brief description and introduction to limbic system with its uses.

1. LIMBIC SYSTEM
DR. BHAVIK CHHEDA.

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• HISTORY OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
• BRIEF PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF LIMBIC SYSTEM.
• FUNCTIONS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM.
• NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ASPECT OF LIMBIC SYSTEM

3. • THE TERM "LIMBIC" COMES FROM THE LATIN LIMBUS, FOR "BORDER" OR
"EDGE.
• REFERS TO A RING OF GRAY MATTER ON THE MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES.
• LIMBIC SYSTEM IS THE AREA OF THE BRAIN THAT REGULATES EMOTION
AND MEMORY.
• IT INCLUDES MANY STRUCTURES IN THE CEREBRAL PRE-CORTEX AND SUB-
CORTEX OF THE BRAIN .
• THE TERM HAS BEEN USED WITHIN PSYCHIATRYAND NEUROLOGY.

4. • THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, ALSO KNOWN AS THE PALEOMAMMALIAN CORTEX, IS
A SET OF BRAIN STRUCTURES LOCATED ON BOTH SIDES OF THE
THALAMUS, IMMEDIATELY BENEATH THE MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE OF THE
CEREBRUM PRIMARILY IN THE MIDBRAIN.
• THE ELEMENTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM ARE PARTICULARLY CONCERNED
WITH MEMORY AND THE EMOTIONAL ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOUR, AND
PROVIDE AN AFFECTIVE OVERTONE TO CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE AS WELL
AS AN INTERFACE WITH SUBCORTICAL AREAS SUCH AS THE
HYPOTHALAMUS, THROUGH WHICH WIDESPREAD PHYSIOLOGICAL
ACTIVITIES ARE INTEGRATED.

5. HISTORY
• PAUL BROCA : LIMBIC LOBE
• JAMES PAPEZ: PAPEZ CIRCUIT
• PAUL MAC LEAN: LIMBIC SYSTEM

6. LIMBIC LOBE 1878 PAUL BROCA
• IDENTIFIED MEDIAL SURFACE OF
CEREBRUM THAT ARE DIFFERENT
FROM THE REST OF CORTEX, CALLED
IT BORDER=LIMBIC LOBE
• CORTEX SURROUNDING CORPUS
CALLOSUM
• THOUGHT TO BE INVOLVED IN
OLFACTION
• THE CINGULATE AND
PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRI FORM THE
“LIMBIC LOBE,” A RIM OF TISSUE
LOCATED ALONG THE JUNCTION OF

7. COMPONENTS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
• THE LIMBIC SYSTEM WAS DELINEATED BY JAMES PAPEZ IN 1937.
• THE PAPEZ CIRCUIT CONSISTS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS, THE FORNIX,
THE MAMMILLARY BODIES, THE ANTERIOR NUCLEUS OF THE
THALAMUS, AND THE CINGULATE GYRUS.
• THE BOUNDARIES OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM WERE SUBSEQUENTLY
EXPANDED TO INCLUDE THE AMYGDALA, SEPTUM, BASAL
FOREBRAIN, NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, AND ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX.

9. PARTS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
• LIMBIC CORTEX CONTAINING CINGULATE GYRUS &
PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS
• HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION
• AMYGDALA
• SEPTAL AREA
• HYPOTHALAMUS & MAMILLARY BODIES
• ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEUS

12. • UNLIKE THE SIGNALS OF THE SOMATOSENSORY, VISUAL, AND
AUDITORY SYSTEMS; OLFACTORY SIGNALS DO NOT PASS THROUGH
THE THALAMUS BUT PROJECT DIRECTLY TO THE FRONTAL LOBE
AND THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, ESPECIALLY THE PYRIFORM CORTEX.
• THE CONNECTIONS TO THE LIMBIC SYSTEM (AMYGDALA,
HIPPOCAMPUS, AND PYRIFORM CORTEX) ARE SIGNIFICANT.

