Maria Mitchell was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts in 1881 and was self-taught in astronomy. She studied astronomy at Vassar College Observatory and became the first woman member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1848. Mitchell photographed sunspots and discovered they were gas on the sun's surface, and studied solar eclipses and the moons of Saturn and Jupiter. She received prestigious awards including from the king of Denmark for discovering a comet in 1847. Mitchell is known for the quote "Study as if you were going to live forever; live as if you were going to die tomorrow."