The document discusses India's economic reforms since 1991. It outlines the major reforms across fiscal, banking, industrial, and other sectors. Some key reforms included reducing fiscal deficits, liberalizing trade and imports, deregulating interest rates, and allowing private sector participation. The reforms contributed to higher GDP growth, increased exports and imports, improved balance of payments, and overall development of the Indian economy. However, it also notes the need to resolve liquidity problems and sustain economic growth.

2. Introduction
Major Causes
Role Of Manmohan Singh
Major economic reforms
Significant Consequences
Various Sectors Affected
Conclusion

3. The term ‘economic reforms’
refers to policy reforms
undertaken by the central govt.
since 1947 to attain certain
significant achievements through
the main approaches which are
as follows:
Stabilization
Restructuring
Globalization

4. Wide ranging tax reforms
Containment of defence
equipment
Cuts in fertilizers
Inward oriented trade policy
Exchange rate devalued

5. Fiscal Reforms:
Reducing the Fiscal Deficit
Banking Sector
Import Licensing
Export Orientation
Tax Reforms
Direct Tax
Indirect Tax
Resource Generation through
Divestment
Structural Economic Reforms
Reorientation of Planning

6. Changing in rate SLR and CRR
Entry of Public and Private
Sector in capital market
Operational Flexibility
Relaxation in Licensing of
Private Bank
Improve standard of
supervision , audit and
technology
Interest rate deregulation and
financial repression.

7. Industrial licensing
Foreign Technology
MRTP limit
Technological Development
Development of small scale
industries
Right of Labor
Foreign Investment
Self reliance

8. Political Reforms for Good Governance
Re-engineering the Role of the
government
Administrative and Legal Reforms
Strategic Management of the Economy with
a focus on knowledgebase
Fiscal Prudence
Agricultural Sector Reforms
Industrial Restructuring
Labour Sector Reforms
Foreign Trade and Outward Investment
Policies
Financial Sector Reforms

9. Higher rate of growth
Rapid growth of secondary and
tertiary Sectors
Increase in Export and Imports
Improved Balance of Payments
Rise in value of Rupee
Less reliance on foreign
borrowings
Overall development of Indian
economy

11. 5.6
1.3
5.1
5.9
7.3 7.3
7.8
4.8
6.5
6.1
90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00
Growth Rate

12. 4.6
-1.1
5.4
3.9
5.3
-0.3
8.8
-1.5
5.9
0.6
7.4
-1
4.3
5.6
10.3
12.3
7.7
3.8 3.8
4.94.9
2.5
5.6
7.1
10.4
13.3
7.8 7.8 7.7
8.5
7.7
12
5.9
13.4
5.6
8.2
7
11.6
7.4
10.6
4.1
2.6
4.6
3.5 3.2
7.9
6.3
11.7
10.4
12.2
90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00
Agriculture Forestry & Fishing ManfacturingConstruction Electricity Trade Hotels Transport Services Public Ministration Defence

13. Year
Growth of Exports-
BOP(%)
Growth of
Imports-BOP(%)
Exports/
imports
(%)
90-91 9 14.4 66.2
95-96 20.3 21.6 74
00-01 21.1 4.6 78.5
2005-2006 23.4 32 67

14. -100000
-50000
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
90-91 95-96 00-01 2005-2006
AmountinUS$Million
Exports
Imports
Trade Balance

15. 11.3 11.3
10.1
10.6
5.4
13
3.1
5.1
3.6
8.1
3.9
4.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Primary aarticaes Power Fuel Light
Lubricants
Manf. Products All comodities
1991-1996 1996-2001 2001-2006

16. Year Gold Foreign Currancy
80-81 370 5850
90-91 3496 2236
2000-2001 2725 39554

17. Indicators 1989-90 1994-95 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
A. Growth of GDP (%) 5.6 6.3 6.1 4.4 5.6 4.4
B. GDP Growth by Sectors (%):
i. Agriculture & Allied 2.7 4.9 0.3 -0.4 5.7 -3.1
ii. Industry, of Which
Manufacturing 6.7 8.3 4 7.3 3.4 6.1
iii. Services 6.7 6 10.1 5.6 6.8 7.1
C. Inflation Rate (WPI Index (%)) 9.1 10.4 4.8 2.5 5.2 3.2
D. Current Account Balance as %
of GDP -3.1 -1.1 -0.5 -0.5 na
E. Foreign Exchange Reserves (US
$ Bn.) 3.37 19.65 35.06 39.55 51.05 69.89
F. Exchange Rates (Rs/US $) 16.6 31.4 43.33 45.51 47.69 48.44
G. Rate of Growth of :
i. Exports (%) 18.9 18.4 10.8 21 -1.6 20.4
ii. Imports (%) 8.8 22.9 17.2 1.7 1.7 14.5
iii. Exports as % of GDP 6.4 9.6 9.1 10.4 9.9
iv. Imports as % of GDP 9.3 10.5 12.4 11.8 11.6 na
H. Fiscal Deficit as % of GDP 7.9 4.7 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.5
I. Revenue Deficit as % of GDP 2.6 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.2 3.9
J. Saving Ratio as % GDP 22.3 24.9 24.1 23.4 24 na
K. Investment as % of GDP 24.9 25.4 25.2 24 23.7 na

18. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1970-80 1980-90 1990-00 2000-10
CRR

19. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1950-60 1960-70 1970-80 1980-90 1990-00 2000-10
bankrate

20. Reforms have put the Indian
economy on a higher growth path.
Equally important to resolve the
immediate liquidity problem.
To restore the economy on the path
of rapid and healthy economic
growth.