13. • THE STRUCTURES OF HIGHER OLFACTORY PROCESSING IN
PHYLOGENETICALLY MORE PRIMITIVE ANIMALS HAVE EVOLVED IN
HUMANS INTO THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, THE CENTER OF THE
EMOTIONAL BRAIN AND THE GATE THROUGH WHICH EXPERIENCE IS
ADMITTED INTO MEMORY ACCORDING TO EMOTIONAL
SIGNIFICANCE.
• THE ELUSIVE BASIC ANIMAL DRIVES WITH WHICH CLINICAL
PSYCHIATRY CONSTANTLY GRAPPLES MAY THEREFORE, IN FACT,
ORIGINATE FROM THE ANCIENT CENTERS OF HIGHER OLFACTORY
PROCESSING.

14. • EMOTION DERIVES FROM BASIC DRIVES, SUCH AS FEEDING, SEX,
REPRODUCTION, PLEASURE, PAIN, FEAR, AND AGGRESSION, WHICH
ALL ANIMALS SHARE. THE NEUROANATOMICAL BASIS FOR THESE
DRIVES APPEARS TO BE CENTERED IN THE LIMBIC SYSTEM.
• THE LIMBIC SYSTEM APPEARS TO HOUSE THE EMOTIONAL
ASSOCIATION AREAS, WHICH DIRECT THE HYPOTHALAMUS TO
EXPRESS THE MOTOR AND ENDOCRINE COMPONENTS OF THE
EMOTIONAL STATE.

15. BLOOD SUPPLY OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
• THE MAIN VESSELS THAT SERVE MUCH OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM ARE
THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES, THE ANTERIOR
CHOROIDAL ARTERY, AND BRANCHES ARISING FROM THE CIRCLE OF
WILLIS.

16. • TEMPORAL BRANCHES OF THE POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY SUPPLY THE
PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS.
• THE ANTERIOR CHOROIDAL ARTERY USUALLY ORIGINATES FROM THE INTERNAL
CAROTID ARTERY. THIS VESSEL SERVES THE CHOROID PLEXUS OF THE TEMPORAL
HORN, THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, PARTS OF THE AMYGDALOID COMPLEX, AND
ADJACENT STRUCTURES SUCH AS THE TAIL OF THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS, THE STRIA
TERMINALIS, AND THE SUBLENTICULAR AND RETROLENTICULAR LIMBS OF THE
INTERNAL CAPSULE.
• VESSELS SERVING HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI THAT ARE FUNCTIONALLY ASSOCIATED
WITH THE LIMBIC SYSTEM ORIGINATE FROM THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS. IN GENERAL,
ROSTRAL AREAS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS ARE SERVED BY BRANCHES FROM THE
ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY AND ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; POSTERIOR
AREAS ARE SERVED BY BRANCHES FROM THE POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY

17. HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION
• LOCATION: FLOOR OF
TEMPORAL HORN OF THE
LATERAL VENTRICLE.
• CONSISTS OF DENTATE GYRUS,
HIPPOCAMPUS PROPER
(AMMON’S HORN) & SUBICULAR
COMPLEX.
• DENTATE GYRUS &
HIPPOCAMPUS ARE
TRILAMINATE STRUCTURE.

18. HIPPOCAMPUS PROPER
• BASED ON CYTOARCHITECTURE &
CONNECTIVITY, HIPPOCAMPUS IS
DIVIDED INTO 3 FIELDS: CA3, CA2,
CA1.
• PORTION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS
ADJACENT TO CA3 & WITHIN ‘C’
CREATED BY GRANULE CELL LAYER OF
DENTATE GYRUS IS REFERRED AS HILUS
OF DENTATE GYRUS.
• WHITE MATTER ADJACENT TO
POLYMORPHIC LAYER OF
HIPPOCAMPUS IS KNOWN AS ALVEUS.

