2. Eight Parts of Speech
s
Nouns
Verb
Pron
o uns
Interjections
Interjections
rrbs
e bs P re
Adjectives ve
dv pos
Ad
A i tio
ns
Conj unct ions
Conj unct ions
4. Kinds of Nouns
Common Nouns Proper Nouns
boy John
girl
Mary
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns
boy boys
girl
girls
Singular Possessive Plural Possessive
boy’s boys’
girl’s girls’
5. A word that expresses action or
otherwise helps to make a
statement “be” verbs
&
taste
SSubeect feel
ubj j ct
Liinki
sound
L nkin look
Action ng
g
appear
become predicate
seem predicate
grow
remain
stay
7. Kinds of Verbs
Action verbs express Linking verbs make a
mental or physical statement by
action. connecting the
subject with a word
that describes or
explains it.
He rode the horse to
victory.
He has been sick.
8. The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.
It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.
s
Indefinite Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns
noun anybody this
al Proe each
rson e, min urs that
Pe I,m o
r, y
either
, you , hers, none these
y o u , h er
s h e i t , i t s u rs someone, one, etc. Interro those
o
u r,
s , o , t h ei r
, gative P
,u
we them ronoun
, s who s
they their
e lf whom
mys elf
rs what
you
which
whose
9. Modifies or describes a
noun or pronoun.
Answers these questions:
Did you lose your address
book?
Is that a wool sweater?
Just give me five minutes.
10. Modifies or describes
Modifies or describes
a verb, an adjective,
a verb, an adjective, Answers the questions:
Answers the questions:
or another adverb.
or another adverb.
He ran quickly.
Ho w?
Ho w?
He ran quickly.
When?
When?
She left yesterday.
She left yesterday.
We went there.
We went there. Wherre?
Whe e?
It was too hot!
It was too hot! To what degree or how much?
To what degree or how much?
11. Interrogative
Adverbs How did you break your
introduce questions leg?
When does your plane leave?
How often do
you run?
Where did you put the
mouse trap?
12. A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun
or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence
as a noun. The word or word group that the
preposition introduces is its object.
They received a postcard from Bobby telling
about his trip to Canada.
13. The preposition never stands alone!
noun object of
preposition pronoun preposition
preposition object
You can press those leaves under glass.
can have more than
one object
Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news.
object can have modifiers
It happened during the last examination.
14. Some Common Prepositions
aboard behind from throughout
about below in to
above beneath into toward
across beside like under
after between of underneath
against beyond off until
along by on up
among down over upon
around during past with
at except since within
before for through without
23. A singular subject demands a singular verb; a
plural subject demands a plural verb. That is the
simple principle behind subject-verb agreement.
This presentation will explore some of the
difficulties we have with subject-verb agreement
and provide some notes about avoiding
agreement problems in our own writing.
24. Indefinite pronouns such as everyone and everybody feel
plural to some writers, but they are always singular — and
take a singular verb.
Everyone associated with the project is
proud to be part of the effort.
Someone has to be responsible.
Don’t be confused by phrases that come between the
subject pronoun and its verb — phrases that may
contain plural words.
Each of the project partners is responsible for
writing a chapter summary.
25. The verb that accompanies pronouns such as all and
some will be determined by whether the pronoun is
referring to something that is COUNTABLE or not.
Some of the students in the cafeteria
have voted already.
Some of the grain was ruined by the flood.
“Students” is countable, but we cannot count
“the grain”; it is one lump, one quantity.
None is usually regarded as singular, but it
can be used as a plural pronoun.
None of the representatives has indicated how he
or she will vote. OR None of the representatives
have indicated how they will vote.
26. In formal writing, when either and neither appear
as a subject alone (without their sidekicks or and
nor), they are singular. This is true even though
the subject seems to be two things.
Neither of these choices appears to be satisfactory.
The purchasing office will lend me a company car
or compensate me for travel expenses. Either is fine
with me.
27. When either and neither act as
correlative conjunctions, the subject that is closer
to the verb determines the number (singular or
plural form) of the verb.
Neither the principal nor the teachers are at fault.
Either the teachers or the principal has to be
responsible for the year-end festival.
Has either the President or his aides been in touch
with you?
28. When an expletive construction (there is, there are,
here is, etc.) begins a sentence, the subject (which
determines the number of the verb) comes after
the verb.
There are several explanations for the Civil War.
Here come Joe and his two brothers.
If the management team takes this attitude, there
is very little latitude for negotiation.
29. Be careful when lengthy or numerous modifying
phrases come between the subject and its verb.
Tim Berners-Lee, one of America’s most
prominent computer scientists and —as a founder
of the World Wide Web Consortium — one of the
most important figures in the development of the
Internet, has been working quietly at M.I.T. for
many years.
The fact that the plural “scientists” and “figures”
appear in this sentence has no effect on our choice of a
31. D - Overuse or Omission of
Articles ‘a’,’an’ and ‘the’.
For example:
Indian speaker: “Please give me your first
name and the last name.”
Should say: “Please give me your first and
last name.”
33. E - Confusion in Tenses
The simple present tense is often confused
with the present continuous tense.
34. The Simple Present
Tense
The simple present tense is used for two
main types of action:
Habits
Actions which happen regularly (every day,
every week, etc.)
States
Things which do not often change
(opinions, conditions, etc.)
35. Simple Present Tense- ‘Habits’
Some examples will help to make this clearer:
Young-Mi goes to class every day.
"Every day" is a habit.
It rains a lot in Vancouver.
This means that it rains often.
Santos always talks about his family.
"Always" means this is a habit.
36. Simple Present Tense- “States”
Jerry spends Christmas with his parents.
This implies that he spends Christmas
with his parents every year.
Bianca lives in Florida.
This is a state, because it doesn't change.
Jean-Paul has red hair.
Hair color usually doesn’t change
37. The Present Continuous Tense
The present continuous tense is used for
two main types of action:
1.A temporary action happening now
- Something which is going on right now (but
it will stop in the future)
2.A definite plan for the future
- Something we intend to do, usually in the
near future
38. Examples
1.Temporary action happening right now
John is winning the game.
Right now, John is winning, but the game isn't
finished yet.
2.Definite plan for the future
I’m playing soccer tomorrow.
This plan is already arranged and fixed .
40. F - Avoiding Redundancies
The needless repetition of an idea in a
different word, phrase, or sentence can
make your speech redundant.
Some examples :
Past history, Added bonus, ATM machine,
Top priority, CAD design, component
parts, combined together, DOS operating
system.
41. G - Avoiding the use of Word Tags
1.Pass me the book, na.
2.I have done the job, ok.
3.Today is a nice day, ya.
4.What hard luck, man.
5.Tell me what, da.
42. Grammatical Offenses
1. Me and my friends went to the
movies.
"My friends and I went to the movies."
2.Throwed instead of threw. "He
throwed up his arms, then he throwed down
the weapon,"
“He threw up his arms, then he threw down
the weapon”.
43. Assignment 8: Statements with
errors
1. Next month we will be having our 1st wedding
anniversary.
2. I’m glad they are our neighbors, they are so nice
people.
3. It was so lovely weather that we decided to have a
picnic.
4. He throwed the weapon when he saw his enemy.
5. I am enjoying working in this company.
44. Cont..Assignment
6. I must take an appointment with the
doctor.
7. What he is afraid of?
8. This house is being built 20 years ago.
9. When you are coming?
10. It is getting late. I must go to home now.
