4. Risk Factors
Advanced age
• History of smoking
• Upper respiratory infection
• Tracheal intubation
• Prolonged immobility
• Immunosuppressive therapy
• Nonfunctional immune system
• Malnutrition
• Dehydration
• Chronic disease state
5. Recent viral respiratory infection (common cold, laryngitis, influenza)
Difficulty swallowing (due to stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, or
other neurological conditions)
Chronic lung disease (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
bronchiectasis (brochi damage. Thick wall of bronchi), cystic fibrosis)
Cerebral palsy
Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, liver cirrhosis, /diabetes
mellitus
6. Exposure to air pollution
Altered consciousness (Alcoholism, Drug overdose, General
anesthesia, Seizure disorder)
Inhalation of noxious substances
Living in a nursing facility
Impaired consciousness (loss of brain function due to
dementia, stroke, or other neurologic conditions)
Recent surgery or trauma
Immune system problem
8. Offending
organism/agent
Inflammatory
pulmonary response
Lose defense
mechanisms of the
lungs
Allow organisms to
penetrate the sterile
LRT
Develop inflamation
Disruption of the mechanical
defenses (cough & ciliary motility)
Colonization of the
lungs
Inflamed & fluid-filled
alveolar sacs
Alveolar exudates tends to
consolidate
Difficult to expectorate
9. Staphylococcal pneumonia
Caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Symptoms
fever with multiple chills
pleuritic pain
Rales (high-pitched crackling or rattling sound that can occur when
you inhale
decreased breath sounds
elevated WBC count
dyspnea
blood-streaked purulent sputum
10. Influenzal pneumonia
Caused by Haemophilus influenza.
Symptoms
high fever
stabbing pleuritic chest pain
malaise.
weakness
11. weakness
elevated WBC count
tachypnea ( breathe faster and shallower than normal, often due to an
imbalance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your body)
dyspnea (Shortness of breath)
blood-tinged purulent sputum
12. Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia:
Caused by Klebsiella pneumonia
Symptoms
fever with multiple chills
pleuritic pain
rales
Cyanosis (Difficulty in the breathing)
elevated WBC count
dyspnea
blood-streaked purulent sputum
25. Nursing management
Ineffective airway clearance due to excessive secretions & weak
cough.
Ineffective breathing pattern due to tachypnea.
Activity intolerance due to decreased oxygen levels for metabolic
demands.
Deficient fluid volume due to fever,
26. Nursing management
diaphoresis (Sweating that does not occur due to heat but
follows a sudden chill feeling in the body)
mouth breathing
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements R/t
dyspnea
Pain R/t frequent coughing
Impaired oral mucous membrane R/t mouth breathing &
frequent cough
27. Possible complications
Respiratory failure
Empyema or lung abscesses ( pus formation)
These are infrequent, but serious, complications of pneumonia
They occur when pockets of pus form inside or around the lung
These may sometimes need to be drained with surgery
Sepsis, a condition in which there is uncontrolled swelling
(inflammation) in the body, which may lead to organ failure
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of
respiratory failure
28. Pneumonia At A Glance
Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by different types
of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Symptoms of pneumonia include cough with sputum production,
fever, and sharp chest pain on inspiration (breathing in)
Pneumonia is suspected when a doctor hears abnormal sounds in
the chest, and the diagnosis is confirmed by a chest x-ray
Bacteria causing pneumonia can be identified by sputum culture