19. FUNCTIONS OF HIPPOCAMPUS
• LEARNING & RECENT MEMORY.
• AROUSAL RESPONSE.
• CHEMORECEPTOR- ENDOCRINE FUNCTION.
• HIPPOCAMPAL FUNCTION IS LOST IN ALZHEIMERS DISEASE.
• BILATERAL LESIONS CAUSE PROFOUNDLY IMPAIR RECENT MEMORY.
SOMETIMES PRODUCES KORSAKOFF’S SYNDROME.
• IT PLAYS A ROLE IN THE ORIGIN & PROPAGATION OF EPILEPTIC
SEIZURES.

20. MEMORY FORMATION
• THE COMPLEX PROCESSES OF MEMORY ENCODING IN THE
HIPPOCAMPUS AND RETRIEVAL OF EXPERIENCES FROM THE FRONTAL
LOBE INVOLVE TWO PROMINENT PATHWAYS: POLYSYNAPTIC AND
DIRECT PATHWAYS. THE POLYSYNAPTIC PATHWAY IS IMPORTANT
FOR THE SEMANTIC MEMORY (FACTS AND CONCEPTS), AND THE
DIRECT PATHWAY IS IMPORTANT FOR THE EPISODIC (RECOLLECTION
OF EVENTS) AND SPATIAL MEMORY (RECOGNITION).

21. Entorhinal cortex
Dentate gyrus
Pyramidal cells
CA3
Mossy fibres
Opposite hippocampus
via corpus callosum
CA1
Schaffer collateral pathways
Inferior temporal cortex, temporal pole, and prefrontal cortex
Process of Memory Formation

22. AMYGDALA
• LOCATION- IT IS A CLUSTER OF NUCLEI LOCATED AT MEDIAL
TEMPORAL LOBE, JUST ANTERIOR TO HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION.
• SUBDIVISIONS- 1)BASOLATERAL COMPLEX, 2)CENTRAL AMYGDALOID
GROUP AND 3)OLFACTORY GROUP WITH CORTICAL AMYGDALOID
NUCLEI.

23. AMYGDALA
• THE AMYGDALA APPEARS TO BE A CRITICALLY IMPORTANT GATE
THROUGH WHICH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STIMULI ARE INTEGRATED.
INFORMATION FROM THE PRIMARY SENSES IS INTERWOVEN WITH
INTERNAL DRIVES, SUCH AS HUNGER AND THIRST, TO ASSIGN EMOTIONAL
SIGNIFICANCE TO SENSORY EXPERIENCES.
• THE AMYGDALA MAY MEDIATE LEARNED FEAR RESPONSES, SUCH AS
ANXIETY AND PANIC, AND MAY DIRECT THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN
EMOTIONS BY PRODUCING A PARTICULAR AFFECT. NEUROANATOMICAL
DATA SUGGEST THAT THE AMYGDALA EXERTS A MORE POWERFUL
INFLUENCE ON THE CORTEX, TO STIMULATE OR SUPPRESS CORTICAL
ACTIVITY, THAN THE CORTEX EXERTS ON THE AMYGDALA.

24. AMYGDALA
• PATHWAYS FROM THE SENSORY THALAMIC RELAY STATIONS
SEPARATELY SEND SENSORY DATA TO THE AMYGDALA AND THE
CORTEX, BUT THE SUBSEQUENT IMPACT OF THE AMYGDALA ON THE
CORTEX IS THE MORE POTENT OF THE TWO RECIPROCAL
CONNECTIONS.
• IN CONTRAST, DAMAGE TO THE AMYGDALA HAS BEEN REPORTED
TO ABLATE THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH FEAR AND ANGER IN
OTHER PERSONS’ VOICES AND FACIAL EXPRESSIONS. PERSONS WITH
SUCH INJURIES MAY HAVE A PRESERVED ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE
HAPPINESS, SADNESS, OR DISGUST.

