS & SOCIETY.”
IT EXAMINES:
-HOW CULTURE & VALUES
INFLUENCE SPORTS.
-HOW SPORTS INFLUENCES
CULTURES & VALUES.
-THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SPORTS & RACE, GENDER, AGE,
RELIGION, POLITICS, ETC.
-THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SPORTS & SOCIAL INEQUALITY &
SOCIAL MOBILITY.
4. 1) SOCIALIZING AGENT
SOCIALIZATION:
-”THE PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE LEARN & DEBELOP THROUGH
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS & COME TO KNOW THE ENVIRONMENT
AROUND THEM.”
-SPORT PROVIDES A SOURCE OF BOTH GROUP & PERSONAL
IDENTITY. IT SATISFIES BASIC NEEDS FOR BELONGING.
ROLE LEARNING:
-”A SOCIAL PROCESS BY WHICH CHILDREN LEARN VARIOUS ROLES &
THE CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM.”
5. 2) UNIFIER
-SPORT CAN BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER BY GIVING THEM A
SENSE OF PERSONAL IDENTITY, AS WELL AS FEELINGS OF
GROUP MEMBERSHIP & SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION.
COLLECTIVE RITUAL:
-”GROUPS OF PEOPLE ENGAGING IN A SET FORM OF RITES &
PRACTICES SUCH AS A RELIGIOUS CEREMONY OR ATHLETIC
EVENT.”
6. 3) GENDER EQUALITY
-PASSED IN 1972 AS PART OF THE EDUCATION AMENDMENTS ACT
-DESIGNED TO PROHIBIT SEX DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATIONAL
SETTINGS
-GIRLS INVOLVED IN INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS NATIONWIDE:
-PRE TITLE IX: 298,000
-2010: 3+ MILLION
8. 1) SEXISM
ATHLETIC BUDGETS:
-FROM 1972-2008 FEMALES RECEIVED $166 MILLION LESS IN SCHOLARSHIP MONEY
THAN THEIR MALE COUNTERPARTS
-NCAA FEMALE TEAMS RECEIVE ABOUT 1/3 ($1.55 BILLION) LESS THAN MEN’S
PROGRAMS
LEADERSHIP ROLES:
-BEFORE 1972: OVER 90% HEAD COACHES IN WOMEN’S ATHLETICS WERE FEMALE
-2008: 42.8% HEAD COACHES IN WOMEN’S ATHLETICS WERE FEMALE
-2008: 20% OF NCAA HEAD COACHES ARE FEMALE.
-2006: 1 IN 7 WOMEN’S PROGRAMS HAD NO FEMALE ANYWHERE IN THE ATHLETICS
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
MEDIA COVERAGE:
-2004: FEMALE ATHLETES RECEIVED ONLY 6.3% OF TOTAL SPORTS COVERAGE
-2000: NY TIMES DEVOTED 10 TIMES MORE SPACE TO MEN THAN WOMEN
9. 2) RACISM
LEADERSHIP ROLES
-STACKING:
-”A DISPROPORTIONATE ALLOCATION OF ATHLETES TO CENTRAL & NONCENTRAL
POSITIONS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR RACE OR ETHNICITY
-MLB: WHITES DOMINATE CATCHER & PITCHER
-NFL: WHITES DOMINATE QUARTERBACK
-NCAA COACHING: 50% NCAA D1 FOOTBALL PLAYERS ARE BLACK BUT LESS THAN
5% HEAD COACHES ARE BLACK
MEDIA COVERAGE
-1957: SI PUTS FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMAN ON COVER
-ALTHEA GIBSON (THE JACKIE ROBINSON OF TENNIS)
-1987: SI PUTS 2ND AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMAN ON COVER
-JACKIE JOYNER-KERSEE (SI VOTED HER GREATEST FEMALE ATHLETE OF
20TH CENTURY)
10. 3) HOMOPHOBIA & HETEROSEXISM
-HOMOPHOBIA:
-”AN IRRATIONAL FEAR, A CONTEMPT, OR AN ANTIPATHY TOWARD HOMOSEXUALS &
HOMOSEXUALITY.”
-HETEROSEXISM:
-”AN IDEOLOGY & A BEHAVIOR THAT PROMOTE PRIVILEGE FOR DOMINANT GROUPS.
-FEMALE ATHLETES ARE PRESSURED TO EMBRACE A “FEMININE IMAGE”
-ROLE OF SPORT IN MALES LIVES TO PROVE MASCULINITY & MANHOOD
-GAY ATHLETES GET LESS MEDIA COVERAGE & ENDORSEMENT DEALS
