Environmental aspects of food processing

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The environmental damage of food production from conventional agriculture is not limited to deforestation and pollutants associated with crop growth. Harvesting the crop represents a significant amount of nutrients, water, and energy being taken from the land.

By
Assist.Prof.
Dr. P. Berciyal Golda
VICAS
Environmental aspects of food processing

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Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. This process is often used as a final production step before selling or packaging products. Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried (dehydrated or desiccated). Drying inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold through the removal of water. Dehydration has been used widely for this purpose since ancient times; the earliest known practice is 12,000 B.C. by inhabitants of the modern Middle East and Asia regions. Drying is a simple method for preserving food. Dried foods make great healthy and tasty snacks. They are good for lunches, travel, backpacking, hiking, and camping plus many other activities. Most types of foods can be dried. Drying is an ancient method of food preservation.

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Most foods will not support the growth of bacteria if their water activity is less than 0.85, because at this water activity there is not enough water available for the bacteria to grow. However, yeasts can grow at water activities as low as 0.70, while some molds will grow even at water activities as low as 0.60! Foods with water activities in this range usually have preservatives added to prevent the growth of yeasts and molds. Acidic foods with a pH less than 4.6, such as tomato sauce, retard the growth of microorganisms. Thus an acidic food with a water activity less than 0.85 is relatively shelf stable, especially if it is stored in the refrigerator. In this case, low pH, water activity and temperature combine to provide good insurance against the growth of harmful pathogens.

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Sorption is a physical and chemical process by which one substance becomes attached to another. Sorption includes both adsorption & absorption e.g., liquids being absorbed by a solid or gases being absorbed by a liquid, cotton dipped in ink. Sorption the process in which one substance takes up or holds another; adsorption or absorption Sorption is a process in which a solute moves from a fluid to a particulate solid. The food sorption isotherm describes the thermodynamic relationship between water activity and the equilibrium of the moisture content of a food product at constant temperature and pressure. ... The typical shape of an isotherm reflects the way in which the water binds the system.

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Water plays many very important roles in food. It affects texture (dry and brittle versus moist and soft), enables the activity of enzymes and chemical reactions to occur (acts as a solvent), supports the growth of microorganisms, makes it possible for large molecules like polysaccharides and proteins to move about and interact, and conducts heat within food. Many foods such as meat, poultry, seafood, fruits and vegetables are composed of 75% and more water, so water is the most abundant component in many fresh foods. Other foods such as dairy products, and fresh baked goods also contain high levels of water (about 35% or more). Foods that are high in moisture are at risk of contamination from the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and mold, while dry foods like pasta generally have long shelf lives.

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Dry heat acts by protein denaturation, oxidative damage and toxic effects of elevated levels of electrolytes. The moist heat acts by coagulation and denaturation of proteins. Moist heat is superior to dry heat in action. Temperature required to kill microbe by dry heat is more than the moist heat. Thermal death time is the minimum time required to kill a suspension of organisms at a predetermined temperature in a specified environment

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Heat kills microorganisms by changing the physical and chemical properties of their proteins. When heat is used to preserve foods, the number of microorganisms present, the microbial load , is an important consideration. Various types of microorganisms must also be considered because different levels of resistance exist. For example, bacterial spores are much more difficult to kill than vegetative bacilli. In addition, increasing acidity enhances the killing process in food preservation.

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Heat kills microorganisms by changing the physical and chemical properties of their proteins. When heat is used to preserve foods, the number of microorganisms present, the microbial load , is an important consideration. Various types of microorganisms must also be considered because different levels of resistance exist. For example, bacterial spores are much more difficult to kill than vegetative bacilli. In addition, increasing acidity enhances the killing process in food preservation.

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Metagenomics is the study of metagenome, genetics material, recovered directly from environmental sample such as soil, water or faeces. Metagenomics is based on the genomics analysis of microbial DNA directly from the communities present in samples Metagenomics technology – genomics on a large scale will probably lead to great advances in medicine, agriculture, energy production and bioremediation. Metagenomics can unlock the massive uncultured microbial diversity present in the environment for new molecule for therapeutic and biotechnological application. Metagenomic studies have identified many novel microbial genes coding for metabolic pathways such as energy acquisition, carbon and nitrogen metabolism in natural environments that were previously considered to lack such metabolism

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Environmental aspects of food processing

1. By Assist.Prof. Dr. P. Berciyal Golda VICAS Environmental aspects of food processing

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