25. CONNECTIONS OF AMYGDALA
AFFERANTS:
• ANTERIOR OLFACTORY LOBE
• PIRIFORM, TEMPORAL &
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
• HYPOTHALAMUS
• THALAMUS- NUCLEUS
MEDIALIS DORSALIS
• BRAIN STEM
EFFERANTS:
• HYPOTHALAMUS, SEPTAL
REGION, THALAMUS &
HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION.
• OPPOSITE AMYGDALA
• BRAIN STEM TEGMENTUM

26. AMYGDALA
Corticomedial Nuclear Group
Basolateral Medical Group
Central Nucleus
Olfactory System
Temporal Lobe
(associated with visual,
auditory, tactile senses)
rainstem: (viscerosensory relay
Nuclei: solitary nucleus and
Parbrachial nucleus)
Ventral amygdalofugal fibres
Septal nuclei hypothalamu
Dorsal medical thalamic nucle
Nucleus Accumbens
hypothalamus
Nuclei of ANS
Stria Terminalis
AFFERENTS EFFERENTS

27. FUNCTIONS OF AMYGDALA
• IT INTEGRATES INPUTS FROM SENSORY, COGNITIVE & LIMBIC
PATHWAYS.
• APPROPRIATE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE
• ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY
• SEXUALITY & REPRODUCTION.

28. • STIMULATION OF AMYGDALA- CAUSES CHANGES IN MOOD. ALSO IT MAY
ACTIVATE VARIOUS SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSES
INVOLVING PUPILLARY, CARDIOVASCULAR & VISCERAL RESPONSES AND
ALTERATION OF BREATHING.
• DESTRUCTION OF AMYGDALA- RESULTS IN PASSIVE, DEFENSIVE,
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR.
• IT CAN PRODUCES EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY, RESTLESSNESS, INCREASED
INTEREST IN FOOD, HYPERSEXUALITY & KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME.

29. KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME
• RESULTS FROM BILATERAL DESTRUCTION OF TEMPORAL LOBES OR
AMYGDALA.
• CHARACTERISTICS:
• TAMENESS
• EXCESSIVE AND INDISCRIMINATE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
• HYPERMETAMORPHOSIS
• HYPERORALITY
• IN HUMANS, PATHOLOGIES INCLUDE: TRAUMA, HERPES SIMPLEX
ENCEPHALITIS, AND FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA

30. SEPTAL AREA
• IT IS A GRAY MATTER STRUCTURE.
• LOCATED ABOVE ANTERIOR COMMISSURE.
• SEPTAL NUCLEI ARE RECIPROCALLY CONNECTED WITH
HIPPOCAMPUS, AMYGDALA & HYPOTHALAMUS.
• FUNCTION-
• PLEASURE RESPONSE
• SUPPRESSION OF AGGRESSION.

31. • THE SEPTAL NUCLEI RECEIVE RECIPROCAL CONNECTIONS FROM THE
OLFACTORY BULB, HIPPOCAMPUS, AMYGDALA, HYPOTHALAMUS,
MIDBRAIN, HABENULA, CINGULATE GYRUS, AND THALAMUS.
• THE SEPTAL AREA (MEDIAL OLFACTORY AREA) HAS NO RELATION TO
THE SENSE OF SMELL, BUT IT IS CONSIDERED A PLEASURE ZONE IN
ANIMALS.

32. FUNCTIONS OF SEPTAL AREA
• THE SEPTAL AREA IS A SUBCORTICAL REGION THAT HAS STRONG
PROJECTIONS TO EMOTION-GENERATING AREAS AND HAS A
KEY ROLE IN FEELINGS OF SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS AND BONDING.
• IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, THE SEPTAL NUCLEI APPEAR TO PLAY A
ROLE IN EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR, MODULATION OF AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS, AND
ATTENTION AND MEMORY FUNCTIONS (FROM THE CHOLINERGIC
NEURONS).

33. CONNECTIONS OF SEPTAL AREA
• AFFERENTS:
• HIPPOCAMPUS
• CORTICOMEDIAL AND
BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA
• VENTRAL TEGMENTAL NUCLEUS IN
THE MIDBRAIN
• SEVERAL HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI.
• EFFERENTS:
• HIPPOCAMPUS AND DENTATE
GYRUS (VIA THE FORNIX)
• HABENULAR NUCLEI (VIA THE STRIA
MEDULLARIS THALAMI)
• MEDIAL DORSAL NUCLEUS OF
THE THALAMUS (VIA THE STRIA
MEDULLARIS THALAMI)
• VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VIA
THE MEDIAN FOREBRAIN BUNDLE)
• SEVERAL HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI.

34. REWARD BEHAVIOR & PLEASURABLE
SENSATION
• ALSO SEEM TO HAVE LIMBIC BASIS.
• ANIMALS WITH ELECTRODES IMPLANTED IN A SEPTAL REGION.
(ELECTRICAL SELF-STIMULATION AND REWARD)
• IN THIS EXPERIMENT, REACTIONS SUGGEST SEPTAL AREA AS A PLEASURE
CENTRE.
• PAUL YAKOVLEV SUGGESTED, POSTERIOR CINGULATE GYRUS CONTAINED
A FEELING GOOD CENTRE, WHICH MIGHT CONTROL MOODS OF ELATION,
BUT AMYGDALA & OTHER LIMBIC CONNECTIONS ALSO PARTICIPATE IN IT.

36. HYPOTHALAMUS
• THE HYPOTHALAMUS IS LOCATED IN THE VENTRAL AREA OF THE
BRAIN BETWEEN THE PITUITARY GLAND AND THE THIRD VENTRICLE.
• IT IS CHARACTERIZED AS A BILATERAL GROUP OF NUCLEI WHICH
SURROUND MAMMILLARY BODIES.
• EACH GROUP OF NUCLEI IS COMPRISED OF DISTINCTIVE NEURONAL
POPULATIONS WHICH FORMULATE SEVERAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS
AND NEUROPEPTIDES WHICH WORK TO REGULATE THE BODILY
FUNCTIONS REFERRED TO AS HOMEOSTASIS.

37. CONNECTIONS
• AFFERENT:
• THALAMUS
• CEREBRAL CORTEX
• BRAINSTEM
• OLFACTORY AREAS
• BASAL GANGLIA
• ONE OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT
EFFERENT PATHWAYS CONSISTS
OF THE NETWORK THAT LINKS
THE SUPRAOPTIC AND
PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI OF
THE HYPOTHALAMUS TO THE
MEDIAN EMINENCE, WHICH
VERGE TO THE POSTERIOR AND
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLANDS.

39. FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
FUNCTIONS:
• REGULATES HOMEOSTASIS
• HUNGER
• THIRST
• BODY TEMP, BLOOD PRESSURE
• SEX DRIVES & BEHAVIOR
• EMOTIONS VIA LIMBIC SYSTEM
• PITUITARY GLAND
• CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

40. • LATERAL PORTION OF HYPOTHALAMUS CONTAINS LOW DENSITY OF
NEURONS, WHICH INTERCONNECTED WITH FOREBRAIN, BRAIN STEM
& SPINAL CORD.
• LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS ALSO CONTAINS NEURONS EXPRESS
OREXIN NEUROPEPTIDES- OREXIN A & B. OREXIN NEURONS ARE
INVOLVED IN SLEEP & WAKEFULNESS.
• OREXIN DEFICIENCY IS A MAIN CAUSE OF NARCOLEPSY.

41. MAMILLARY BODIES
• LOCATION: AT THE END OF FORNIX.
• ACT AS A RELAY FOR IMPULSES COMING FROM THE HIPPOCAMPUS.
• AND VIA THE MAMILLO-THALAMIC TRACT TO THE THALAMUS.
• THIS CIRCUIT, FROM HIPPOCAMPUS TO MAMMILLARY BODIES, AND
THEN ON TO THE THALAMUS, IS PART OF THE 'PAPEZ CIRCUIT'.

43. • MAMMILLOTEGMENTAL TRACT: IS A SMALL BUNDLE OF EFFERENT
FIBERS FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS RUNNING FROM
THE MAMMILLARY BODY TO THE TEGMENTUM. ITS FUNCTIONS ARE
NOT WELL DEFINED FOR HUMANS, BUT BASED ON ANIMAL STUDIES
IT SEEMS TO BE RELATED TO REGULATING VISCERAL FUNCTION AND
PROCESSING SPATIAL INFORMATION.
• THEY, ALONG WITH THE ANTERIOR AND DORSOMEDIAL NUCLEI IN
THE THALAMUS, ARE INVOLVED WITH THE PROCESSING OF MEMORY.

44. LESION TO THE MAMMILLARY BODIES
• DAMAGE TO THE MAMMILLARY BODIES DUE
TO THIAMINE DEFICIENCY IS IMPLIED IN PATHOGENESIS
OF WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME.
• SYMPTOMS INCLUDE IMPAIRED MEMORY, ALSO
CALLED ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA, SUGGESTING THAT THE
MAMMILLARY BODIES MAY BE IMPORTANT FOR MEMORY.
• LESIONS OF THE MEDIAL DORSAL AND ANTERIOR NUCLEI OF THE
THALAMI AND LESIONS OF THE MAMMILLARY BODIES ARE
COMMONLY INVOLVED IN AMNESIC SYNDROMES IN HUMANS.

45. • MAMMILLARY BODY ATROPHY IS PRESENT IN A NUMBER OF OTHER
CONDITIONS, SUCH AS COLLOID CYSTS IN THE THIRD VENTRICLE,
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, SCHIZOPHRENIA, HEART FAILURE, AND SLEEP
APNEA.

46. ANTERIOR NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS
• COLLECTION OF NUCLEI AT THE ROSTRAL END OF THE DORSAL
THALAMUS. THEY COMPRISE THE ANTEROMEDIAL, ANTERODORSAL,
AND ANTEROVENTRAL NUCLEI.

47. CONNECTIONS
• AFFERENTS:
• MAMMILLARY BODIES VIA
THE MAMMILLOTHALAMIC TRACT
• SUBICULUM VIA THE FORNIX
• EFFERENT:
• CINGULATE GYRUS

48. DAMAGE TO ANTERIOR NUCLEUS
• DAMAGE TO THE ANTERIOR NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS LEADS TO
IMPAIRMENT IN EPISODIC MEMORY.

49. NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ASPECT OF LIMBIC
SYSTEM
• THE LIMBIC SYSTEM HAS BEEN PARTICULARLY IMPLICATED IN
NEUROPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA. EUGEN
BLEULER’S WELL-KNOWN FOUR A’S OF SCHIZOPHRENIA—AFFECT,
ASSOCIATIONS, AMBIVALENCE, AND AUTISM—REFER TO BRAIN
FUNCTIONS SERVED IN PART BY LIMBIC STRUCTURES.
• IN PATHOLOGICAL AS WELL AS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
(MRI) REPORTS, PERSONS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA MAY HAVE REDUCED
VOLUME OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AMYGDALA, AND
PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS.

50. • ANXIETY DISORDERS: IN PET SCANS FOR PANIC ATTACK PATIENT,
AMYGDALA APPEARS HIGHLY ACTIVATED TRIGGERING A
SYMPATHETICALLY MEDIATED ‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’ RESPONSE.

51. • LIMBIC EPILEPSY -VOLUMINOUS MENTAL STATE : DÉJÀ VU,
DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZATION, MICROPSIA AND
MACROPSIA.
• PAROXYSMAL LIMBIC PHENOMENA: MICROPSIA, MACROPSIA,
METAMORPHOPSIA, DÉJÀ VU, AND JAMAIS VU, DÉJÀ ÉCOUTÉ, AND
JAMAIS ÉCOUTÉ.

52. • PERSISTING SUBSTANTIAL AMNESTIC DEFICITS IN MULTIPLE
MODALITIES.
• GLIOMAS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM & CORPUS CALLOSUM :CHANGES IN
MOOD, AFFECT, DRIVE & GENERAL BEHAVIOR.
• LIMBIC ENCEPHALITIS: AUTOANTIBODIES LIKE ANTI-HU, ANTI-MA2,
ANTI-NMDA RECEPTOR

53. THANK YOU.